K T C U THP

C BI T

Ch-ng 1 : Kt cu thp bn

$1. i c-ng v kt cu thp bn 1. Phm vi p dng, phn loi -KC thp bn l kt cu -c lm t nhng bn thp. -Dng KC thp bn lm cc cng trnh cha, vn chuyn cht lng, kh, vt liu ri. Cc loi kt cu thp bn: -B cha cht lng: Du, n-c -B cha v phn phi kh -Bunke, xi l: Cha VL ri nh- than, ct, xi mng - ng dn ti n-c, du m, kh (--ng knh ln D>0.6m) -L cao, l t nng khng kh, l ht bi, khi,

2.c im lm vic v cu to iu kin lm vic rt khc nhau: -V tr: + Chn d-i t + Trn mt t - Chu lc: + p lc bn trong + Chn khng +Chu tc dng nhit , mi tr-ng -Yu cu: +Chu l c, m bo bn, n nh +Kn, khng thm +Lm vic trng thi ng sut ln (ch hn, thn-y b), ng sut cc b ln - Vt liu tu thuc tng loi b s dng thp thngth-ng, thp hp kim,

$2. Tnh ton v mng trn xoay Ph-ng trnh c bn tnh v trn xoay chu ti trong i xng trc 1 trc i xng 2 bn knh cong -Bn knh cong ca v R1 R2.)

Quy -c: -Cc kch th- c hnh hc ly theo mt trung bnh ca v (v chiu dy ca v mng) -Cch tnh ph thuc vo trng thi ng sut ca v: -Theo l thuyt momen: S cn bng ca v uc xc nh bi + L c php tuyn N1, N2. + Lc tr-t S1, S2. + Momen un M1, M2. + Momen xon M12, M21. + Lc ct Q1, Q2. -Theo l thuyt phi momen: S cn bng ca v uc xc nh bi + Lc php tuyn N1, N2. (gy ng sut php N1, N2 phn b u theo chiu dy v) + Lc tr--t S1, S2.

Ph-ng php tnh theo LT phi momen ch s dng khi : - T l R/H ln lc v hu nh- khng chu un v vng xa hiu ng bin.

H / R e 1/ 30
Th-ng cc cng trinh b n v tho mn iu kin Tnh ton theo l thuyt phi

momen v kim tra ti v tr ni, v tr thay i chiu dy KC (l ni c ng sut cc b)

Tch ra 1 phn t ni xa bin - T i tr ng phn b u theo ph-ng php tuyn ca mt cong ds1ds2 + Lc kinh tuyn + Lc vng

N1 ! W 1ds2H

N 2 ! W 2ds1H
dN dE pds1ds 2 ! 2N1sin  2N2 sin 2 2 dN dN dE dE sin ! sin ! 2 2 2 2
ds 1 dN ! R1
ds 2 dE ! R2

Chiu cc lc ln ph-ng php tuyn

N2 N1 p!  R1ds 2 R2ds 1
hay

p W1 W2 !  R1 R2 H

- V tr

R1=

W1!

pR2 2H

W2

pR2 ! H

- V c u r 1= r 2 = r

- v nn:

pr W1!W2 ! 2H

W1!

pri 2H cosF

pri W2 ! H cosF

$3. B cha cht lng 1.Phm vi dng, phn loi cha du, xng, kh ho lng, -Theo hnh dng b: + B tr ng + B tr ngang + B hnh cu + B hnh git n-c -Theo v tr trong khng gian: + t cao hn mt t (trn b) + t trn mt t. + t ngm d-i t (n-c) + Na ngm

- Theo th tch: + Th tch khng i (mi tnh, c nh) + Th tch thay i , cn gi l b phao -Theo p lc d-: + B cha p lc thp pd <0,02 KG/cm2. (p lc chn khng po<0,0025) + B cha p lc cao pd >0,02 KG/cm2. -Chn loi b ph thuc cht lng cha trong b, th tch, ch s dng, iu kin kh hu vng xy dng, -Tr ng/ ngang: n gin cho ch to, dng lp -B cha cu: Cha kh ho lng. -B cha hnh git n-c: Cha xng c hi n hi cao -B c mi tnh: S dng khi vng quay sn phm t -B c mi phao: S dng khi vng quay sn phm nhiu hn (v kh ng b mt mt sn phm do bay hi) .

2. B cha tr ng p lc thp 2-1Cu to a-y b: -Chiu dy y b chn theo cu to (v khng chu lc). -Chn theo yu cu khi hn v theo yu cu chng n mn. -Th-ng chiu dy bin ln hn chiu dy gia y. -Chiu dy nh nht ca y b l 4mm. ---ng hn cnh di: Lin kt hn ghp chng. --ng hn cnh ngn: Lin kt hn i u. -Thng th--ng tm y -c hn trong nh my cun li khi ra cng tr-ng s ri phng

-Trnh t hn: + Hn cc tm gia y + Hn cc tm vnh bin + Hn thn b vi vnh bin + Hn khu gia vi vnh bin. --ng knh thn b nh hn -ng knh y 100mm

b - Thn b

- -ng hn vng pha ngoi: -ng hn chu lc - -ng hn vng pha trong: Gin on, hn 100, cch 300 ( dng lp) (Nu yu cu chng g cao th c 2 - ng hn u phi lin tc) -Thn b -c sn xut trong nh my (hn nh my) cun li ri -a ra cng tr-ng -Ni thn b vi y b bng -ng hn gc.

c-Mi b: -Chn hnh dng mi b ph thuc vo: +Th tch +Ti trng tc dng

MI nn

+Tn lp bng thp tm dy 2,5 -3mm hn ln khung chu lc bng thp [, H + Mt u gi ln ct trung tm, mt u ta ln vnh b ( Ct bng thp ng , khi V=1000 -5000m3, thp gc khi V<1000m3)

Mi treo: - Di thp tm mt u lin kt vi m ct trung tm, u kia lin kt vi vnh hnh hp ca thn b. -Do ch chu ti trng ng mt mi ch chu ko (M=0) -Mi treo nh.lc ko tng dn t ngoi vo Mi cu, tr cu (dng khi V ln): Ct trung tm ch s dng khi lp ghp

2-2 Tnh ton thn b (Tnh theo LT phi mmen ri kim tra hiu ng bin)

a-Theo iu kin bn: Theo l thuyt phi mmen -Chu ti: + p lc thu tnh + p lc d-ng sut trong thn b + ng sut kinh tuyn W1. + ng sut ko vng W2.

-Xt p lc su cch mt thong x px=g1.x.n1 + pd.n2. g1: Trng l-ng cht lng n1, n2: H s v-t ti pd: p lc dTheo cng thc tnh ton v tr

2W 1 ! W 2 !

px .r2 H

Theo c-ng -ng hn trong cng mt on thn

Chiu dy

p x .r2 W2 ! e Rkh .K H

p x .r2 H u h Rk K
K=0.8 H s iu kin lm vic

-Theo hiu ng bin (ch ni thn v y b) Do bin dng theo ph-ng -ng knh b hn ch nn tnh ton ch ni thn v y b vi momen un X1 v lc ct cc b X2.

+ Vit 2 ph-ng trinh dm trn nn n hivi cc h s t-ng ng ca thn b, y b.

+ Gi i ph-ng trinh tim 2 n X1, X2. X1=0 ti v tr cch y b

x ! 0, 6 r2H
Trong on

0,6 r2H

Thi bin dng vng b hn ch nn US ko vng W2 nh hn so vi vng khc B qua W2

g 6M W 1 !  2 e RK H H
K=1,6 cho php k n bin dng do ti ch ni thn v y. g Trng l-ng b trn 1 n v di theo ph-ng vng. M: Mmen un theo ph-ng -ng sinh tnh trn d i rng 1cm.

M=Q(n1K1h+n2pd)rH

+ Khi coi lin kt thn-y l ngm cng, b cha y cht lng, h s Q=0,3 + Khi coi lin kt thn-y l ngm n hi, b cha y cht lng, h s Q=0,1 Theo iu kin n nh cc b -n nh thn b do ng sut nn u theo ph--ng -ng sinh

W 1 e W th1K
K=1: h s iu kin lm vic

Wth1: ng sut ti hn theo ph-ng -ng sinh.

L gi tr nh hn trong 2 gi tr

W th1

cEH ! r

W th1 ! =R

R, E: C-ng tnh ton, mun n hi ca vt liu lm thn b r, d: Bn knh, chiu dy thn b c: H s tra b ng ph thuc vo r/

R r ] ! 0,97  (0,00025  0,95 ) E H

W1: Tng ng sut nn dc trc do cc ti trng:
Gm: Trng l-ng mi v cc thit b trn mi Gcn: Trng l-ng lp cch nhit trn mi

po: p lc chn khng pg: T i do gi tc dng vung gc vi thn b ht trn mi Gt: Trng l--ng thn, cc lp cch nhit thn b trn mc kh o st

r Gt  W 1 ! Gm  Gcn  nc ( po  p g ) 2H H

(nc=0.9 h s t hp) -n nh thn b theo ng sut nn vng W2.

W 2 e W th 2 K
r H W th 2 ! 0,55E lr l (0,5 z 10) r
3/ 2

khi

W th 2

H ! 0,17 E r

khi

l u 20 r
l (10 z 20) r

W th 2

ni suy khi

l: Chiu di v tr kh o st (chiu cao thn b, kho ng cch gi-a cc s-n vng)

W 2 ! ( pgio  po ).
nc=0,9 h s t hp pgio = 0,5wongk

nc r H

(ng=1,2 h s v-t tai ; k: h s cao)

po: p lc chn khng

-n nh thn b khi chu W1 v W2.

W1 W2  e1 W th1 W th 2
Nu khng tho mn thi tng chiu dy thn b hoc t cc vnh cng ( bng thp gc) khi chiu di l -c thay bng khang cch g-a cc vnh cng)

Tnh ton mi b Hai t hp ti trng: Ti h-ng t trn xung: p = ncngcn+nopo+n1gm. -Trng l-ng cc lp cch nhit -p lc chn khng -Trng l-ng cc lp mi Ti h-ng t d-i ln: p = (n2pd+ngwoc2)nc - n1gm. -p lc d- trong khng gian hi -Gi ht -Trng l-ng cc lp mi

C-Kch th-c ti -u ca b B cha c chiu dy thn khng i Th tch thp lm b

D, H l -ng knh, chiu cao b.

T D2 A ! T DH H  ( 4

H: Tng chiu dy ca y v mi b H = H +H m -Th tch b:

TD 2 Vb ! H 4

D!

4Vb TH

Vb ( A ! 2H TVH  H

Tim H c A min. o hm A theo H v cho =0

H ln !
Thay Hln vo ta c

Vb ( T H

Vb ( Dln ! 2. T H
3

T biu thc o hm ta c

TD TD HH ! ( 2 4

Kinh t nht khi trng l--ng thp lm y v mi b bng na trng l-ng

-B cha c chiu dy thn thay i Tnh t-ng t: Chiu cao li nht

H kt !

KRkh ( n1K 1

g: H s iu kin lm vic g1: T trng cht lng n1: h s v-t t i  H : Tng chiu dy ca y v mi b H = H + H m

3. B cha tr ngang a.Cc c im chnh, cu to S dng : Cha s n phm du m pd<0.2MPa (2KG/cm2) khi V<100m3. Cha hi ho lng pd<1.8MPa (18KG/cm2) khi V<300m3. Chu p lc chn khng pd<0.1MPa kch th-c b: -ng knh b: D=1.4 - 4m Chiu di b l=2 - 30m vi pd<0.07MPa

Dln ! 0.8.3 Vb

Theo kinh nghim

Dln ! 0,6. 3 Vb

vi pd>0.07MPa

T Vb v Dln tnh -c chiu di li nht ca b L ln. c im: - n gian, d ch to -s n xut trong nh my -Chu -c p lc d- ln hn so vi b tr ng - Chi ph xy dng gi ta t ng

L L

C ut o - Thn b: + Thp tm dy 3-36mm, rng 1,5 - 2m. + Hn i u + Khi r/H >200: t vnh cng ti khoang Khi r/H <200: Ch t vnh cng gi ta. -y b: + Hnh dng khc nhau: Phng, nn, tr, cu, elp. + Chn hnh dng ph thuc vo V b v pd. V<100m3 v p<0,04 MPa y phng V<100m3 v p<0,05 MPa y nn

Gi ta: + Dng thanh ng (2 thanh) + Dng cong lm gc m 60-120o. + Bt buc ph i c vnh cng, thanh chng tam gic.

a.Tnh ton Xc nh v tr gi ta Mg=Mnh

qc 2 Mg !  2
;

M nh

l o2 c 2 ! q  8 2

Vi

G q ! n1  K 1Tr 2 l

G: Trng l-ng b l: Chiu di tnh ton b

V l! 2 Tr

lo=0.586l

Kim tra bn thn b: ng sut dc theo ph-ng -ng sinh:

W ! W 1'  W 1'' e RK
K=0.8 h s iu kin lm vic R: c-ng tnh ton ca thp -ng sut do un b (tnh nh- dm n gi n)

2 c2 g 2 lo n1  K 1Tr .  2 M nh l 8 ! W 1' ! W Tr 2H

' W 1'

- ng sut do p lc d- v p lc thu tnh tc dng ln y b

Tr (n2 p d  n1K 1 r ) r (n2 p d  n1K 1 r ) ! W ! 2TrH 2H

2 '' 1

- ng sut ko vng (do p lc thu tnh v p lc d- ti vng d-i ca b)

r (n 2 p d  n1K 1 2r ) W2 ! e RK H
Kim tra ng sut t--ng -ng

W td ! W  W  W 1W 2 e KLN h R
2 1 2 2

Trong :

K = 0.8

L=0.9: H s t ng tin cy do c tnh d chy, n.

h Rk Nh ! R

H s bn ca lin kt hn i u khi hn t ng -Kim tra n nh thn b:

B c th mt n nh do: p lc chn khng po khi tho cht lng ra khi b Nhit mi tr--ng h thp. Kim tra:

W1 W2  e1 W th1 W th 2
W1 ! no p o r 2H
no po r W2 ! H

Trong :

Tnh y b:

0.1 2D

D/8

y phng: - Do p lc d+ y chu ko
2 pd d d ! 16 f o

+ Vnh gi chu nn ng sut ko ti trng tm y:

Wd

Td ! Hd

Td

Vi fo l vng ti tm y xc nh bng thc nghim dd: --ng knh y

y nn: - Ph-ng -ng sinh

W1 !

n2 p d r 2H d . cos F

- Ph-ng vng

n2 p d r W2 ! H d . cos F

Kim tra n nh y nn: + p lc chn khng + Lc dc theo ph-ng -ng sinh

W2 N  eK N th W th 2
N: Lc nn dc trc b do po tc dng vo y b Nth: Lc ti hn dc trc.

cu: C bn knh cong bng --ng knh thn b - ng sut do p lc d-:

W !

n2 p d rc 2H d
(rc=2r=D)

- n nh y cu:

W e W th K
W ng sut do p lc chn khng

n0 p o rc W ! 2H d
W th ! 0.1EH d eR rc

Wth: ng sut ti hn v cu

Tnh vnh gi: C ni lc ln nht khi b cha y cht lng Vnh gi chu: + Lc tr--t T do p lc thu tnh ca cht lng v trng l-ng thn v.

Tit din tnh ton ca vnh gi: Gm tit din thp gc v phn bn rng 30d Tnh ni lc M, N ca vnh, thanh chng + C biu sn ng vi 3 tr--ng hp gc m gi ta: 60o, 90o, 120o. + Nhn biu c sn vi l-ng no ph thuc ng tnh M hay N

Tnh M: Nhn biu vi

n1Gr n1K 1lr  T

3

Tnh N:
2

Nhn biu vi

n1G n1K 1lr  T

3m

3. B cu c im, cu to Dng cha hi ho lng Gi b: + Dng vnh + Dng thanh chng: m bo bin dng nhit t do cho b. (Cc thanh chng khng t vo - ng hn ni cc tm ca v b) pd=0.25 -1.8MPa v V= 600 - 4000m3. Thn b: S dng cc tm cong 2 chiu. Lin kt cc tm bng hn i u.

a.Tnh ton Theo iu kin bn: Khi cha y cht lng:

W ! W1 ! W 2

? !

n2 pd  n1K 1 (1  cos N ) Ar 2H

e RK

Chiu dy thn b (im thp nht)

? H!

n2 pd  n1K 1 (1  cos N ) Ar 2KK n R

h k

 2mm

K=0.7 h s iu kin lm vic Kn=0.9 H s tin cy i vi tnh d chy n ca vt liu. 2mm: K n s dn mng khi dp, cn tm thp. n1=1.1; n2=1.2

n nh thn b: - Khi nhit thp Tn ti p lc chn khng Kim tra:

r/H e 750

W e W th K
Vi:

no p rc W! 2H d
W th ! 0.1EH d eR rc

Tnh thanh ng gi b: T i trng: + Trng l-ng cc thit b + Cha y cht lng + Gi

Khi k n s ln khng u ca cc thanh chng th ni lc trong mt thanh s tng ln

n n 1

ln (n l s l--ng thanh ng)

KT cu thp tr

Ch-ng 3: Kt cu cng trnh thp tr $1. Khi qut chung 1- c im chung ca cng trnh thp tr

-L cng trnh cao: ct ng ten, ct in, ct dn khoan, ct ng khi,... -Thp: l cng trnh t ng, ngm vi mng. -Tr: l cng trnh ng -c nh dy neo. -Vt liu s dng: Thp (v nh, d thi cng, vn chuyn, c R ln). -Chiu cao cng trnh ln hn nhiu so vi chiu rng (c 200 ln) -Th-ng l h thanh khng gian t 3 mt tr ln. -Hnh dng: n iu, kh to dng kin trc. -Cu to nt: phc tp, cn chnh xc cao. -Ti trng: ch yu l gi.

2-Ti trng v tc dng -Ti trng th-ng xuyn: +Trng l-ng bn thn cng trnh -Hot ti s dng: Ph thuc chc nng cng trnh -Hot ti khc: Sa cha, s c t dy, ... -Ti trng gi -Ti c bit -Ti do thi cng -Ti do tc ng nhit -Ti do lc cng tr-c dy neo

1. Tai trng gi i vi cng trinh thp tr: w = wt + w Thnh phn tnh wt: Lc sinh ra do p lc gi tc ng vo cng trinh. Thnh phn ng w: Lc qun tnh ca khi l-ng cng trinh sinh ra

do dao ng ring ca cng trinh. a- Thnh phn tnh ca t i trng gi  Lc gi tiu chun tc dng ln din tch Ak cao Hk:

Trong : c: H s kh ng

Wtk ! c.wtk . Ak ! c.k.wo .Ak

(daN)

wtk : p lc gi tiu chun ti cao Hk: k: H s cao (b ng)

wtk=wok

z zo k ! z lg 10 zo lg

wo: p lc gi tiu chun theo vng ph thuc vo vn tc gi (b ng) wo = 0.5Vvo (V: mt khng kh V=0.125.10-1 (KN.s2/m4))

Lc tiu chun tc ng ln mt thanh thp cao Hk:

Wtk ! c x .k.wo . Ak

(daN)

Trong : Ak: Din tch hinh chiu ca thanh ln mt phng vung gc h-ng gi. cx: H s kh ng ca thanh (H s can chnh din) cx=1.4: i vi thp hinh cx=1.2: i vi dy dn, dy cp cx=ko.cxg: i vi thp trn, thp ng c trc vung gc ph-ng mt n gi (Cc h s ko, cxg xc nh ph thuc nhiu thng s (xem tiu chun): Re,ph thuc -ng knh thanh d, p lc gi tiu chun wo, nht ng ca khng kh, nhm b mt, ...)

Lc gi ng tc ng ln 1 dn khng gian (u 3 mt) -p lc gi trn 1 n v din tch bao (din tch b mt dn) mt n gi -(vung gc ph-ng gi)

w1 ! c x .k.wo

(daN/m2)

Trong : cx: H s c n chnh din ca dn phng

cx !

c xi Ai A

Ai: Din tch chn gi ca thanh th i ca dn. A: Din tch bao. cxi: H s kh ng ca thanh dn th i. -p lc gi trn 1 n v din tch bao (din tch b mt dn)- mt khut gi (vung gc ph-ng gi)

w2 ! c x .k.wo .L

(daN/m2)

Trong :L: h s gi m t i gi ca mt khut gi so vi mt n gi (tra b ng) p Tng lc gi ln din tch hinh bao Ak ca dn (hoc on dn) khng gian th k:

Wtk ! ( w1  w2 ) Ak k1 ! wo k.c x .(1  L )k1. Ak ! k.ct .wo . Ak

Trong : -ct: h s c n chnh din ca dn khng gian ct=cx.(1+L).k1 -k1: H s k n s thay i h s c n cx khi mt dn khng vung gc ph-ng gi

Thnh phn ng ca t i trng gi L lc qun tnh do dao ng t do ca cng trnh Gi i bI ton tim chu k, tn s: Theo cng thc gn ng - i vi thp:

3 gd  gtr T ! 141 . y1 2 gd  gt

- i vi tr: trng l-ng b n thn.

T ! 141t y 1 .

y1: vng theo ph-ng ngang nh cng trinh tnh vi t: H s ph thuc s lp dy neo ca CT tr gd, gtr: Trng l-ng trn 1m dI ca chn v nh thp.
-

Tnh ton: -Cng trinh c: f1>fL hoc cng trinh c 1 bc t do f1<fL

fL l tn s dao ng gii hn ph thuc vng gi W =F.Wt

- Tng lc gi:

W = W t+ W = (1+F)W t. F=^.R F=\^R

Trong : F l h s xt n thnh phn ng ca t i trng gi. khi f1>fL khi f1<fL.

(cc h s xem trong tiu chun) ^: H s p lc ng ca t itrng gi ( dng a hinh, chiu cao xc nh ta ). R: H s t-ng quan khng gian p lc ng ca t i trng gi (b ng) \: H s ng lc ph thuc gi m loga ca cng trinh dao dng (ph thuc CT thp, BTCT) v thng s

Kwo I! 940 f 1

(n v wo l N/m; K=1.2: h s tin cy)

-

Cng tinh c nhiu bc t do: + Chia cng trinh thnh r on. Khi l-ng mi on coi nh- t tm on. + Tnh cc dng dao ng c fi<fL.

W =

Mk
1

2 i

2 ik

Trong : \i: H s ng lc (b ng- th) ph thuc

wo 940 f i

ki

j wtj 2M j j

1. T i trng ng t ln cng trinh. Cng trinh c khi l-ng s tn ti lc qun tnh tc ng G a thit: Lc ng t l t i trng tnh, s phn b lc ng t ph thuc khi l-ng cng trinh Ph-ng lc: Bt k Lc ng t -

-Cch tnh: + Chia cng trinh thnh r on: (t-ng t t i gi) + Xc nh dao ng ring: (t-ng t t i gi) + t i ng t tc dng ln cng trnh thp tr:

Fik ! Qk k d .F iL ik
Trong : Qk: Trng l-ng on k k: H s ng t ph thuc vo cp ng t (b ng ) Fi: H s ng t ph thuc vo dao ng ring th i

Fi !

t Ti

t=1,5: i vi cng trinh thp tr cao t=1: i vi cc cng trinh khc.

y ik L ik !
r

Q j y ij
j !1

2 Q j y ij j !1

; yij: Chuyn v ca trinh dng dao ng th i ti im kh o st k v cc im cn li.

$ 2. i c-ng v thp thp

c im v phn loi c im: -Chiu cao ln hn chiu rng nhiu -Thp: T ng p S lm vic l cng xn ngm ti mng -Ti trng: Ch yu l gi, ng t -Gi tin/1m cao ca thp > tr nh-ng thp -u im hn tr: -- an ton cao (v t ng -c) - vng nh thp < tr --Tit kim t XD.

Phn loi: -Theo chc nng s dng: +Thp truyn hnh +Thp thng tin b-u in +Ct in v-t sng +Ct sn cng tc -Theo s l-ng mt bn +Thp 3 mt +Thp 4 mt +Thp nhiu mt -S l-ng mt bn tu thuc yu cu: Chu lc, kin trc, kh nng thi cng, cng ngh -Theo hnh thc tit din thanh: +Thp ng,Thp gc,Thp hnh -Cc cch phn loi khc +Theo vt liu +Theo chon mt thp.

1. Hinh dng chung ca thp thp dng dn a. Cc dng chnh ca thp  Dng ng: Trc cc thanh cnh vung gc mt mng Ch to lp ghp n gi n Chu t i trng ng tt Chu t i trng ngang khng hp l

(v hinh dng thp khng ging biu mmen s conxon) -Dng khi yu cu chiu cao cng trinh b (Thp i n-c, trm trn, dn gio thi cng, ...)

b-Cc kch th-c hp l ca thp -Chiu rng nh thp (b): +Ph thuc yu cu s dng khng gian bn trn +Treo cc thit b (ng ten), chng xon do cc thit b t lch + Thp ng ten v tuyn, ct ti in: b=0.9z1.5m + Thp Viba b-u in: b=2m z0.75 D

(D: -ng knh cho ngten nh thp) -Chiu rng chn thp: (B) Ph thuc yu cu: +Chu lc +Thm m +Din tch t XD + th-ng: B=(1/8z1/20)H +Nu thay i dc thanh cnh th Bz=(1/8z1/20)Hz.

