Session: 2024-25

Kv3 Gwalior
 Introduction

Name : Yash Prasad Suryavanshi

Class/Section : XI,A
Roll no : 11128
Summited to :
Subject : Physics

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 Certificate

This is certify Yash Prasad Suryavanshi,

a student of class 11,A has successfully
completed the project under the
guidance of ______________ ( subject
teacher ) session of 2023-24

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Acknowledgeme
nt

 I am very grateful to everyone

who supported me to complete
my project effectively and
moreover on time. My grate
acknowledgements go to all those
who helped me present these
ideas well
 I would like to express my
gratitude to my teacher Mr
Balmakund Ahirwar for his
support and guidance In
completing this project
 secondly, I would like to thanks
my parents and my friends who
helped me a lot in finalizing this
project within limited time frame

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 Index
 Certificate
 Acknowledgements
 Aim
 Apparatus
Introduction
 Theory
 Conclusion
 Bibliograpy
 End of the project

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 Activity 1
Topic : To make a paper
scale of given least count
e.ga paper
Aim : To make 0.2cm,scale of 0.5cm
given least count,
e.g., 0.2 cm, 0.5 cm.
Apparatus : Least count. The minimum observation
that can be measured by the instrument accurately
is called the least count of instrument.
Range of an instrument. The maximum observation
that can be measured by instrument is called its
range.
Procedure: (A) Paper scale of least count 0.2 cm
1. Fold a white paper sheet in the middle along
lengthwise.
2. Mark in the upper half along the length a line PQ
15 cm long by a sharp pencil (Fig. A).
3. Take P as zero mark points on PQ at a distance
of 1.0 cm and write as 0,1, 2,……up to 15.
4. Mark the vertical lines to line PQ at the position
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of each mark 0, 1, 2,……up to 15.

5. Draw another sharp line RS which is parallel to
PQ at a distance of 8 mm.
6. Draw another line XY parallel to PQ at a distance
of about 25 mm. And complete the rectangle
ABXY.
7. Now divide each 1.0 cm interval into five equal
divisions on PQ by marking points at every
interval of 2 mm. Mark these points up to 15 cm
mark.
8. Now draw sharp small lines about 3 mm long
perpendicular to PQ on each of the point which is
separated by 2 mm.
9. Draw another line AB parallel to PQ at a gap of 3
mm.
10. Darken each line and division by the sharp
black pen, and write 1,2,……15 at each cm mark.
11. Cut the rectangular scale by a sharp paper
cutter and paste it on a thick ivory sheet and cut
the sheet along the boundary of the rectangle with
the help of scissors.
12. Paper scale of least count 0.2 mm and of the
range of 15 cm is ready
(B) Paper scale of least count 0.5 cm
1.Repeat steps 1 to 6 as in part A of the above
activity.
2.Divide each 1.0 cm interval into two equal
divisions on PQ by marking points at every interval
of 5 mm and mark these points up to 15 cm mark
(Fig. B).
3.Draw sharp small lines about 3 mm long
perpendicular to PQ on each of the point which is
separated by 5 mm.
4.Draw another line AB parallel to PQ at a gap of 3
mm.
5.Darken each line and division by the sharp black
pen and write 1,2,…….15 at each cm mark.
6.Repeat the step 11 as in part A of the Activity 1.
7.Paper scale of least count 0.5 cm and of the
range of 15 cm is ready.
(C) Measure the length of pencil with the
paper scale
gg
Diagram

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Result :
1.The scales of the least count 0.2
cm and 0.5 cm have been made.
2.The length of the pencil, using
scale (A) = …….cm.
The length of the pencil, using
scale (B) = ……….cm.
Precautions :
3.The cm markings should be longer
than 0.2 cm and 0.5 cm markings.
4.Final lines and marking should be
drawn by using fine tipped black ink
pen.
5.Paper scale should be pasted on
the thick ivory paper.
6.Use very sharp pencil for the
graduation marks.
Sources of error :
7.Graduation marks may not be
equally separated.
8.The lines showing graduations may
not be sharp as required.
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 Activity 2
To determine mass
of a given body
using a metre scale
by principle of
moments.
Aim : To determine mass of a given body using a
metre scale by principle of moments.
Apparatus : A metre scale, a broad heavy wedge
with sharp edge, a weight box, a body of unknown
mass.
Theory :
If m and M be the mass of the body and mass
of the weight used and a1 and a2 be the
distances of their loops from wedge. Then,
power (mass) arm = a1, weight arm = a2
From principle of moments mg a1 = Mg a2
or m=Ma1/a1 which can be calculated.
Two Different Methods
(i) Arm lengths fixed and equal, weight
adjustable.
The thread loops are suspended at positions
forming both arm of equal length. Weights in
the paper pan are adjusted till the metre scale
becomes horizontal. (Fig. 3).
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In this case a1= a2 = a

(ii) Masses and power arm fixed, weight arm
adjustable.
Mass is suspended at a fixed distance a1 .
Length of power arm is adjusted by moving weight
loop thread in and out till the metre scale become
horizontal (Fig. 4).
In this case a1 = a, a2 = A
Hence mg a1 = Mg a2, becomes mg a = Mg A
or m= M A/a

Procedure :
1. Arrange the metre scale horizontally by supporting it at
the sharp edge of the broad heavy wedge at 50 cm mark.
2. Suspended the body of unknown mass by a loop
thread at a fixed mark on the left of the wedge.
3. Suspended paper pan at same distance on the right of
the wedge with some weights in it.
4. Adjust the weights in the paper pan till the metre scale
becomes horizontal.
5. Note the mass of the weights in the pan.
6. Repeat steps 2 to 5, three times by increasing the
length of the arms in equal steps keeping the lengths
equal.
7. Record the observations as given in the following table.
Result :
The unknown mass of the body, m =…………g.

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Diagram
Precaution :
1.The wedge should be broad and heavy
with sharp edge.
2.Metre scale should have uniform mass
distribution.
3.Threads used for loops should be thin,
light and strong,

Sources of error :
4.The wedge may not be sharp.
5.Metre scale may have faulty calibration.
6.The threads used for loops may be thick
and heavy.

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 Activity 3
Topic : To study the
variation in range of a
projectile with angle of
projection.
The horizontal distances between point of projection and point of re
by the projectile during its flight, is called its horizontal range. It is r
the symbol R.
If the water jet leaves the nozzle with a velocity U at an angle 0 wit
then the

Aim To study the variation in range

:

of a projectile with angle of projection.

Apparatus A plyboard :

protractor with radius of about 30

cm and marked 0° to 90° with an
interval of 15° each, a 10-metre
long measuring tape, A constant
level reservoir under pressure (a
tap connected to a tank or water
supply line), a water pipe with a
metallic nozzle (narrow opening).
Theory : The horizontal distances between
point of projection and point of return, covered
by the projectile during its flight, is called its
horizontal range. It is represented by the symbol
R.
If the water jet leaves the nozzle with a velocity
U at an angle 0 with horizontal, then the

Procedure :
1. Arrange a constant level water reservoir at
one end of a horizontal slab of the laboratory.
2.Connect a water pipe with the outlet of the
reservoir and insert a metallic nozzle in the other
end of the pipe held in hand.
3.Open the water tap and check that there is no
leakage of water (remove if it is there).
4.Fix the protractor in a slot in a horizontal base
to make its plane vertical and graduated surface
towards yourself.
5.Place the nozzle at the centre O of the
protractor and make the jet pass through 15°
marking on it.

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 Diagram

Angle of projection Projection in X-Y plane

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6.The jet moves along a parabola and falls
back on the slab at some distance.
7.Set the water tap such that the distance
is few metres.
8.Ask your laboratory bearer to make a
mark B1 on the slab where the jet falls.
9.Change the angle to 30°, 45°, 60° and
75° and repeat step 8 to get marks B2, B3,
B4 and B5.
(Do not change setting of water tap,
otherwise it will change velocity U of the
jet).
10.Measure distances OB1, OB2, OB3,
OB4 and OB5 by the measuring tape. These
distances give range R for different angles
(and same velocity).
11.Record your observations in the table as
given below.
Serial no. of obs Angle of projection Range of water jet
of water jet at R(m)
degree
Observations : Least count of
1. 15 OB1 =

measuring tape = 2 cm.

2.
3.
30
45
OB2 =
OB3 =

Table for angle and range

4.
5.
60
75
OB4 =
OB5 =
Result :
From graph, we find the following two
results :
1. Range is same for two
complementary angles (i.e., 15° and 75° or
30° and 60°).
2. Range is maximum for angle of
projection of 45°.
Precautions :
1. Water level in reservoir should
remain constant to keep velocity of
projection constant.
2. Jet should be thin to get a sharp
point of return.
Sources of error :
1. Velocity of water jet may change
during experiment.
2. Point of return may not be sharp.

