WATER SUPPLYING
PROJECT
IRINGA MUNICIPAL
PROGRESS…
GROUP 9
OVERVIEW OF IRINGA DISTRICT – General
Information
Geographical Location
• Iringa District is located in the southern highlands of Tanzania.
• It is part of the Iringa Region and serves as a central hub for surrounding districts.
Coordinates: Approximately between latitude 7.5°S and longitude 35.7°E.
Climate
• Characterized by a temperate climate due to its high-altitude position (~1,600-2,000
meters above sea level).
• Rainfall: Long rains (March-May) and short rains (November-December). Annual rainfall
ranges from 500mm to 1,000mm.
• Temperatures range between 15°C to 25°C, with cooler nights.
Economic Activities
• Predominantly agricultural, with crops like maize, beans, sunflower, and millet.
• Livestock farming is also significant.
• Small-scale industries include milling, carpentry, and food processing.
Natural Resources
• The district is rich in rivers and streams, making it suitable for water supply projects.
• Notable water bodies: Ruaha River and Little Ruaha River.
OVERVIEW OF IRINGA DISTRICT – Population and
Socio-Economic Characteristics
Population
• Total Population: 202,490 (2022 census).
• Growth Rate: Moderate, with an annual increase of about 2.5%.
• Urban centers: Iringa Town serves as a major economic and administrative
center.
Infrastructure
• Roads: Well-connected to neighboring districts via trunk and feeder roads.
• Water Access: Many rural areas rely on traditional water sources, while urban
areas have partial piped supply systems.
• Energy: Mix of hydropower and other renewable energy sources.
Key Challenges
• Limited access to clean and reliable water in rural areas.
• Seasonal water shortages due to over-reliance on rainfall.
Why is Iringa Municipal District over other Districts in Tanzania for a
water supply project?
1. Water Supply Challenges in Iringa
Water Scarcity: Iringa district may face specific challenges related to water scarcity or uneven water distribution, particularly during the dry season.
Population Growth: The district could have a growing population increasing the demand for a reliable water supply system.
Existing Infrastructure Needs: Iringa might lack sufficient water supply infrastructure, making it a priority for development.
2. Strategic Importance
Regional Hub: Iringa serves as an economic and administrative center for the southern highlands of Tanzania, making improved water access beneficial to its
growth.
Agricultural Activities: The district is known for agricultural production, and improved water availability could support irrigation and farming efficiency.
3. Resource Availability
Water Sources: Iringa may have accessible water sources, such as nearby rivers, springs, or groundwater aquifers, suitable for development into a supply
system.
Land Topography: The terrain and location might be favorable for constructing intake structures, storage reservoirs, and distribution networks.
4. Impact Potential
Community Benefits: The project would significantly improve the quality of life for residents, particularly in terms of health, hygiene, and economic
productivity.
Development Goals: Aligning the project with Tanzania's National Development Vision 2025 or Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by addressing water
access disparities in Iringa.
5. Feasibility of Implementation
Technical and Financial Feasibility: It may be more practical or cost-effective to implement the project in Iringa due to local conditions, funding availability,
and technical expertise.
IMPORTANCE OF A RELIABLE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
IN IRINGA MUNICIPAL
1. Improved Public Health
2. Support for Agriculture and Livelihoods
3. Economic Growth
4. Addressing Seasonal Variations
5. Enhancing Educational Opportunities
6. Environmental Protection
7. Promoting Social Equity
8. Supporting Urbanization and Population Growth
9. Resilience to Climate Change
OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
Primary Objective
• To design a sustainable, efficient, and reliable water supply system for Iringa District that meets current and
future water demands.
Specific Objectives
1. Assess Current and Future Water Demand
a) Evaluate the water requirements of Iringa District, including domestic, agricultural, industrial, and
institutional needs.
b) Account for population growth and socio-economic development trends.
2. Identify and Utilize Optimal Water Sources
a) Investigate potential water sources, such as rivers (e.g., Ruaha River), groundwater, and rainwater.
b) Select sources that ensure sufficient, high-quality water supply.
3. Ensure Sustainability of Supply
a) Design a system that provides consistent water throughout the year, addressing seasonal shortages.
b) Incorporate measures to adapt to climate variability and long-term environmental changes.
4. Develop Effective Storage and Distribution Systems
a) Design reservoirs and tanks to store water efficiently and balance supply-demand fluctuations.
b) Create a distribution network that ensures equitable water access across rural and urban areas of the
district.
AVAILABLE WATER SOURCES FOR IRINGA
MUNICIPAL DISTRICT COUNCIL
[Link]
a) Little Ruaha River: This is the main surface water source supplying Iringa Municipal.
It is a perennial river, providing a significant flow year-round. The river's water
quality is generally suitable for treatment, though some pollutants may be present,
particularly during the rainy season
b) Other minor streams: These may serve as backup sources or be used for agricultural
irrigation purposes, but their capacities are limited compared to the Little Ruaha.
