Chapter 27 Magnetic field and forces Magnetic forces Magnetic field and flux Motion of charged particles in a magnetic

tic field Magnetic torque

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27.1 Magnetism
Magnetic north and south poles behavior is like electric charges. For magnets, like poles repel and opposite poles attract. A permanent magnet will attract a metal like iron with either the north or south pole.

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27.2 Magnetic filed

The moving charge interacts with the fixed magnet.
F ! q vB sin J
B! F q v sin J

& & & F ! qv v B

1 N/Ay m = 1 Tesla = 1 T 1 T = 104 Gausses

Example 1. See the figure. A beam of protons moves at 3.0 v 105 m/s through a uniform B = 2.0 T. Find the force on a proton.

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27.3 1 Magnetic field lines and magnetic flux

Magnetic field lines may be traced from N toward S. In 1820, Hans Oersted found that conducting wires could produce magnetic filed. Magnetic field lines produced by electricity follow RHR. (Figure (a) is for a bar magnet which is ignored here.)

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27.3 2 Magnetic flux and Gausss law

We define the magnetic flux through a surface (left figure below)
& & d * B ! B cos J dA ! B y dA & & * B ! B y dA Unit: 1 Tym2 = 1 Weber = 1 Wb. & & Gausss law: * B ! B y dA ! 0

Example 2. Refer to the Figure (a) and (b) below. A = 3.0 cm2, *B = 0.90 mWb. Calculate the B.

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27.4 1 Motion of charged particles in a magnetic field

If vBB, B is uniform, then circular motion with radius .
R! mv qB [! qB m f ! [ 2T

Examples of such are cyclotron and magnetron. If v is not perpendicular to B, and B is uniform, then helical path.

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27.4 2 A magnetic bottle

If we ever get seriously close to small-lab nuclear fusion, the magnetic bottle will likely be the only way to contain the unimaginable temperatures ~ a million K. Right Figure diagrams the magnetic bottle and Figures below show the real-world examples northern lights (aurora borealis) and southern lights (aurora australis).

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27.4 3 Examples
Example 3. A magnetron in a microwave oven emits electromagnetic waves with frequency f = 2450 MHz. What magnetic field strength is required for electrons to move in circular paths with this frequency? Example 4. Proton is moving in a helical path and B = 0.500 T is along the x-axis. At t = 0, vx = 1.50v105 m/s, vy = 0, and vz = 2.00v105 m/s. (a) At t = 0, find the force on the proton and its acceleration. (b) Find the radius of the helical path, the angular speed of the proton, and the pitch of the helix (the distance traveled along the helix axis per revolution).
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27.5 Applications of motion of charged particles. 1. velocity selector

Velocity selector and J. J. Thompsons discovery of electrons.

E qvB ! qE v ! B
1 2 mv ! eV 2 v! 2eV m

Therefore, materials.

e E2 ! ! 1.75882012 v1011 C/kg m 2VB 2

, which is independent of

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27.5 2 Mass spectrometer

A mass spectrometer can separate different masses according to equation:
R! mv qB

Example 5. You try to reproduce Thomsons e/m experiment with accelerating V = 150 V and deflecting E = 6.0 v 106 N/C. (a) What is the speed of the electron? (b) What B do you need? (c) With this B, what will happen to the electron beam if you increase the accelerating V above 150 V? Example 6. You are designing a leak detector that uses a mass spectrometer to detect He+ ions emerge from the velocity detector with a speed of 1.00 v 105 m/s. They are curved in a semicircular path by a magnetic field B and are detected at a distance of 10.16 cm from slit S3 in the figure. Calculate the Bd.

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27.6 1 The magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor

The force is always perpendicular to the conductor and the field. If l B B, then
F ! qvd B F ! nAl qvd B ! IlB

If l is not B B, then
F ! IlBB F ! IlB sin J

Generally
& & F ! Il v B

When B is not uniform,

& & dF ! Idl v B

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27.6 2 Loudspeaker engineering

To create music, we need longitudinal pulses in the air. The speaker cone is a very clever combination of induced and permanent magnetism arranged to move the cone to create compressions in the air.

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27.6 3 Examples
Example 7. Illustrated by the Figure. A straight horizontal copper rod carries a current of 50.0 A from west to east in a region where there is a horizontal magnetic field toward the north-east (that is, 45r north of east) with magnitude 1.20 T. (a) Find the force on a 1.00-m section of rod. (b) While keeping the rod horizontal, how should it be oriented to maximize the magnitude of the force? What is the force magnitude in this case?

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27. 6 3 Examples
Example 8. Illustrated by the Figure. The magnetic field is uniform and perpendicular to the plane of the figure, pointing out. The conductor has a straight segment with length L perpendicular to the plane of the figure on the right, with the current opposite to B; followed by a semicircle with radius R; and finally another straight segment with length L parallel to the x-axis, as shown. The conductor carries a current I. Find the total magnetic force on these three segments of wire.

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27.7 1 Force and torque on a current loop

Torque
X ! IBA sin J
& & & ! vB

Define magnetic dipole moment: Q = IA, then Potential energy:

& & U !  yB

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27.7 2 Examples
Example 9. A circular coil 0.0500 m in radius, with 30 turns of wire, lies in a horizontal plane. It carries a current of 5.00 A in a counterclockwise sense when viewed from above. The coil is in a uniform magnetic field directed toward the right, with 1.20 T. Find the magnetic moment and the torque on the coil.

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley