Philip Jansen C.

Guarin

Bluetooth

The Bluetooth wireless technology uses a digital coding technique

called spread spectrum.

 Bluetooth uses FHSS technology.

In US there 79 channels in Bluetooth

technology. The protocol operates in the unlicensed ISM band at 2.4-2.4835 GHz. The Bluetooth protocol divides the band into 79 channels (each 1 MHz wide) and changes channels 1600 times per second

 The Bluetooth protocol uses a

combination of circuit and packet switching.

WLAN IEEE 802.11

A WLAN is a flexible data communication system

implemented as an extension to or an alternative for a wired local area network.

WLANs transmit and receive data over the air, minimizing the need

for wired connections.

Most WLAN systems use spread spectrum technique (both

frequency hopping and direct sequence).

 U.S. allows the use of channels 1 thru. 11.

U.K. can use channels 1 through 13. Japan allows the use of all 14 channels.

WLANs are being used in health care, retail, manufacturing,

warehousing, academic and other arenas.

These industries have profited from the productivity gains of

using handheld terminals and notebook computers to transmit real-time information to centralized hosts for processing.

Space Systems

In space stations, which are continuously accessible to

interference, spread-spectrum methods have proved effective.

This is especially true for communication satellites.

all the spread spectrum modulation and demodulation

must be done on the ground to eliminate the complexity of the system.

Global Positioning System (GPS)

GPS is a satellite-based navigation system developed and operated by

the US Department of Defense.

The idea behind GPS is to transmit spread-spectrum signals that allow

range measurement from an unknown satellite location.

GPS uses NAVSTAR (NAVigation

Satellite Timing And Ranging) satellites.

Constellation of 24 Sattelites

GPS Receiver

The satellites are identified by the space vehicle number or the

pseudo-random code number. They transmit on two L-band frequencies: 1.57542 GHz (L1) and 1.22760 GHz (L2).

 The DSSS is the same technology used in

GPS satellite navigation systems. The data stream is combined via an XOR function with a high-speed pseudo-random numerical sequence (PRN). For 1 and 2 Mbps DSSS the PRN code is the 11-chip Barker sequence, which is 10110111000.

An Example of GPS DSSS Coding

A 0 and 1 in GPS DSSS Coding

Summary
FHSS
DSSS Chirp SS

Hybrid
Applications

Bluetooth GPS WLAN Space System

The End