Impression Materials
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Impression Materials
Non-elastic Elastic Aqueous hydrocolloids
Agar Alginate
Non-aqueous elastomers
Polysulfide Silicones Condensation Addition Polyether
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Indications
Diagnostic casts preliminary opposing Indirect
reconstruction
fixed removable
Bite registration
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Giordano, Gen Dent 2000 www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com
Elastomeric Impression Materials
Viscoelastic physical properties vary
rate of loading
Rapidly remove decreases permanent deformation
chains recoil from a recoverable distance
increases tear strength
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Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996 www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com
Plaster Non-elastic Compound Waxes Impression Materials
ZnO - Eugenol
Aqueous Hydrocolloids Elastic
Agar (reversible) Alginate (irreversible) Polysulfide
Non-aqueous Elastomers
Condensation Addition
Silicones Polyether
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Aqueous Hydrocolloids
Colloidal suspensions chains align to form fibrils traps water in interstices Two forms sol
viscous liquid elastic solid
gel
Placed intra-orally as sol converts to gel
thermal or chemical process
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Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996 www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com
Aqueous Hydrocolloids
Semi-permeable membranes poor dimensional stability Evaporation Syneresis fibril cross linking continues
contracts with time exudes water
Imbibition water absorption
swells
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Agar (reversible)
Aqueous Hydrocolloids
Elastic
Alginate (irreversible)
Polysulfide Condensation
Non-aqueous Elastomers
Silicones Addition Polyether
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Reversible Hydrocolloid (Agar)
Indications crown and bridge
high accuracy
Example Slate Hydrocolloid (Van R)
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Agar
Composition
Potassium sulfate
complex polysaccharide
seaweed
improves gypsum surface
gelling agent
Borax
Water (85%)
strength
cool to 43C
agar hydrocolloid (hot)
(sol)
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agar hydrocolloid (cold)
(gel)
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heat to 100C
Manipulation
Gel in tubes syringe and tray material
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Manipulation
3-chamber conditioning unit (1) liquefy at 100C for 10 minutes
converts gel to sol
(2) store at 65C place in tray (3) temper at 46C for 3 minutes seat tray cool with water at 13C for 3 minutes
converts sol to gel
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Advantages
Dimensionally accurate
Hydrophilic displaces moisture, blood, fluids Inexpensive after initial equipment No custom tray or adhesives Pleasant flavor
No mixing required
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Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996 www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com
Disadvantages
Initial expense special equipment
Material must be prepared in advanced Tears easily Dimensionally unstable Must be poured immediately Can only be used for a single cast
Difficult to disinfect
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Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996 www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com
Agar (reversible)
Aqueous Hydrocolloids
Elastic
Alginate (irreversible)
Polysulfide Condensation
Non-aqueous Elastomers
Silicones Addition Polyether
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OBrien, Dental Materials & their Selection 1997 www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com
Irreversible Hydrocolloid (Alginate)
Most widely used
impression material Indications
study models removable fixed partial dentures
framework
Examples Jeltrate (Dentsply/Caulk) Coe Alginate (GC America)
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Composition
Sodium alginate
Sodium phosphate
salt of alginic acid
retarder
mucous extraction of seaweed (algae)
Filler Potassium fluoride
Calcium sulfate
reactor
improves gypsum surface
2 Na3PO4 + 3 CaSO4 Na alginate + CaSO4
(powder)
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Ca3(PO4)2 + 3 Na2SO4
H2O
Ca alginate + Na2SO4
(gel)
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Manipulation
Weigh powder Powder added to water rubber bowl vacuum mixer Mixed for 45 sec to 1 min Place tray Remove 2 to 3 minutes after gelation (loss of tackiness)
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www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com Caswell JADA 1986
Advantages
Inexpensive Easy to use Hydrophilic displace moisture, blood, fluids Stock trays
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Disadvantages
Tears easily
Dimensionally unstable immediate pour single cast
Lower detail reproduction unacceptable for fixed pros
High permanent deformation Difficult to disinfect
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Non-Aqueous Elastomers
Synthetic rubbers mimic natural rubber
scarce during World War II
Large polymers some chain lengthening primarily cross-linking Viscosity classes low, medium, high, putty monophasic