2-H thanh bng Nhim v: - nh hinh cho cc thanh cnh -Gi m chiu di thanh cnh -Trnh thanh cnh b un cc b Chn thanh bng nh h-ng n: -Tnh cht chu lc ton thp -Kh n ng thi cng -Yu cu s dng khng gian -Vch cng ngang

H thanh bng xin v tam gic -Cu to mt n gin, t thanh, t nt -H thanh bng tam gc c Tng chiu di thanh bng nh (-u im) -Chiu di thanh ln p n nh thanh nn kh p Tn VL. -Loi h thanh bng ny p dng cho nhng thp nh -c chiu di thanh bng khng ln. H thanh bng ch thp -Cu to nt phc tp -Khi chu ti 1 ph-ng: 1/2 s thanh s chu ko, 1/2 s thanh chu nn -H bt bin hnh p Kh nng chu ti tt. Mt s h thanh khc: -Qu trm -Cc tam gic chng ln nhau. =Dng thanh phn nh

3-Vch cng ngang Tc dng: - nh hnh, c nh khng gian cho cc thanh cnh - nh dng thp trong qu trnh chu lc - m b n chng xon, phn phi mmen xon cho cc bn cng chu Nguyn tc cu to vch cng ngang Cu to: -B n b tng ct thp -B n thp dy -Dn thp: Gm cc thanh ngang ca mt bn v cc thanh bng xin.

S l-ng:t nht 2 vch / 1 thp. Tuy nhin theo yu cu thi cng lp dng thi t nht 1 vch ngang/ 1 on thp. Khang cch 2 vch: 9-10m. Thng th-ng l nh hn 3B (B l chiu rng trung binh ca thp ch b tr)

$3. Tnh ton thp 1-Cc b-c tnh ton thp -Chn hnh dng tng th ca thp, kiu tit din: (chn ph thuc kinh nghim, cc ph-ng n c, kiu tit din) -Gi thit s b tit din thanh -Tnh ton, kim tra + bn +n nh (Cc b thanh, tng th ton thp) +n nh lt ca cng trnh +Bin dng ( vng, gc nghing ca sn ngang)

2-S tnh ton thp -S conxon: +Ton b thp l thanh ngm cng vo mng + cng conxon bng cng thn thp +Ti tc dng vo conxon : Ti thp +Mmen un cc tit din conxon: Thanh cnh chu +Lc ct cc tit din conxon: Thanh bng chu -Nhn xt: +S coxon n gin, d tnh nh-ng sai s ln do gi thit cng, +ng dng: Bi ton s b chn tit din thanh ca thp b, + bi ton xc nh chu k,tn s phc v cho vic xc nh ti trng tc dng.

3-S dn phng: -Cc mt bn coi nh- dn phng (B qua s gy khc ca cc on) -Ch 1 s mt chu lc. Cc mt khc gi khong cch cho dn chu lc v truyn ,phn phi tI trng n dn chu lc. -Gi thit tnh ton: Ging dn phng (Thp1) -Trc cc thanh hi t ti trc thanh cnh, tI trng t ti nt Ph-ng php ny tnh chnh xc hn s conxon. 4-S h thanh khng gian -S tnh ging vi s tht nn kt qu chnh xc hn. -Nhiu n s, cn c s tr gip ca my tnh.

4-Ni lc v t hp ni lc -Xc nh ni lc bng ph-ng php n gi n (Tnh tay) -Do t i trng ng: + Trng l-ng b n thn + Cc ta khc (gi ln dy, dy dn, ) +Khi dc thanh cnh b: T i ng l do thanh cnh chu Thanh ng chu nn:

Trong :

Nj !

Pj
1

n.cos

+ r: Tng s on pha trn on j.

+ n: S l-ng thanh cnh (Thp 3 mt c n=3; thnp 4 mt c n=4) + K: Gc thanh cnh vi trc ng ca thp.

Pi

Tng t i trng ng t on j n nh thp. -Khi dc thanh cnh ln: t i ng gy ni lc cho c thanh -cnh v thanh bng (nn) p Gi i bI ton khng gian.

-Do tI trng ngang Gm: - Thnh phn tnh W j. -Thnh phn ng ca tI gi W pj. -Tc dng ng t. -Do momen xom Tj (do ng ten t lch trc so vi trc thp) -Gi tc dng ln dy ct tI in. P2j Cch lm: -Chuyn t h khng gian v h phng -Nt dn l khp. TI ngang t ti nt -GiI bng c hc kt cu (GiI tch, cremona,) Ch : Nu h tch ra l siu tnh th bin i h thnh cc h tnh nh. + H ST tch thnh 2 h tnh nh: Kt qu ni lc l cng tc dng + H ST b I cc thanh bng chu nn p H tnh nh. +Khi chu tI ngang thng gc vi mt bn thp: Tch dn thnh dn phng

-Nu chiu rng chnh nhau nhiu p Ph i g ai bi ton ng-c li (tc l dn c b b s nhn ta ) v lc dn c b ln s c nh-ng thanh di chu nn) Khi t i ngang theo ph-ng cho -c 4 mt cng tham gia nhn t i v chu ta c lp -Phn lc gi W (tnh, ng) thnh + W 1: Dn D1, D3 chu + W 2: Dn D2, D4 chu (dn nhn t i) W 1 = 1.1 W.sinE W 2 = 1.1 W.cosE

(H s 1,1 k n s lng xoy ca gi trong lng thp) -Ni lc thanh bng: gi nguyn khi gia bI ton dn phng.

-Ni lc thanh cnh: Cng ca 2 dn

V d: Nt chu ko ln nht (E) E doD doD Nc ! Nc 1  Nc 4 Nt chu nn ln nht (A)

NcA ! NcdoD2  NcdoD3

Khi E =45o: Thp c MB vung
45 Nc !

Trong :

45 c

90 2Nc

: Ni lc thanh cnh khi gi thi ph-ng -ng cho. : Ni lc thanh cnh khi gi thi ph-ng vung gc mt bn thp.

90 Nc

Nhn xt khi tnh gi xin 450 Thp 4 mt nh- nhau: -Gi i tr-ng hp gi thi thng gc 1 mt phng -c ni lc thanh cnh, - thanh bng (*) -Ni lc thanh bng: Gi nguyn Ni lc thanh cnh = Ni lc thanh cnh TH (*) x 1.1 x 2 Thp tam gic: -Tnh 1 tr-ng hp gi thi vung gc 1 mt bn thp p 2 dn cn li - cng chu t i (D2, D3 chu ta ). p thanh cnh A chu nn ln nht.

