Figure 8-1 The cell.

Figure 8-2 The three types of muscle. Skeletal muscle, also called voluntary muscle, is found throughout the body. Cardiac muscle is limited to the heart. Smooth muscle, occasionally called involuntary muscle, is found within the intestines and surrounding the blood vessels.

Figure 8-3 Percentage of total body weight due to water as distributed into various fluid compartments.

Figure 8-4 Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration.

Figure 8-5 Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of higher WATER concentration to an area of lesser WATER concentration. Because water is a solvent, it moves from an area of lower SOLUTE concentration to an area of higher SOLUTE concentration.

Figure 8-6 Blood components.

Figure 8-7 The percentage of the blood occupied by the red blood cells is termed the hematocrit

Figure 8-8 The effects of hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions on red blood cells.

Figure 8-9 Acid-base ratios relevant to pH.

Figure 8-10 The respiratory component of acid-base balance.

Figure 8-11 Compensation for metabolic acidosis begins with an increase in respirations.

Figure 8-12 Components of the circulatory system.

Figure 8-13 Physiology of the natriuretic peptides.

Figure 8-14 Glucose breakdown. (a) Stage one, glycolysis, is anaerobic (does not require oxygen). It yields pyruvic acid, with toxic by-products such as lactic acid, and very little energy. (b) Stage two is aerobic (requires oxygen). In a process called the Krebs or citric acid cycle, pyruvic acid is degraded into carbon dioxide and water, which produces a much higher yield of energy.

Figure 8-15 The pathogenesis of shock in the human.

Figure 8-16 The pathogenesis of cardiogenic shock.

Figure 8-17 The pathogenesis of hypovolemic shock.

Figure 8-18 The pathogenesis of neurogenic shock.

Figure 8-19 The pathogenesis of anaphylactic shock.

Figure 8-20 The pathogenesis of septic shock.

Figure 8-21 Humoral and cell-mediated immunityan overview.

Figure 8-22a Humoral immune response.

Figure 8-22b Cell-mediated immune response.

Figure 8-23 Some immunoglobulin (antibody) structures.

Figure 8-24 Antigen-antibody binding. The shape of the antigen fits the shape of the antigen-binding site on the immunoglobulin (antibody) molecule like a key in a lock.

Figure 8-25 The physiology of cytotoxic T cells.

Figure 8-26 The immune response.

Figure 8-27 The inflammatory response.

Figure 8-28 The acute inflammatory response.

Figure 8-29 Mast cell degranulation and synthesis.

Figure 8-30 The complement cascade. The classic pathway is activated at C1 while the alternative pathway is activated at C3.

Figure 8-31 The coagulation cascade.

Figure 8-32 The stress response: effects on the sympathetic nervous, endocrine, and immune systems.

Figure 8-33 Interactions among the nerve, endocrine, and immune systems.