ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS LECTURE ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Aims
This unit is designed to introduce the basic structure of electrical materials To lead to an understanding of electrical phenomena on materials with a focus on electrical conduction in semiconductors, metals, and dielectrics. The magnetic response of solids is also explained to give students a full picture.

Learning Outcomes
Knowledge and Understanding Having successfully completed the module, the student will be able to: Understand charge behaviour in different materials Classify the materials based on energy band theory Select proper materials for different applications

Intellectual Skills
Having successfully completed the module, you will be able to: Able to describe how electrical charge moves through through different materials Appreciate the importance of choice of materials in engineering applications. Course code: EEE 308 Credits: 3 credit hours theory Course instructor: Dr. Mohammad Al Hakim Associate Professor, Room No: Academic 1106

Text Book Principles of electronic materials & devices by S. O. Kassap.

Tentative Schedule
Topics Lectures Elementary material science concepts: bonds, crystal types, 3 directions & planes Electrical conduction in solids: Classical theory, Matthiessen s rule, 3 resistivity, Hall effect etc. Elementary quantum mechanics: Electron as a wave, Schrodinger s 4 equation, infinite potential well, tunnelling etc Band theory of solids: electrons in a band, effective mass, density of 4 states, energy band description of semiconductors. Dielectric materials and insulation: material polarization, frequency 4 dependence, Debye equations etc Magnetic properties of materials Super conductivity 3 3

Marks distribution
Attendance Class tests Lab Midterm I Midterm II Final 5% 10% 30% 15% 15% 25%

Class tests: There will be 4 class tests throughout the semester.

Atomic structure and atomic numbers

Shell model: Bohr model (1913) Nucleus: Protons & neutrons Protons & neutrons held together by a force that is fundamental. Short range usually less than 10-15m. Electrons orbiting around nucleus. Electron cloud. The shell model of the atom in which electrons are confined to live within certain shells and in sub-shells within shells

Atomic structure and atomic numbers

Shell and sub shells defines whereabouts of electrons. Labeled using two sets of integers n and l called principal and orbital angular momentum quantum numbers. Integer n and l have values n=1, 2, 3and l=0, 1n-1 and l<n. For each choice of n there are n values of l. Number of electrons in a subshell is fixed by nature and equal to l(2l+1)

Example of carbon atom with atomic number 6

Some terms
Valence electrons? Inert elements: sub-shell full of electrons. Dont react. Atoms do not bond together. Li 1s22s1: is it inert? What is excited state? Ionization energy? Na requires 5.1 eV to form Na+ (cation) Electron affinity? 3.6 eV is released when Cl- is formed. Which one is energetically favourable Cl or Cl- ion?

Virial Theorem

1 KE !  PE 2
Average kinetic energy is related to the average potential energy

Total Average Energy

E ! PE  KE

Bonding and types of solids

Two atoms brought close-valence electrons interact with each other and with positively charged nucleus. Result of this interaction often forms bond. Bond formation has to be energetically favourable after mutually attractive and repulsive forces. What is bond energy and bond length?

Energy phenomenon when atoms are close to each other

(a) Force vs. interatomic separation (b) Energy vs. interatomic separation

A. Covalent bonding Two atoms can form this type of bond by sharing valence electrons thereby reducing overall system energy

STRONG NATURE OF THE BOND Insoluble in most of the solution Non-ductile Brittle As electrons are not free, typically less conductive

B. Metallic bonding When metal atoms are brought together valence electrons get free and forms electron gas----------DELOCALIZATION
NON_DIRECTIONAL NATURE OF THE BOND Metal ions are able to move under force----DUCTILE FREE ELECTRONS CAN RAPIDLY MOVE Highly conductive FREE ELECTRONS CAN CONTRIBUTE ENERGY TRANSFER Good thermal conductivity

C. Ionic bonding (salt)

The formation of ionic bond between Na and Cl atoms in NaCl. The attraction Is due to coulombic forces.

Strong, brittle material and high melting temperature compared to metals. Most of them are soluble in polar liquids. No free electrons-so typically insulator. Compared to metals and covalently bonded solids these have lower thermal conductivity.

D. Secondary bonding (Van dar waals)

E. Mixed or polar bond (ionic covalent GaAs)