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Improper Integral

An improper integral is a definite integral that approaches infinity in one direction, either due to infinite limits or the integrand going to infinity. To solve an improper integral, one must convert it into a proper integral using limits and then evaluate it. The integral is classified as convergent if the limit exists and diverges if it does not.

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44 views27 pages

Improper Integral

An improper integral is a definite integral that approaches infinity in one direction, either due to infinite limits or the integrand going to infinity. To solve an improper integral, one must convert it into a proper integral using limits and then evaluate it. The integral is classified as convergent if the limit exists and diverges if it does not.

Uploaded by

Matthew Taligatos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

IMPROPER

INTEGRAL
Improper Integral

• Definition

• With infinite upper limit

• With infinite lower limit

• With both infinite limits


IMPROPER INTEGRAL

• An improper integral is a definite integral—one with


upper and lower limits — that goes to infinity in one
direction or another. Either one of its limits are infinity,
or the integrand (that function inside the interval,
usually represented by f(x)) goes to infinity in the
integral.
• Turn the improper integral into a proper one and then
integrate by turning the integral into a limit problem.
• Limits for improper integrals do not always
exist; An improper integral is said to converge (settle
on a certain number as a limit) if the limit exists
and diverge (fail to settle on a number) if it doesn’t.
Different
IMPROPER
INTEGRALS
Different IMPROPER INTEGRALS

INFINITE UPPER
LIMIT
Different IMPROPER INTEGRALS

INFINITE LOWER
LIMIT
Different IMPROPER INTEGRALS

BOTH INFINITE
LIMITS
SOLVING AN IMPROPER
INTEGRAL: General Steps

Step 1: Replace the infinity symbol with a


finite number.

Step 2: Integrate the function using the


usual rules of integration.

Step 3: Evaluate the definite integral.


EXAM
PLES
INFINITE UPPER LIMIT

∫𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
0

∞
1
∫ 𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥
1
INFINITE UPPER
∞
LIMIT𝒃

∫ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙=𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒃→∞
∫ 𝒇 ( 𝒙) ⅆ 𝒙
𝐚 𝒂

→ CONVERGENT → CONVERGENT
INFINITE UPPER LIMIT

∞
9
∫ ( 1− 3 𝑥 )4 𝑑𝑥
2

∞
1
∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
INFINITE UPPER
∞
LIMIT𝒃

∫ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙=𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒃→∞
∫ 𝒇 ( 𝒙) ⅆ 𝒙
𝐚 𝒂

= → CONVERGENT
INFINITE UPPER
∞
LIMIT𝒃

∫ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙=𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒃→∞
∫ 𝒇 ( 𝒙) ⅆ 𝒙
𝐚 𝒂

→ DIVERGENT
INFINITE LOWER LIMIT

2
𝑑𝑥
∫ (4− 𝑥)
2
−∞

1
1
∫ 2𝑥−5
𝑑𝑥
−∞
INFINITE LOWER
𝐚
LIMIT 𝒃

∫ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 =𝐚𝒍𝒊𝒎
→−∞
∫ 𝒇 (𝒙)ⅆ𝒙
−∞ 𝒂

= → CONVERGENT
INFINITE LOWER
𝐚
LIMIT 𝒃

∫ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 =𝐚𝒍𝒊𝒎
→−∞
∫ 𝒇 (𝒙)ⅆ𝒙
−∞ 𝒂

= → DIVERGENT
INFINITE LOWER LIMIT

0
1
∫ 1+ 𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥
−∞

∫ 4 𝑥𝑒
2
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
−∞
INFINITE LOWER
𝐚
LIMIT 𝒃

∫ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 =𝐚𝒍𝒊𝒎
→−∞
∫ 𝒇 (𝒙)ⅆ𝒙
−∞ 𝒂

→ CONVERGENT
INFINITE LOWER
𝐚
LIMIT 𝒃

∫ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 =𝐚𝒍𝒊𝒎
→−∞
∫ 𝒇 (𝒙)ⅆ𝒙
−∞ 𝒂

= → DIVERGENT
ACTIV
ITY!
∞ ∞
𝑥+ 1 1
∫ 3
𝑑𝑥 ∫ ( 3 𝑥 +1)2 𝑑𝑥
2 1

2 1
𝑥 +1 1
∫ 3
𝑑𝑥 ∫ (3 𝑥 +1)
2
𝑑𝑥
−∞ −∞
BOTH INFINITE LIMITS

∞ 3
𝑧
∫ 4
𝑧 +1
𝑑 𝑧
−∞

∞
𝑦
∫ ( 𝑦 ¿¿ 2+1)3 𝑑 𝑦 ¿
−∞
BOTH INFINITE LIMITS
𝐚 𝒃 𝒃

∫ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 =𝐚𝒍𝒊𝒎
→−∞
∫ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) ⅆ 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ∫ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) ⅆ 𝒙
𝐛 →+ ∞
−∞ 𝒂 𝒂

(du + (du
+

+
+

= → DIVERGENT
BOTH INFINITE LIMITS
𝐚 𝒃 𝒃

∫ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 =𝐚𝒍𝒊𝒎
→−∞
∫ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) ⅆ 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ∫ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) ⅆ 𝒙
𝐛 →+ ∞
−∞ 𝒂 𝒂

(du + (du
+

+
+

= → CONVERGENT
BOTH INFINITE LIMITS
∞

∫ 𝑥
𝑥𝑒 𝑑 𝑥
−∞

∫
2
−𝑥
𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥
−∞
BOTH INFINITE LIMITS
𝐚 𝒃 𝒃

∫ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 =𝐚𝒍𝒊𝒎
→−∞
∫ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) ⅆ 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ∫ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) ⅆ 𝒙
𝐛 →+ ∞
−∞ 𝒂 𝒂

(dx +
+

INTEGRA v =
TE by dv
+
PARTS
=
= → DIVERGENT du = 1
THANK
YOU!

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