GYPSUM PRODUCTS ADA (American Dental Association) CLASSIFICATION

OF GYPSUM PRODUCTS
• Rock or solid particles which have been
grounded into powdered form and then heated. Type I: Soluble Plaster/Impression Plaster
• Chemically the gypsum produced for dental
• Used to make impression especially on
applications is nearly pure Calcium Sulfate
edentulous cases as well as doing maxillofacial
Dihydrate - CaSO4 • 2H2O
prosthesis.
• Calcination – process of heating gypsum and
• Using impression plaster/soluble plaster in the
driving off part of the water of crystallization.
presence of natural teeth is not advisable as it
o Open calcination
will give you a hard time removing it.
▪ Heating is done in a kettle or an
• Also used for bite registration material
open bath while stirring at 110⁰
o Once you mix the material, it’s going to
to 120⁰C (230⁰ to 250⁰F)
be placed in the occlusal surfaces of the
▪ Upon doing this the plaster of
mandibular teeth then ask the patient to
Paris or ß-hemihydrate is
bite to leave imprints on the material.
produced.
After that, remove it to the patients
▪ The Plaster of Paris will appear
mouth and transfer that bite into the
or is consists of large, irregularly
cast.
shaped orthorhombic crystal
o In bite registration the actual occlusion
particles with capillary pores
of the patient is copied.
▪ Microscopically, crystals are
spongy and irregular in shape
o Closed calcination
▪ Heating is done in autoclave at
120° to 130°C
▪ It produces hemihydrate/Dental
stone
▪ Consists of smaller, regularly
shaped crystalline particles in
the form of rods or prisms.
▪ Crystals are prismatic and more
regular in shape
Type II: Plaster Model/Plaster of Paris