5-Gi i ni lc dn bng 1 s ch-ng trinh tnh 6-T hp ni lc: TH1: (Trng l-ng b n thn)x1 + Gi x 1 TH2: (Trng l-ng b n thn)x1 + ng t x 1 t x 1 TH3: (Trng l-ng b n thn)x1 + Gi x 0,25 +

Xj ! X j

tnh

s ( Xdng)2 j
1

s: S dng dao ng cn tnh i: Dng dao ng th i

6 Tit din, chiu dI tnh ton, m nh ca thanh dn a-Cc dng tit din: Chn ph thuc: + iu kin chu lc + iu kin lin kt khng gian. Mt s loi tit din:

Tit din (1): -D lin kt, sn m (v c 2 mt phng) -Trc thanh v trc lin kt b lch tm (vi lin kt bn) n -Dng cho cc thp b, va. Lm vic nng

Tit din (2), (3): Dng cho thanh bng, thanh cnh c ni lc ln. Tit din (4): Dng cho thanh cnh. Thm m p. Tit din (5): Dng cho thanh cnh, kh lin kt vi KC khc, cu to nt phc tp. Tit din (6):Dng cho thanh cnh thp ln, va +Hp l v mt chu lc +Chu gi b do din tch chon gi b +Bo d-ng d (Bt kn 2 u, m) +Cu to nt, lin kt vi kt cu khc kho. Tit din (7): +H thanh bng ch thp +Tnh thanh chu ko. (b qua chu nn): 1/2 s thanh lm vic +Dng cho thp nh, tr dy neo.

b-Chiu di tnh ton ca thanh -Khi tnh ton ta coi dn l khp, thc t khng ng vi ban m c cng trong mt phng dn. Chiu di tnh ton ca thanh thc cht l chiu di thanh quy i so vi thanh c 2 u khp m n nh ca 2 thanh l nh- nhau. +Thp thp dng dn khng gian, thanh l cc thp gc: lo -c tra bng +Thp thp dng dn thp ng khng dng b n mt: lo=0.9l. c- m nh v m nh gii hn ca thanh

Pmax e[P]

Thanh nn: Khng m nh qu Thanh ko: Khng m nh qu

p Chu lc thp pCong vnh khi vn chuyn.

7-Chn v kim tra tit din thanh dn a. Nguyn tc chn tit din: Khng nn thay i tit din thanh cnh nhiu ln hoc t ngt (Trnh Mlt ti nt) Cc thanh t 1/3H tnh t nh thp nn chn c chiu rng chn gi b, thay i chiu dy (trnh gi) Cc thanh bng chn thp: Chiu rng (-ng knh) ln nh-ng chiu dy nh (Ni lc ln, chiu di ln, un cc b) b-Tnh ton, chn v kim tra tit din thanh Thanh chu nn: Tnh nh- thanh chu nn ng tm

N: Tra b ng t Pgt. K = 0.95: Vi thanh cnh chn thp K = 1: Cc tr-ng hp cn li K = 0.75: i vi cc thanh bng K = 0.8: Thanh c P>60

Ayc

N u NRK

Thanh chu ko:

yc Ath

N u RK
yc Ath

K: xc nh ging thanh chu nn Nu tit din thanh c khoan l: S b chn Kim tra:

N u 0 .85RK

N e RK Ath

Pmax e [ P ]

 Chn, kim tra theo manh: Khi thanh qu di, N nh

rx

yc

l ox ! [P]

yc ry

l oy [P]

r xthc u r xyc

Tra b ng chn s hiu thp sao cho c Amin

8-Kim tra thp thp - iu kin n nh tng th: ging ct rng chu nn un

W !

N e RK NA

N: Lc nn tnh ton (Trng l-ng b n thn thit b, t i trng trn sn cng tc). A: Tng din tch tit din thanh cnh. iu kin bin dng - vng nh thp: f e [f] -Gc xoay ca tit din ngang mc sn: U e [U ] +[U]=1z2o +Thp thng tin [f]=(1/250-1/400)H +Ct t i in [f]=(1/150-1/400)H

iu kin chng lt: k=1.5 - 2: H s an ton chng lt

M gi M lt

uk

M lat !

W
1

zj

W j: cc lc ngang zj: K/c t im t lc n im lt (im xoay ca h) Mgi- do: + Trng l-ng khi mng + Trng l-ng t p trn mng + Trng l-ng bn thn thp

Cc giai php t ng c-ng tnh chng lt. -Dng mng cc: -Chn su, m rng b mng, - p cao hn so vi mt t t nhin (T ng trng l-ng khi t chng lt) -M rng chn thp

$4. Cc giai php cu to v tnh ton chi tit 1. Ni thanh: (Hn, bu lng)ph i th a mn yu cu truyn lc a. Dng lin kt hn: (Th-ng l trong nh my)

Tit din thanh l thp gc: Kim tra -ng hn chu ko vi tai trng th-ng i chiu.

Tit din thanh l thp ng: -Ni i u kt hp ng ct: gn, an ton khng cao vi ni trn cng 1 tit din. -Ni i u dng p ngoi v -ng hn gc. -Ni thng qua b n bch ngang v li ng -Ni kt hp i u v -ng hn gc. b-Dng bu lng: cng tr-ng -Khang cch DB>DBL+3do -Tnh bu lng chu ko: k th [N ] blk ! Rbl Abl K

(K=0.8)

nu

N [ N ] blk

-Chiu dy bch: Xc nh ph thuc s tnh ton

2-Cu to u thanh Thanh thp gc: -Lin kt trc tip hoc thng qua bn thp Thanh thp ng -Thanh cnh: Dng mt bch v bu lng -Thanh bng lin kt thanh cnh: bn m v bu lng

-p dp u thanh: (a) +u thanh b nung nng p nn dn +S dng vi thanh b +Dng 1 hoc 2 bu lng -X u thanh, cho bn m vo, khot l bu lng (b) +Kh thc hin 2 u thanh cng phng mt +Bu lng ch b tr trc thanh p Tn din tch lin kt +S dng : Thanh ngang, thanh bng xin, cc dn nh -Dng thp bn lm u thanh (c) +Ch to phc tp, tn vt liu + linh ng cao +S dng: mi thanh

3-Cu to mt s nt Nt gi ta: cc yu cu: -Khi nt chu nn: Bn phi ln truyn lc nn xung mng -Khi nt chu ko: Tnh bu lng chu lc ko p cn quan tm n lneo, Abl, iu kin lin kt bu lng vi chn ct. -Cu to nt phi n gin cho thi cng. Nt trung gian (lin kt thanh bng vi thanh cnh) -Trc cc thanh hi t ti trc thanh cnh.