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 Activity 4
To observe change of
state and plot a cooling
curve for molten wax.

Aim : To observe change of state and plot a cooling curve for molten wax.

Apparatus : A uniform straight wooden metre rod (scale). Two G clamp, pointer pin,
thread, slotted weights of 50 g each, wax, vertical scale, clamp stand.

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(b) For change of state When molten wax cools down to its freezing point, it starts
solidifying and the temperature becomes constant. The curve becomes horizontal
thereafter (parallel to time-axis) as shown in Graph.

Procedure :
Steps 1 to 8 of experiment 6 except step 2 in which calorimeter is filled two third by
molten wax (in place of water)
9. When temperature of wax falls to about 80°C note it and start the stop clock.
10. Continue stirring and note temperature after every one minute.
11. Note enclosure water temperature after every five minutes.
12. When fall of temperature stops, remove the lid and note that the wax in calorimeter
starts solidifying. Temperature remains same till all the wax in calorimeter solidifies.
13. Watch the constant temperature for some minutes.
14. Record your observations as given below.

Observation : Least count of enclosure thermometer = ……….°C.

Constant temperature of enclosure, θ0 = ……….°C
Least count of calorimeter-wax thermometer = …………°C.
Least count of stop clock/watch = ………..s.
 Serial Time for Temperatur
no of cooling e of wax in

Diagram
obs T(mt) calorimeter
1. 0 80

2. 1 76

3. 2 72

4. 3 69

5. 4 66

6. 5 63

7. 6 61

8. 7 59

9. 8 57

10. 9 55

11. 10 53

12. 11 51

13. 12 49

14. 13 47

. 14
Result :
1.The temperature falls quickly in the beginning and then slowly.
2.When wax starts freezing, the temperature does not fall further. The freezing point comes to be
50°C as calculated from graph.

Precautions :
3.The metre scale should be straight and uniform and clamped firmly.
4.The tip of pointer should not touch the vertical scale.
5.The scale should not be loaded beyond the elastic limit.
6. Reading on metre scale should be taken carefully.

Sources of error :
7.The metre scale may be non-uniform.
8. The tip of pointer may not be very sharp.

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 Activity 5
To observe and explain the effect of
heating on a bi-metallic strip.

Aim : To observe and explain the effect of heating on a bi-metallic strip.

Apparatus:
A bi-metallic strip (made of iron and brass bars), a board with clamp screw on one side and vertical scale
on the other side, electric heating arrangement, or a burner thermometer .
Short Description of a Bi-metallic Strip:
It is a strip made up of two bars of different metals but same dimensions, put together lengthwise and
ripetted at their ends. The strip is straight at root temperature.
When the bi-metallic strip is heated both bars expand differently. Since they are ripetted at their ends, their
ends stay together. The bi-metallic strip bends keeping more expanding bar on its convex side. More is
heating, more is the bending.
In case of an iron-brass bi-metallic strip, the bent strip will have brass bar on its convex side.

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Diagram

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Theory :

Theory :

If two rods of different metals have same length L1 at temperature t1°C, their length at higher temperature t2 °C
will be different. The rod of a metal having more value of ‘ coefficient of linear expansion will have more length than
the other rod.

Procedure :
1.Clamp one end of the brass-iron bi-metallic strip, keeping brass bar on the lower side.
2.Keep the strip horizontal rested on a vertical support.
3.Fix a vertical scale near the free end of the bi-metallic strip.
4.Suspend a thermometer with its bulb touching the strip in the middle.
5.Note the initial temperature of the strip.
6.Note the vertical scale division coinciding with the upper edge of the strip.
7.Heat the strip by passing electric current through it or by using a burner. The thermometer will show a rise
of
temperature.

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8. Watch the movement of the free end of the strip. The strip bends upwards (towards iron bar
side) and position of upper edge of the strip changes.
9. Note the temperature after each rise of temperature by 2°C and also the position of the
upper edge at that temperature.
10. Record your observations as given below.

Observations : Room temperature = 30°C

(say)Least count of vertical scale = 1 mm.
Table for temperature and vertical scale reading
Position of Amount of
Temperatu
upper bounding
re of bi-
Serial no. edge of bi- upward
metallic
of Obs metallic (mm)
strip x
strip
(degree c)
x(mm)
1. 30 X1 = X2-X1

2. 32 X2 = X3-X2

…. …. ….. ….

11. 50 X11= X11-X10

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Calculations :
1. Find the amount of bending by taking difference of position with initial position.
2. It is found that amount of bending increases as temperature rises.