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Agar (reversible)
Aqueous Hydrocolloids
Elastic
Alginate (irreversible)
Polysulfide Condensation
Non-aqueous Elastomers
Silicones Addition Polyether
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Polysulfide
First dental elastomers Indications complete denture removable fixed partial denture
tissue
crown and bridge
Examples Permlastic (Kerr) Omni-Flex (GC America)
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Composition
Base polysulfide polymers fillers plasticizers Catalyst lead dioxide (or copper) fillers By-product water
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Polysulfide Reaction
--SH O = Pb = O H S mercaptan + lead dioxide polysulfide rubber + lead oxide + water S H O = Pb = O HS---------------------SH O Pb = O = S + 3PbO + H O 2 S HS--S-S---------------S-S-
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Manipulation
Adhesive to tray
Uniform layer custom tray Equal lengths of pastes Mix thoroughly within one minute Setting time 8 12 minutes
Pour within 1 hour
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Advantages
Lower cost compared to silicones and polyethers Long working time
High tear strength
High flexibility Good detail reproduction
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Disadvantages
Poor dimensional stability water by-product pour within one hour single pour Custom trays
Messy paste-paste mix bad odor may stain clothing
Long setting time
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Agar (reversible)
Aqueous Hydrocolloids
Elastic
Alginate (irreversible)
Polysulfide Condensation
Non-aqueous Elastomers
Silicones Addition Polyether
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Condensation Silicone
Indications complete dentures crown and bridge
Examples Speedex (Coltene/Whaledent) Primasil (TISS Dental)
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Composition
Base poly(dimethylsiloxane) tetraethylorthosilicate filler Catalyst metal organic ester By-product ethyl alcohol
Phillips 1996
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CH3
CH3 C2H5O OC2H5
Condensation Silicone Reaction
HO Si O Si - O - H CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 n
Si
HO Si O Si - O - H CH3 CH3 n
C2H5O
OC2H5
metal organic ester CH3 CH3 OC2H5 n
HO Si O Si - O CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
Si
+ 2C2H5OH
ethanol
HO Si O Si - O CH3
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OC2H5 n
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CH3
Mix thoroughly paste - paste paste - liquid
Manipulation
Putty-wash technique reduces effect of polymerization shrinkage stock tray
putty placed thin plastic sheet spacer preliminary impression intraoral custom tray inject wash material
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Advantages
Better elastic properties Clean, pleasant Stock tray putty-wash Good working and setting time
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Disadvantages
Poor dimensional stability high shrinkage
polymerization evaporation of ethanol
pour immediately
within 30 minutes
Hydrophobic poor wettability
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Agar (reversible)
Aqueous Hydrocolloids
Elastic
Alginate (irreversible)
Polysulfide Condensation
Non-aqueous Elastomers
Silicones Addition Polyether
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Addition Silicones
AKA: Vinyl polysiloxane Indications crown and bridge denture bite registration Examples Extrude (Kerr) Express (3M/ESPE) Aquasil (Dentsply Caulk) Genie (Sultan Chemists) Virtual (Ivoclar Vivadent)
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Composition
Improvement over condensation silicones no by-product
First paste vinyl poly(dimethylsiloxane) prepolymer Second paste siloxane prepolymer Catalyst chloroplatinic acid
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Phillips 1996 www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996
CH3
---O Si CH = CH2
O
H - Si CH3 O CH3 CH = CH2 Si O ---
Addition Silicone Reaction
CH3
CH3
CH3 - Si - H
O
CH3
Chloroplatinic Acid Catalyst
---O Si CH2 - CH2 - Si CH3 CH3 O CH3
CH3 - Si - CH2 - CH2 Si O --O
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CH3
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Manipulation
Adhesive to tray
Double mix custom tray
heavy-body
light-body to prep
Putty-wash stock tray
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www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com Craig Adv Dent Res 1988
Advantages
Highly accurate
High dimensional stability pour up to one week
Stock or custom trays
Multiple casts Easy to mix
Pleasant odor
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Expensive Sulfur inhibits set latex gloves ferric and Al sulfate retraction solution Pumice teeth before
Disadvantages
impressing Short working time Lower tear strength Possible hydrogen gas release
bubbles on die palladium added to absorb
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www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com Manikos Aust Dent J 1998
Addition Silicones
Surfactants added reduce contact angle improved
castability gypsum wettability?? still need dry field clinically
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Pratten J Dent Res 1987 www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com Mandikos Aust Dent J 1998
Agar (reversible)