$5. i c-ng v kt cu tr 1-Cu to tr

-Thn tr th-ng thay i b rng theo cao, -c chia on d vn chuyn, lp dng (6-8m cho mi on). -Ni cc on bng bu lng. - -ng knh -ng trn ngoi tip tit din thn tr:

H H eD e 200 60
-H: Chiu cao ton thn tr - Khang cch cc lp dy: 15D e Le 30D
-

Lin kt dy neo vo thn tr: Mng ca tr: Chu nn.

i uchnh dy neo nh chi tit u d-i

dy.
-

-Mng dy neo: chu nh. (mng c th cho 1 hoc nhiu dy neo)

2.Nguyn l tnh ton tr: a-Ti trng tc dng: -Ti th-ng xuyn: + Trng l-ng bn thn tr, dy neo + Trng l-ng thit b -Ti trng gi -Ti trng ng t -Tc ng ca nhit -Lc cng tr-c trong dy neo (c th coi l ti th-ng xuyn) -S c t dy. b-T hp ti trng: -Gi mnh nht, nhit tiu chun 20o -Khng c gi, nhit cao nht -Khng c gi , nhit thp nht -ng t, nhit 20o 1/2 gi mnh nht - Kim tra khi dng lp

c-Cc b-c tnh ton: -S b chn tit din thn tr, dy neo, s kt cu tr: theo kinh nghim, v cc cng thc c sn,.. -S b tnh ti trng, kim tra li kch th-c, tnh bi ton lp cho n khi tha mn i kin nh- gi thit ban u - Xc nh ti trng - Tnh ni lc thn tr v dy neo - Kim tra thn tr v dy neo - Kim tra cc chi tit ca tr.

3-Tnh ton thn tr -Thn tr coi nh- dmlin tc trn gi ta n hi -Ti trng ln thn: ti trng ca thit b, trng l-ng ca thn tr, lc t dy truyn vo - Ti trng gi t vo cc nt, v thn tr - Ti ng t Vic tnh ton s kt thc khi kt qu ca vng tnh tr-c v vng tnh sau xem l nh- nhau

4-Tnh ton dy neo - Dy neo tnh theo s dy treo trn 2 gi lch nhau -TI trong gm : gi ln dy, trng l-ng bn thn dy, lc cng tr-c trong dy, tc dng ca nhit , tI ngang ti nt - Khi tnh dy gi thit xem dy thoi f/l <1/8 nn trong dy ch c ng sut ko - Ch ly thnh phn gi vung gc dy b qua thnh phn dc dy Dy -c tnh vi cc tr-ng hp sau: -Chu tI trng -Do chuyn v ti nt neo dy

+Tnh dy vi t i trng tc dng ln dy :

q0l 2 T0 ! H 0 ! 8 f0
Nu ly

q0l 2 W0 ! 8 f 0 Ad

W0

l gi tr no c th xc nh -c

ql 2 f0 ! 8W 0 Ad

Tnh -c chiu di dy -Trng thi ban u :

8 f 02 q0l 3 L!l ! 1 3l 24W 02 Ad2 8f 2 q l3 L!l ! 1 3l 24W 2 Ad2

-Trng thi sau :

dn di ca dy

q0l 3 ql (l1 ! L  L0 ! 24W 2 A2  24W 2 A2 d 0 d

3

+Tnh dy vi chuyn v gi ta :

(H ! E t ( t H

H ! l sin F
-Bin dng do

(H

(l2 ! E t (t  t0 )l sin 2 F

-Bin dng ca dy do chuyn v ngang y

(l3 ! ycosF cos(N  K )

-Bin dng tng cng

(l ! (l1  (l2  (l3

-C th vit

(W l W  W0 (l !  Etl (t ! l  E t (t  t0 )l Ed Ed

iu kin cn bng: -Tng hnh chiu ln trc song song tai trng ngang ca lc trong dy chnh l ph n lc trong gi n hi khi tnh thn tr -Tng hnh chiu ln ph-ng vung gc tai trng ngang ca ni lc trong cc dy bng khng -C m+2 ph-ng trnh trong nt m dy neo tim -c m n ng sut -trong dy v 2 n cng ti nt j

v y

Rj Rj ! y j cosK j

Tnh kim tra thn tr : -Thn tr -c kim tra theo trng thi thanh nn lch tm -Kim tra n nh tng th -Kim tra chuyn v

ch-ng 3 i c-ng v kct ng sut tr-c $1. S l-c v tnh hnh s dng kt cu thp ng sut tr-c trong xy dng -Bi ton ch yu i vi ngnh xy dng ni chung v lnh vc kt cu thp ni ring l kinh t - k thut -m bo yu cu s dng ca cng trnh vi tng gi thnh xy dng nh nht. tha mn -c iu ny, kt cu thp i vo cc h-ng chnh sau: - S dng thp c-ng cao gim trng l-ng kt cu 20 - 25% ( n 50%). -Dng hnh dng kt cu v s tnh hp l nh-: cc loi kt cu nh, v mng dng l-i thanh, kt cu khng gian nhiu lp thanh, kt cu dy, kt cu thnh mng, kt cu ng sut tr-c...

-Nh- vy bin php ng sut tr-c l mt trong cc h-ng pht trin ca ngnh kt cu thp. -u im ca ph-ng php ny cho php n -c p dng rng ri trong cc - dng kt cu khc nhau. -Ngoi tnh hp l ca s kt cu, kh nng iu chnh ni lc ti -u, gii php ng sut tr-c cn cho php tng kh nng s dng cc loi thp c c-ng cao, gim trng l-ng v gi thnh ca kt cu. -Cc kt qu tng kt cho thy vic dng ng sut tr-c gim gi thnh kt cu t 10% n 25% .