Difference between crystal structure of dental • Used to make study cast/model for record
plaster and dental stone. purposes
• It may also be used in preliminary cast in the
Dental Plaster Dental Stone complete denture.
Needle like crystals Rods and prism like • It is usually off-white in color however a very
crystals white in color plaster of Paris is for orthodontic
Irregular in shape with Regular in shape use.
capillary pores
Loosely packed Closely packed
Type III: Dental Stone (Class I Dental Stone)
• It is stronger than the Plaster of Paris
• Used as working casts that can withstand forces
applied
• It is used for us to come up with temporary
crown
• In complete denture, it is used to come up with
a wax denture using shellac or acrylic resin as a
denture base and through this denture base, wax
will be placed and then set the artificial teeth.
• Basically, it is color yellow but there are other
colors like blue and green
Type IV: Dental Stone High Strength (Class II Dental
Stone)
• Stronger than Type III
• also called die stone
• This is harder than the plaster of Paris and dental
stone.
• It is usually used in FPD cases or RPD cases so
that it can resist scratches.
• Used as working die material for crown
restoration and other treatments needing
accurate measurements
• Die material-refers to a single tooth/several
teeth
o It should be sectioned into several teeth
because later on certain procedures that
will be done in FPD, the margins of the
preparation needs to be exposed
o the margins of preparation are the
termination of the prepared tooth.
o Normally if you are going to use
porcelain fused to metal crown
restoration, there will be two margins
that you need to deal.
o In the labial or buccal there is a shoulder
margin preparation. While in the lingual
there is a chamfer margin preparation.
o These two margins are important as it
will be the exact location of the
termination of the crown so that the
crown will properly fit the margin of the
prepared tooth.
o Ditching/Die Fabrication - formation of
a gap or groove between the cavity
preparation margin and the restorative
material; the surrounding surfaces of
the cusp will be removed to expose the
margin.
o If the margin was not exposed there will
be a tendency that the technician will
over extend the crown and once it is
placed on the actual patient, the crown
might not fit the prepared tooth that
could lead to irritation of the gingiva.
Type V: Dental Stone High Strength High Expansion
• So called investing material
• Used as investing medium to compensate to high
shrinkage of metals like chrome cobalt ion.
• It is subjected to very high temperature
• In inlay restoration or
crown restoration, the
investing material will be
poured inside the ring to
cover it, then after that, you
are going to do wax
elimination so that there
will be space for the
material.
Other Uses of Gypsum Products
• Used for ceramics
 • Used for medical purposes=cast for broken
bones
• Used to stabilize articulation between upper and
lower cast
o The plaster of Paris will be used for
attachment of the cast in the articulator
then the articulator will simulate the jaw
movement.
Chemical Equation
Test for Working, Setting and Final Setting Times
-It’s important in the manipulation of the gypsum as well
as the other materials related to dentistry
• Mixing Time (MT)
o Defined as the time from the addition of
the powder to the water until the mixing
is completed.
o Mechanical mixing of stones and
plasters is usually completed in 20 to 30
seconds.
o Hand spatulation generally requires at
least a minute to obtain a smooth mix.
• Working Time (WT)
o Is the time available to use a workable
mix/material, one that maintains a
uniform consistency to perform one or
more tasks.
o It is measured from the start of mixing to
the point where the consistency is no
longer acceptable for the product’s
intended purpose.
o Generally, a 3 minute working time is
adequate
• Setting Time (ST)
o The powder is mixed with water, and the
time that elapses from the beginning of
mixing until the material hardens.
o This is usually measured by some type of
penetration test, using instruments like:
▪ Vicat needle - measure initial
setting time
▪ Gillmore needle:
• ¼ lb – measures initial
setting time
• 1 lb – measures final
setting time
o Initial Setting Time
▪ Measured from the start of
mixing until the 2nd increase of
temperature
▪ 7-13 minutes
o Final Setting Time
▪ Measured from the start of
mixing until the 2nd decreases
of temperature
▪ 20 minutes
▪ Record the
reading/temperautre of gypsum
every two minutes
Significance of Finding I.S.T. and F.S.T.
• I.S.T. – give you the time when to trim off extra
plaster or stone that overflowed,
o To prevent the breakage of the cast.
• F.S.T. – cast separation is done after 30 mins. – 1
hour.
o To prevent premature separation; prone
to breakage
o To prevent powdery casts
Manipulation
• Rubber bowl and metal spatula is needed
• Know the Water:Powder ratio
• Put the water then powder in the bowl
• Let the powder settle for 30 seconds to remove
air
• Mix it using rotatory motion at 120 rpm
(revolution per minute) for 1½ minutes
 • Tap the mixture to release entrapped air ▪ Borax, nitrates, citrates, higher
concentration of NaCl and
Theoretical Factors Affecting Setting Time
Na2SO$
• Number of nuclei crystallization Water Power Ratio
o The greater number of nuclei, will
decrease Setting Time which means Type WP Ratio C.S (psi)
shorter Setting Time I.Plaster .50 -.75 290 – 870
o Few numbers of nuclei, increases ST, impression
which means longer setting time II.Plaster of .45 - .50 1300
• Solubility of the hemihydrate Paris
o More soluble it is, the faster the setting III.Dental Stone .28 - .30 3000
IV.Die Stone .22 - .24 5000
time
V.Dental Stone .18 - .22 7000
• Rate of crystal growth
high strength,
o Faster rate of crystallization, faster high expansion
setting time Example: For every 100grams of powder 50=70 cc of
Practical Factors Affecting Setting Time water

• Presence of impurities like set plaster or stone Factors Affecting Compressive Strength
o Decreased setting time • Shape and size of the particles
• Fineness-particle size and shape of crystals • W:P ratio
o Smaller crystals, more soluble, faster
• Mixing technique (undermixing/overmixing)
setting time
• Use of chemical modifier
• W:P Ratio
o Too thin (watery): prone to air bubbles;
longer setting time
o Too thick (less water more powder): not
all particles (powder) will be mixed with
water; faster setting time
o More water, less powder: longer ST
o Less water, more powder: shorter ST
• Mixing Time – 2 minutes
o Longer time, faster mixing RPM, faster
the setting time
• Temperature
o Up to 50°C: accelerator
o Above 50°C: retarder
• Accelerators and Retarders
o Accelerators – tend to remove the
surface coating of crystals making them
more soluble to water: faster setting
time
▪ Low concentration of NaCl and
Na2SO4
▪ K2SO4 = best accelerator
regardless the concentration
o Retarders – tend to create surface
coating of crystals making them less
soluble to water: slower setting time