Structure and

Evolution of
OceanBasin
Module
7
 OCEAN
• BASINS
Less than 100 million years ago the supercontinental PANGEA had existed.
• The ocean basins cover the largest area of the Earth’s surface.
• Ocean basins were formed from volcanic rocks that was released from the
fissures that is located at the mid-ocean ridge, which is an underwater
mountain range formed by tectonic plates.
• Through subduction process high gravitational energy, oceanic lithosphere
is forced to move under the mantle.
• Over the years, ocean basins are continuously evolving as four major
ocean subdivision is formed.
• the world ocean is divided into north and south pacific, north and south
atlantic, Indian, and Arctic oceans.
• Pacific ocean basin is the largest, deepest, and oldest existing ocean
basin. More trenches, and more frequent tsunamis happen here.
DIFFERENT FEATURES AND STRUCTURES OF
CONTINENTAL
OCEAN BASINS SLOPE
CONTINENTAL SHELF Transition zone of continental
Partly shallow extension of shelf and deep ocean floor. It
the continent underwater. starts from oceanic crust to
continental crust.

CONTINENTAL RISE
It is where the ocean begins. All ABYSSAL PLAIN
basaltic and oceanic rocks are found The flattest part of the ocean.
here. It is the place where the
50% of the earth’s surface is
sediments from land are washed. The
continental margin starts from being covered by this plain.
continental shelf up to continental rise.
DIFFERENT FEATURES AND STRUCTURES OF
ISLAND SEAMOUNT
It’s not just a pieceOCEAN
of land BASINS
It is an undersea mountain.
floating up in the middle of the The erosion caused by waves
sea, it is part of the ocean basin destroyed the top of a
that extends up from the ocean seamount which caused it to
floor. be flattened.
MID-OCEANIC RIDGE
TRENCH THE SEAFLOOR MOUNTAIN SYSTEM
WHICH IS SITUATED IN THE MIDDLE
It is the deepest OF THE OCEAN BASIN. IT IS WHERE
UPWELLING OF MAGMA HAPPENS
Part of the ocean WHICH CAUSES THE SEA FLOOR TO
SPREAD.
 EVOLUTION OF THE OCEAN
BASIN
The Wilson Cycle explains the process of the opening
(beginning) and the closing (end) of an ocean which is
driven byPlate Tectonics.
This process is named after the Canadian Geophysicist J.
Tuzo Wilson (1908-1993).
 This is the first stage of ocean
Embryonic Ocean
basin formation, where rift
Basin valley creation results from the
splitting of the continents.

• Motion: Uplift
• Complex system of linear
rift valleys on continent

EXAMPLE:
• East african rift valleys
 the spreading of earth plates
Juvenile Ocean Basin starts and a small ocean has
formed between the newly
broken up continents.

• Motion: Divergence
(spreading)
• Narrow seas with matching
coasts.

EXAMPLE:
• Red Sea
 a large ocean that has formed
between two continental
Mature Ocean Basin margins, with a well-developed
mid-ocean ridge and spreading
still occurring

• Motion: Divergence
(spreading)
• Ocean basin with
continental margins

EXAMPLE:
• Arctic Oceans
 a subduction zone has
Declining Ocean Basin formed
and the ocean begins to
close up.

• Motion: Convergent
(Subduction)
• Islands arc and trenches
around basin edge

EXAMPLE:
• Pacific Ocean
 a stage in the evolution of an
ocean basin where it is nearing
Terminal Ocean Basin closure due to tectonic
processes, particularly
subduction and continental
collision
• Motion: Convergent
(Collision and Uplift)
• Narrow, Irregular seas with
young mountains

EXAMPLE:
• Mediterranean seas
 before the mountain chain
eventually will erode down to a
Suturing Ocean Basin peneplain (that’s when the
mountains have eroded all the
way down to the sea-level).

• Motion: Convergence and

Uplift
• Young to mature mountain
belts

EXAMPLE:
• Himalayas Mountains
 IMPORTANCE OF OCEAN BASINS

Biodiversity: Climate Regulation:

Home to diverse marine Influence global climate
life patterns

Natural Resources:
Source of minerals and
energy
Movements
of
Plates
Module
8
 PATTERNS OF PLATE
MOVEMENT
- The Earth's crust is made of large and small
tectonic plates that move slowly due to mantle
convection. This movement forms geological
features like folds, faults, trenches, volcanoes, rift
valleys, and mountains. Plate movements include
collision, subduction, spreading, and transform
faulting.
 TYPES OF PLATE
BOUNDARIES
• Convergent
Boundaries Occurs
when two plates collide,
causing one to subduct
beneath the other,
forming mountains,
trenches, or volcanic
arcs, like the Andes ANDES
Mountains. MOUNTAINS
 TYPES OF PLATE
BOUNDARIES
• Divergent
Boundaries Occurs
when two plates
move apart, allowing
magma to rise and
form mid-ocean
ridges or rift valleys,
creating new oceanic
crust.
 TYPES OF PLATE
BOUNDARIES
• Transform
Boundaries
Occurs when plates slide
past each other, causing
earthquakes due to
tension buildup. The
crust remains
SAN ANDREAS
unchanged.
FAULT
 GEOLOGICAL FEATURES
RESULTING
FROM PLATE
FOLDS AND FAULTS MOVEMENTS
VOLCANOES MOUNTAIN RANGES

Folds are bends in the Volcanoes form at Formed by the collision

Earth's crust formed by convergent and of continental plates,
plates pushing together.
divergent boundaries such as the Himalayas,
Faults are fractures where
when mantle magma which were created by
rock blocks move due to
reaches the surface, the convergence of the
plate shifts, often causing
earthquakes, like the West
often around subduction Indian and Eurasian
Valley Fault in the zones like the Pacific plates.
Philippines. Ring of Fire.
 OCEANIC AND CONTINENTAL
FEATURES
MID-OCEAN RIDGES

Underwater mountain ranges

formed at divergent
boundaries where oceanic
plates move apart, allowing
magma to rise and solidify.
 OCEANIC AND CONTINENTAL
FEATURES
RING OF FIRE
A major area in the Pacific
Ocean where a large
number of earthquakes
and volcanic eruptions
occur due to plate
subduction around its
edge.
 OCEANIC AND CONTINENTAL
FEATURES
TRENCHES

Deep, underwater canyons

formed at subduction zones
where one tectonic plate is
forced under another, like
the Mariana Trench.
 OCEANIC AND CONTINENTAL
FEATURES
MARIANA TRENCH

The deepest part of Earth's

oceans, formed by the
subduction of the Pacific
Plate beneath the smaller
Philippine Plate.
 OCEANIC AND CONTINENTAL
FEATURES
GREAT RIFT VALLEY

A large rift valley in Africa

formed by divergent plate
movement, where the African
plate is splitting into two
parts.
 EFFECTS OF PLATE
MOVEMENTS
- The movement of tectonic plates impacts both the
biotic (living organisms) and abiotic (non-living elements
like land and water) components of Earth. For example,
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions can alter
ecosystems, create new landforms, or even destroy
habitats. The slow reshaping of continents and the
seafloor influences long-term environmental change.
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