$2. Cc khi nim c bn 1. Bn cht v cc hiu qu ca ph-ng php ng sut tr-c -ng sut tr-c l to nn trong kt cu ng sut ng-c du vi ng sut -do ti trng gy ra nhm mc ch chnh sau: - Tng kh nng chu lc ca kt cu - Gim chi ph vt liu, gim gi thnh - Gim bin dng cui cng ca kt cu. Th d, xt mt thanh c tit din t hp t hai thp hnh chu lc ko dc trc P. Thanh chu nn tr-c bng dy cng l thp c-ng cao

 cu to v s lm vic ca thanh chu ko ng sut tr-c

Tnh kh nng chu lc ca thanh trong hai tr-ng hp: - Khi khng c ST P1 = A1xR1 - Khi c ST P2 = A1 (R1 + WO1) A1 - din tch tit din ca thanh. - ng sut tr-c lm tng kh nng chu lc ca thanh (P2 > P1). -Nu ng thi ng sut trong thanh t R1 dy cng t n R2 Gii hn bn P2 = A1xR1 + A2 R2 = A1R1 ( 1 + EF) A2 - din tch tit din dy cng; E = A2/ A1; F = R2/ R1. (1 + EF) l h s tng kh nng chu lc ca kt cu

-V mt bin dng, khi to ST W01, thanh s c bin dng ng-c (0 -Khi chu ti trng, bin dng ca thanh phi trit tiu bin dng ban u (0 sau mi xut hin bin dng theo h-ng ca ti trng gy ra. --ng quan h P- ( ca thanh khng ng sut tr-c l OK, ca thanh ng sut tr-c l O1K1. -ST khng lm tng cng ca thanh - nh-ng tc dng ca n ging nh- vng xy dng.

S tng kh nng chu lc theo bin dng

-ST bng cc dy neo trong kt cu tr l mt trong cc th d r rng v hiu qu lm tng cng v n nh ca kt cu. -Cc dy neo to nn nhng gi ta n hi lm gim nhp tnh ton, tng kh nng - n nh ca thn v gim chuyn v ngang.

-Hiu qu ca ng sut tr-c s t ng ln nu gy ng sut tr-c nhiu cp .

-Theo ph-ng php ny, mi u gy ng sut tr-c W01 trong thanh, cht t i P 1 2 sao cho ng sut trong thanh t gn n c-ng tnh ton R1 ca vt liu. -Gy ng sut tr-c W02 ri li cht ta P -Sau mt s ln gy ng sut tr-c - cht t i, kh nng chu lc ca thanh P2 >> P1. . -Ph-ng php ny ch dng -c khi cc t i trng trong qu trnh s dng khng i
2 2

2. Cc ph-ng php to ng sut tr-c a. Dng dy (thanh) cng -Dng ph bin trong cc dng kt cu khc nhau nh-: dm, dn, khung, vm... b. iu chnh ni lc trong kt cu bng chuyn v c-ng bc gi ta Trong cc kt cu siu tnh nh-: dm, dn khung, vm.. bng cch gy chuyn v c-ng bc gi ta c th to nn ng sut tr-c nhm iu chnh hp l s phn b ni lc trong kt cu. -V d xt dm siu tnh hai nhp c tit din khng i , khi cho gi ta chuyn v c-ng bc xung d-i s to nn mmen un d-ng ban u. -Ng-c li, khi mun lm tng mmen gi, gim mmen nhp s cho gi ta chuyn v c-ng bc ln trn .

iu chnh mmen trong dm lin tc

c. Gy ST trong cc cu kin mnh to cng -Tng cng v kh nng chu lc ca kt cu -Cc cu kin mnh nh- cp, thp tm, b si, thp thanh th-ng ch chu -c lc ko . -Nu cho chng chu ko tr-c th cc cu kin ny c th chu nn . -V d loi dn c cc thanh xin ch thp mnh (dn ging, dn thp, tr...), d-i tc dng ca lc thanh xin mnh chu nn khng lm vic

-Khi thay thanh xin bng cc thanh (hoc dy cp) ko tr-c vi lc ko c gi tr - ln hn so vi lc nn do ti trng gy ra, th khi chu ti c thanh xin chu ko -v nn u lm vic. -Trong thanh xin chu nn, ng sut tr-c s gim dn. - cng ca kt cu tng ln.

d. To ng sut tr-c bng cch gy bin dng n hi cc b phn ca kt cu -Xt tm lp (panen) ba lp, lp gia l cc thp gc, hai lp ngoi l thp bn - Un cong cc thp gc ri hn cc bn thp vo nhau - p thng cc thp gc v hn chng li -Sau khi b lc, ng sut tr-c s cn li trong kt cu, kt qu l cc tm cnh chu ko v khung thp gc chu nn. Khi chu un do ti trng (khi lp), bn cnh mng pha tr c th chu nn.

To ng sut tr-c bng cch un n hi cc phn t khi lin kt

1. Vt liu v cu to ca dy (thanh) cng - Dy cng -c lm bng thp c-ng cao dng cp bn, b si thp hoc thanh thp c. a. Cp thp Cp bn t cc si thp c-ng cao c -ng knh d = 0,4- 6 mm. -Trong nghnh xy dng dng cp c -ng knh si ln hn 1,5 mm -v trong xy dng cu ln hn 2,5 mm. -Cc si thp c th sng hay m km. - C-ng bn tc thi ca si Wb c th t ti 18000 daN/cm2. -Theo tiu chun thit k kt cu thp, c-ng tnh ton ca cp R = 0,63Wb. -Trc khi cho chu lc, cp phi -c ko tr-c vi lc ln hn lc tnh ton 15-20%, khi d mdun n hi ca cp c th t ti (10- 13).105 daN/cm2. Ty theo cch bn v -ng knh si m chia ra: - Cp mt b si c -ng knh nh- nhau - Cp by b t cc si c -ng knh nh- nhau hoc khc nhau - Cp bc, lp ngoi l si thp an dng l xo, trong l lp si hnh nm, trong cng l si chu lc

Cc loi cp.

b. Dy cng l b si c-ng cao -Dy gm cc si thp c-ng cao c -ng knh d = 3- 8 mm (th-ng dng dy 3- 5 mm). -Tu theo -ng knh m bn ko tc thi ca cc si khc nhau. -Cc si thp c th -c b tr song song, hoc to thnh tit din hnh ng. c. Thanh cng l thp trn c -Thanh cng th-ng lm bng thp gia cng nhit, (Wb = 10000 - 12000 daN/cm2), c d = 10- 40 mm. -R, c cu to n gin nht v d bo v chng n mn. -Chiu di hn ch (l e 15 m) phi hn ni, lm gim cc b bn ca thanh thp.

2. B phn neo -Neo dng gi dy cng-Lin kt dy cng vi thanh c bn m bo truyn lc gia chng. -Trong lnh vc xy dng th-ng dng cc loi neo nh- sau: a. Neo cc -Neo cc l on thp hnh tr, trong c li rng hnh nn , dng neo dy cng bng cp. -Cc si cp -c lun vo trong cc, to ra, sau hp kim nh, lng vo cc. -Kch -c cp vo ren trn mt ngoi ca cc ko, ng thi vn c ta cho t st vo kt cu truyn lc cng. - Neo cc c tin cy cao, ch to phc tp.