[Link]
Groundwater is an important supplementary source in Iringa. Wells are common,
especially in rural areas. The quality of groundwater is often higher than that of surface
water, making it a reliable source for drinking and sanitation purposes. However,
groundwater availability can vary by location, and over-extraction can lead to depletion
[Link]
There are existing reservoirs in the district, designed to store water from the Little Ruaha
River. These provide a buffer during dry spells, ensuring a steady supply despite seasonal
fluctuations in river flow
SOURCE SELECTION CRITERIA
[Link] Quality
The water must meet drinking water quality standards with minimal treatment
required. Rivers like the Little Ruaha River typically need filtration and chlorination to
remove pollutants. Groundwater tends to have better quality, requiring less treatment
[Link] Quantity
The source must provide sufficient water to meet the daily demand of the population.
A balance is necessary between seasonal fluctuations (especially with rivers) and long-
term supply stability.
[Link]
The closer the source to the area of demand, the less expensive the infrastructure and
transport costs. Iringa Municipal benefits from proximity to the Little Ruaha River,
reducing the need for extensive pipelines and reducing logistical costs.
[Link]
The source should be reliable throughout the year, even during periods of drought or
seasonal variations. Rivers like the Little Ruaha are generally reliable, but the municipal
council also utilizes groundwater and reservoirs to maintain a consistent supply.
Chosen Source: Little Ruaha River
• The Little Ruaha River is the ideal source for Iringa Municipal District Council for the
following reasons:
[Link] Water Quantity
The river has a reliable flow throughout the year, which is crucial for sustaining a
growing population. Its capacity of approximately 24,330 m³/day is currently enough to
meet the water demands of the district, even accounting for future population growth
[Link] and Accessibility
The river is conveniently located near the municipal area, reducing the cost and
complexity of infrastructure required for water distribution. Its proximity to urban
centers ensures that the water supply is both efficient and cost-effective.
[Link] and Reliability
Although subject to seasonal variations, the Little Ruaha River has been a consistent
source for many years. The additional storage capacity provided by reservoirs further
buffers supply during dry seasons or peak demand periods.
[Link] Considerations
While treatment may be necessary, the quality of water from the Little Ruaha is
generally acceptable for domestic use. Technologies like filtration and chlorination
ensure that the water meets required standards for public consumption.
Supply Sustainability Measures to
Ensure Long-Term Availability
• Source Protection: Safeguarding the local water sources (rivers, lakes,
boreholes, etc.) is essential. Measures such as restricting pollution,
maintaining catchment areas, and preventing over-extraction are vital.
• Water Conservation: Implementing water-saving programs, such as
rainwater harvesting systems, water-efficient fixtures, and public
education on water conservation.
• Alternative Water Sources: Considering options like groundwater and
reservoirs to supplement surface water, especially in case of drought.
• Renewable Energy for Pumping: Integrating renewable energy (e.g.,
solar-powered pumps) for water extraction to reduce dependency on
unreliable energy sources and reduce operational costs.
• Monitoring and Data Systems: Installing real-time monitoring systems to
assess water usage and predict potential shortages based on rainfall
patterns, population growth, and seasonal demands.
Storage Design Types and Capacities of
Storage Tanks/Reservoirs
IRUWASA has one Clear Water Reservoir (CWR) at Ndiuka water treatment
plant and 24 water storage tanks.
• Ground-Level Reservoirs: These large tanks are often located at water
treatment plants or strategic points in the network to hold significant
quantities of water.
• Elevated Storage Tanks: These are common in municipal systems as they
provide water pressure through gravity and are often used to maintain a
balance in supply, particularly in high-demand areas or during power
outages.
• Underground Storage Tanks: These are used when there are space
constraints or to avoid contamination risks. They are suitable for storing
treated water before distribution.
• Capacity Considerations: The size of storage tanks must consider
population growth projections, daily per capita water consumption, and
Balancing and Managing Supply
Variations During Dry and Wet Seasons
• Seasonal Water Allocation: Creating a system where water use is
adjusted based on seasonal availability. This might include prioritizing
essential water needs (e.g., drinking, sanitation) during the dry season.
• Demand Management: Educating residents on shifting their water
usage patterns, such as using less water for irrigation or non-essential
activities during dry spells.
• Inter-Seasonal Storage: Using reservoirs to store excess water during
wet seasons for use during the dry season.
• Diversifying Water Sources: Having multiple sources of water (surface
water, groundwater, and treated wastewater) that can be accessed
depending on the availability.
• Integrated Climate Forecasting: Using climate data to predict dry
seasons and adjust water supply systems accordingly.
INTAKE
STRUCTURES
INTAKE STRUCTURES
• Intake structures are vital components in
water supply systems used to collect and
direct water from natural sources (such as
rivers, lakes, or underground aquifers) into
the treatment and distribution network.