Result :
3. Bi-metallic strip bends more and more as its temperature rises.
4. Since brass bar is on convex side and iron bar on concave side of bent bi-
metallic strip, brass bar expands more than the iron bar. Hence brass has larger
linear expansion.

Precautions :
5. The two bars should be firmly ripetted near their ends.
6. Brass bar should be kept on the lower side.
7. One end of the bi-metallic strip should be screw clamped.
8. Heating of whole bi-metallic strip should be uniform.

Sources of error
9. The ripettes may be loose.
10. Heating of strip may not be uniform.

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 Activity 6
To study the effect of detergent on
surface tension of water by observing
capillary rise.

Aim :
To study the effect of detergent on surface tension of water by observing
capillary rise.

Apparatus :
Three capillary tubes of different radii and a tipped pointer clamped in a metallic
plate with a handle, travelling microscope, clamp and stand, a fine motion
adjustable height stand, a flat bottom open dish, clean water in a beaker,
thermometer.

Theory :
A detergent when added to distilled water reduces surface tension of water. If we
use same capillary tube to study the rise of pure distilled water and then the rise
of detergent mixed water (solution), we shall find that the rise will be less in case
of solution. If quantity of detergent (solution concentration) is increased, rise will
be still lesser.
Diagram

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Procedure :
(a) Setting the apparatus
1.Place the adjustable height stand on the table and make its base horizontal by
level-ling screws.
2. Take dirt and grease free water in an open dish with flat bottom and put it on the
top of the stand.
3. Take three capillary tubes of different radii (ranging from 0.05 mm to 0.15 mm).
4. Clean and dry them, clamp the capillary tubes in a metallic plate in order of
increasing radius. Also clamp a pointer after third capillary tube.
5. Clamp the horizontal handle of the metallic plate in a vertical stand, so that the
capillary tubes and the pointer become vertical.
6. So adjust the height of metallic plate that the capillary tubes dip in water in open
dish.
7. Adjust the position of the pointer, such that its tip just touches the water surface.
(b) Measurement of capillary rise :
8. Find the least count of the travelling microscope for the horizontal and the
vertical scale. Record the same in the note-book.
9. Raise the microscope to a suitable height, keeping its axis horizontal and
pointed towards the capillary tubes.
10. Bring the microscope in front of first capillary tube (which has maximum rise).
11. Make the horizontal cross wire just touch the central part of the concave
meniscus seen convex through microscope.
12. Note the reading of the position of the microscope on the vertical scale.
13. Now move the microscope horizontally and bring it in front of the second
capillary tube.
14. Lower the microscope and repeat steps 11 and 12.
15. Repeat steps 11 and 12 for third capillary tube.
16. Lower the stand so that pointer tip becomes visible.
17. Move the microscope horizontally and bring it in front of the pointer.
18. Lower the microscope and make the horizontal cross wire touch the tip of the
pointer. Repeat step 12.

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(c) Measurement of the internal diameter of the capillary
tube :
19. Place the first capillary tube horizontally on the adjustable stand.
20. Focus the microscope on the end dipped in water. A white circle (inner bore)
surrounded by a green circular strip (glass cross section) will be seen.
21. Make horizontal cross-wire touch the inner circle at A. Note microscope reading on
vertical scale.
22. Raise the microscope to make the horizontal cross-wire touch the circle at B. Note the
reading (the difference gives the vertical internal diameter AB of the capillary tube).
23. Move the microscope on horizontal scale and make the vertical cross wire touch the
inner circle at C. Note microscope reading on horizontal scale.
24. Move the microscope to the right to make the vertical cross-wire touch the circle at D.
Note the reading (the difference gives the horizontal internal diameter CD of the capillary
tube).
25. Repeat steps 19 to 24 for other two capillary tubes.
26. Note temperature of water in dish.
27. Record your observations as given ahead.28. Take a known volume of distilled water
from same sample.

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29. Dissolve a small known mass of a detergent in the water to make a dilute
solution.
30. Find the rise of the solution in same capillary tube. The rise will be less than
that for pure water.
31. Add double mass of detergent in same volume of water to have a solution
with double concentration.
32. Find the rise of this concentrated solution in same capillary tube. The rise will
be still lesser.
33. Repeat with solution of same detergent having increased concentration. Rise
will decrease as concentration increases.

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Bibliography

 Class XI NCERT books

 Class XI lab manual
 htpps://
biyjus.org.56677tgcgid.com
 https://wickypedia.com