FLUID MECHANICS

The viscosity of fluid

Molecular Structures Of different States Of Matter

solid

liquid

Fluids can be a liquid or a gas gas A fluid is anything that flows: e.g. liquid (water, mercury at room temp) gas (steam, air, CO2) Properties depend on temperature

The viscosity of fluid

Definition Mathematical Statement Newtons law of Viscous Drag Unit

Its Concept

Viscosity is an internal property of a fluid that offers resistance to flow.

Origin Of Its Name

The word Viscosity derives from the latin word Viscum Al Ba for misletoe(common name for group of hemi parastic plants).A viscous glue was made from misletoe berries and used for lime-twigs to catch birds.

A Physical Interpretation to Viscosity:

When a fluid flows over a surface then the different layers of the liquid moves with different velocities.Two layers in contact with different velocities try to destroy the relative velocity between them. The property due to which it opposes the relative velocity betwwen different layers is known as VISCOSITY or FLUID FRICTION.

Mathematical Statement
It states that the shear stress ( ) on a fluid element layer is directly proportional to the rate of shear strain (du/dy) .The constant of proportionality is called the co-efficient of viscosity ( ).Mathematically,it is expressed as--

(du/dy)

Newtons law of viscous Drag

u+du
M J N

u y

y+dy
B

Suppose,velocity of a layer JK at a distance y from the fixed layer BC is u and that of another layer at a distance y+dy MN is u+du .The viscous drag between these two layers of common area A at constant temperature

( du/dy ) A

or F = - A(du/dy)
where,the constsnt of proportionality is called the co-efficient of viscosity of the fluid.The ve sign shows that the viscous force on a liquid layer acts in a direction opposite to the direction of relative velocity.

Geometrical Derivation of Newtons Law of Viscous Drag

b 1 2 3 4 u F y d

 distance = velocity time = velocity unit time =velocity 1

So, distance = velocity = u tan = (u/b)=d But,we know b d = u dt

From which we can get, =

(du/dy)

 Dimensional formula [ ] =[ M L T ]

-2 -1

Unit of Co-efficient of Viscosity (

S.I. unit of c.g.s unit of is Nm s or Pa s or poissuli is dyne cm s or poise
-2 -2

):

1 poissuli = 10 poise

 Some points:
Viscosity of a fluid depends upon the nature of the fluid & its temperature and is independent of the velocity gradient & area. In case of liquids viscosity increases with density while for gases it decreases with increase of density. With rise of temperature viscosity of a liquid increases and that of gas decreases. Viscosity of liquids is much greater than the viscosity of gases.

The viscosities of common substances and lavas:

Substance Air (at 18 oC) Water (at 20 oC) Canola Oil at room temp. Motor Oil at room temp. Corn syrup at room temp. Pahoehoe lava A'a lava Andesite lava Rhyolite lava Viscosity (Pa s) 1.9 x 10-5 (0.000019) 1 x 10-3 (0.001) 0.1 1 8 100 to 1,000 1000 to 10,000 106 to 107 1011 to 1012

Thank you!