Aqueous Hydrocolloids
Elastic
Alginate (irreversible)
Polysulfide Condensation
Non-aqueous Elastomers
Silicones Addition Polyether
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Polyether
Indications crown and bridge bite registration
Examples Impregum F (3M/ESPE) Permadyne (3M/ESPE) Pentamix (3M/ESPE) P2 (Heraeus Kulzer) Polygel (Dentsply Caulk)
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Composition
Base difunctional epimine-terminated prepolymer fillers plasticizers Catalyst aromatic sulfonic acid ester fillers Cationic polymerization ring opening and chain extension
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Polyether Reaction
R R base
CH3 CH CH2 CO2 CH (CH2)n O CH (CH2)n CO2 CH2 CH CH3 m
N H2C CH2 + R+ catalyst SO3H2C N CH2
R N+ H2C CH2
+
H2C
N CH2
R N CH2 CH2 N +
ring opening
H2C
CH2
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Manipulation
Adhesive to tray stock or custom tray
very stiff
Paste-paste mix
Auto-mixing hand-held
low viscosity high viscosity
mechanical dispenser
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Advantages
Highly accurate
Good dimensional stability Stock or dual-arch trays Good surface detail Pour within one week kept dry Multiple casts
Good wettability
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Disadvantages
Expensive
Short working time
Rigid difficult to remove from undercuts
Bitter taste
Low tear strength Absorbs water changes dimension
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Impression Material Usage* Civilian General Dentists
Crown & Bridge vinylpolysiloxane alginate polyether Inlays and Onlays vinylpolysiloxane polyether alginate
81% 38% 28% 71% 22% 20%
*Multiple responses
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DPR 2001
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Impression Material Usage* Civilian General Dentists
Complete dentures alginate vinylpolysiloxane polyether Partial dentures alginate vinylpolysiloxane polyether
58% 55% 27% 78% 43% 15%
*Multiple responses
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DPR 2002
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Handling Properties
Agar
Preparation
Boil, temper, store
Technique sensitive
Alginate Polysulfide
Powder, water
Condensation Silicone 2 pastes or paste/liquid
Addition Silicone
Polyether
2 pastes
2 pastes
2 pastes
Ease of Use
Patient Reaction Ease of removal
Good
Pleasant, clean Very easy
Fair
Unpleasant, stains Easy
Fair
Pleasant, clean Moderate
Excellent
Good
Unpleasant clean Moderate to difficult
Thermal Shock Very easy
Pleasant
Moderate
Disinfection
Poor
Poor
Fair
Fair
Excellent
Fair
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Handling Properties
Agar
Working Time (min) Setting Time (min) 7 15 5 1 hour
100% RH
Alginate
2.5 3.5 Immediate pour Excellent
Polysulfide
57 8 12
Condensation Addition Silicone Silicone 3 68 Immediate pour Fair 2 4.5 37
Polyether
2.5 4.5 1 week kept dry Good
Stability Wettability and castability
Cost
1 hour
1 week
Fair to good
Excellent
Fair
Low
Very low
Low
Moderate
High to very high
Very high
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Properties
Agar
Elastic Recovery (%) Flexibility (%) Flow (%) Shrinkage, 24 hours (%) Tear Strength (g/cm) 98.8 11
--
Alginate Polysulfide
97.3 12 -Extreme
Condensation Silicone 98.2 99.6 3.5 7.8 < 0.10 0.2 1.0 2280 4370
Addition Silicone 99 99.9 1.3 5.6 < 0.05 0.01 0.2 1640 5260
Polyether
98.3 99.0 1.9 3.3 < 0.05 0.2 0.3 1700 4800
94.5 96.9 8.5 20.0 0.4 1.9 0.4 0.5 2240 7410
Extreme
700
380 700
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Comparison of Properties
Working time longest to shortest
agar > polysulfide > silicones > alginate = polyether
Setting time shortest to longest
alginate < polyether < agar < silicones < polysulfide
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Comparison of Properties
Stiffness most to least
polyether > addition silicone > condensation silicone > polysulfide = hydrocolloids
Tear strength greatest to least
polysulfide > addition silicone > polyether > condensation silicone >> hydrocolloids
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Comparison Cost lowest to highest
of Properties
alginate < agar = polysulfide <condensation silicone < addition silicone < polyether
Dimensional stability best to worst
addition silicone > polyether > polysulfide > condensation silicone > hydrocolloid
Phillips 1996
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Comparison of Properties
Wettability best to worst
hydrocolloids > polyether > hydrophilic addition silicone > polysulfide > hydrophobic addition silicone = condensation silicone
Castability best to worst
hydrocolloids > hydrophilic addition silicone > polyether > polysulfide > hydrophobic addition silicone = condensation silicone
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Regularly-Used Impression Materials*
Alginate Polyether
Civilian Practitioners
88% 85% 27%
Polyvinyl Siloxane
Other
6%
*Multiple Responses
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DPR 2005
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Summary
Study models Alginate most widely used
inexpensive displaces moisture lower detail reproduction dimensionally unstable
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Summary
Prosthodontics Addition silicones most popular
accurate dimensionally stable user friendly expensive
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