• These structures ensure that water is
extracted safely, efficiently, and in the
required quantities for further processing.
INTAKE STRCTURES
Types of Intake Structures
Surface Water Intake:
o Source: Surface water can be extracted from rivers, streams, or reservoirs in the region. Given the
proximity of Iringa to various water bodies, surface water intake would likely be the most practical option
for large-scale supply.
o Challenges: The surface water quality is subject to contamination from agricultural runoff, industrial
activities, or seasonal changes, especially during heavy rainfall or dry seasons. Additional filtration and
treatment processes are required to ensure safe drinking water.
o Design Features: Intakes typically include screens to prevent large debris and aquatic life from entering
the system. Settling basins may be used to allow suspended solids to settle before water is treated further.
Groundwater Intake:
o Source: Groundwater sources in Iringa could be tapped through well systems that access local aquifers.
Groundwater is typically cleaner than surface water, requiring less initial treatment.
o Challenges: Over-reliance on groundwater can lead to depletion of the aquifer, especially during dry
periods. It is crucial to monitor extraction rates to prevent negative environmental impacts, such as land
subsidence or contamination from nearby land uses.
DESIGN FEATURES
• Screens: Intake structures often include screens to filter out
debris, aquatic life, and large particles before the water is
pumped into treatment facilities. These screens help prevent
damage to pumps and equipment.
• Settling Basins: Settling basins are used in surface water
intakes to allow heavier particles to settle before the water
moves on to further filtration. This step is crucial in
maintaining the quality of water.
• Pumps: These are used to move the collected water into the
treatment plant. Pumps can be located at the intake
structure itself or further downstream.
PURPOSE OF INTAKE STRUCTURES
• Water Extraction: They are designed to extract
water from natural sources reliably and efficiently.
• Contamination Prevention: By filtering large
particles and debris, intake structures ensure that
only clean water enters the treatment system.
• Sustainability: Properly designed and strategically
located intake structures help prevent over-
extraction of water resources, ensuring long-term
sustainability.
LOCATION CONSIDERATIONS
• The location of the intake structure must be
carefully selected to minimize contamination
risks and optimize water quality.
• For surface water intakes, the site should be
positioned away from pollution sources like
industrial discharges or urban runoff.
• Groundwater intakes need to be situated in
areas where the aquifer is replenishable,
avoiding over-extraction.
WATER DEMAND
ESTIMATION
WATER DEMAND ESTIMATION
DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND
• 2024 domestic water demand =13598*365
=4963270 /year
• 2044 domestic water demand =21851*365
=7975615 /year
INSTITUTIONAL WATER DEMAND
Institute water Demand 2024 = 407.9 /d
Institute water Demand 2044 = 655.5 /d
INDUSTRIAL WATER CONSUMPTION
Industrial water Demand 2024 = 55.75 /d
Industrial water Demand 2044 = 89.59 /d
COMMERCIAL WATER CONSUMPTION
Commercial water Demand 2024 =289.6 /d
Commercial water Demand 2044 =465.4 /d
Livestock demand = 985.65/day
Net water demand = Domestic consumption + Institutional
consumption + Industrial consumption + Commercial consumption +
Livestock consumption.
Net water demand = [13598 + 407.9 + 289.6 + 55.8 + 985.65]/d
❖ Net water demand = 15336.95 /d.
OVERALL WATER DEMAND
• NRW = 25%
• Net water demand = 15,336.95/d.
Water Demand =
❖ Water Demand = 20,449.27/day
Total water demand per year =
7,463,982.33/year.
WATER INTAKE
• The new proposed water intake is LITTLE RUAHA
RIVER.
• Its discharge is about 45,000/d thus it can
accommodate the obtained total demand.
• The source is located 7 km south of commercial
capital of Iringa Municipal
SIZING OF STORAGE TANK.
WATER TREATMENT PLANT
LITTLE RUAHA WATER CHARACTERISTICS
• Mindu water is the surface water with low pH
• It contains high concentration of phosphorus and
nitrates
As recommended from DCOM 2020 the surface water
with low pH can be treated using the following
treatment process
•Chemical coagulation. •Flocculation. •Screening •Grit
chamber •Sedimentation •Disinfection •PH regulator
HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM DISTRIBUTION NETWORK DESIGN SOFTWARE
EPANET - is a software application used throughout the
world to model water distribution systems.
Steps in Distribution System Design Using Computer Software
Step 1: Base Mapping
Step 2: Water Demand Projection
Step 3: Tentative Layout
Step 4: Distribution of Demands
Step 5: Encoding of Input Data
Step 6: Hydraulic Network Simulation:
Step 7: Examination of Hydraulic Run Results
Step 8: Adjusting Assumed Parameters of the Elements
HYDRAULIC
PROFILES
