Mobile

Mobile Communication
Communication(CEN406)
(CEN406)
Lecture 8
Dr. Sarmad Ahmed Shaikh
Computer Science department
sarmad.ahmed107@gmail.com

Sindh Madressatul Islam University

(SMIU) Fall - 2020
Karachi
Copyright notice: These slides may contain copyrighted material. They cannot be copied or distributed without copyright holders permission
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 In previous lecture, we discussed
– Adjacent Channel Interference
• AMPS channel assignment
– Trunking and Grade of Service

 In this lecture, we will study

– Improving Coverage and Capacity in Cellular Systems
• Cell Splitting
• Sectoring
• Coverage Zone approaches

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 Fare clic
Improving per modificare
Coverage lo stile
and Capacity del titolo
in Cellular Systems
 Cellular design techniques are needed to provide more channels
per unit coverage area

 Cell Splitting

 Sectoring

 Micro Cell Zone

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 Cell Splitting
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 The process of subdividing a congested cell into smaller cells.
(each with its own base station and a corresponding reduction in
antenna height and transmitter power)
– by defining and installing new cells which have a smaller radius than the
original cells (microcells)

 Cell splitting preserves the geometry of the architecture and

therefore simply scales the geometry of the architecture

 Cell splitting increases the capacity of a cellular system since it

increases the number of times that channels are reused.

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 If we assume that every cell were reduced in such a way so that
the radius of every cell was cut in half. Now, to cover the entire
service area with smaller cells, approximately four times as many
cells would be required.

 Cell splitting are supposed not upsetting the channel allocation

scheme required to maintain the minimum co-channel reuse ratio
Q between co-channel cells.

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 In Figure 3.8, the base stations are placed at corners of the cells,
and the area served by base station A is assumed to be saturated
with traffic (i.e, the blocking of base station A exceeds acceptable
rates).

 Cell Splitting is applied, note that the original base station A has
been surrounded by six new microcell base stations. (the smaller
cells were added in such a way as to preserve the frequency reuse
plan of the system).

 Microcell G was placed half way between two larger stations

utilizing the same channel set G (also, for other microcells in the
figure).

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 Cells are split to add channels with no new spectrum usage

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Figure 2.8: Illustration of cell splitting.
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 How much the transmit power must be reduced for the new
smaller cells?
 The received power (Pr) at the new and old cell boundaries and
setting them equal to each other. ( to ensure that the frequency
reuse and S/I is the same)

– where and , are the transmit powers of the larger and smaller cell base
stations, respectively, and n is the path loss exponent.
 If we take n = 4 and set the received powers equal to each other,
then
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 Practical considerations
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splitting
titolo
 In practice, not all cells are split at the same time therefore,
different cell sizes will exist simultaneously.

 Two different transmitted power levels for small and large cells are
used.

 Channels in the old cell must be broken down into two channel
groups, one for smaller cell and other for larger cell.

 The larger cell is usually dedicated to high speed traffic so that

handoffs occur less frequently.

 Antenna down tilting, which focuses radiated energy from base

station towards the ground (rather than towards the horizon), is
9 often used to limit the radio coverage of newly formed microcells.
 Example 2.8
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 Consider Figure 3.9. Assume each base station uses 60 channels,
regardless of cell size. If each original cell has a radius of 1 km and
each microcell has a radius of 0.5 km, find the number of channels
contained in a 3 km by 3 km square centered around A,

(a) without the use of microcells,

(b) when the lettered microcells as shown in Fig 3.9 are used
(c) if all the original base stations are replaced by microcells.

 Assume cells on the edge of the square to be contained within the

square.

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Figure 2.9: Illustration of cell splitting within a 3 km by 3 km square centered around base
11 station A.
 Fare clicSolution to Example
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(a) Without the use of microcells
 A cell radius of 1 km implies that the sides of the larger hexagons
are also 1 km in length.

 To cover the 3 km by 3 km square centered around base station A,

we need to cover 1.5 km (1.5 times the hexagon radius) towards
the right, left, top, and bottom of base station A.

 This is shown in Figure 2.9. From Figure 2.9 we see that this area
contains 5 base stations. Since each base station has 60 channels,

 The total number of channels without cell splitting is equal to

5*60 = 300 channels.

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(b) With the use of the microcells as shown in Figure 3.9:
 In Figure 2.9, the base station A is surrounded by 6 microcells.

 Therefore, the total number of base stations in the square area

under study is equal to 5 + 6 = 11.

 Since each base station has 60 channels,

 the total number of channels will be equal to 11*60= 660

channels.

 This is a 2.2 times increase in capacity when compared to case

(a).

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(c) if all the base stations are replaced by microcells:
 From Figure 2.9, we see that there are a total of 5 + 12 = 17 base
stations in the square region under study.

 Since each base station has 60 channels,

 The total number of channels will be equal to 17 x 60 =1020

channels.

 This is a 3.4 times increase in capacity when compared to case (a).

 Theoretically, if all cells were microcells having half the radius of

the original cell, the capacity increase would approach 4.

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 Sectoringlo stile del titolo
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 Cell splitting achieves capacity improvement by decreasing the cell
radius R and keeping the co-channel reuse ratio D/R unchanged
– increases the number of channels per unit area

 Another way to increase capacity is to keep the cell radius

unchanged and seek methods to decrease the D/R ratio

 Capacity improvement is achieved by reducing the number of cells

in a cluster and thus increasing the frequency reuse
– necessary to reduce the relative interference without decreasing the
transmit power

 The co-channel interference in a cellular system may be decreased

by replacing a single omni-directional antenna at the base station
by several directional antennas, each radiating within a specified
15 sector. This is called sectoring.
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 SIR is improved using directional Antennas

 A cell is normally partitioned into three 1200 or six 600 sectors.

 The channels used in a particular cell are broken down into

sectored groups and are used only within a particular sector.

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 The penalty for improved S/I and the resulting capacity
improvement is an increased number of antennas at each base
station, and a decrease in trunking efficiency due to channel
sectoring at the base station.

 Since sectoring reduces the coverage area of a particular group of

channels, the number of handoffs increases, as well.

 Fortunately, many modern base stations support sectorization and

allow mobiles to be handed off from sector to sector within the
same cell without intervention from the MSC, so the handoff
problem is often not a major concern.

 Try example 2.9 at home

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 Fare clicMicro cell Zone lo
per modificare Concept
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 The increased number of handoffs required when sectoring is
employed results in an increased load on the switching and control
link elements of the mobile system.

 A mobile travels from one zone to another within a cell, it retains

the same channel, unlike sectoring handoff is not required at the
MSC when a mobile travels between zones with in a same cell. This
technique is useful in high ways or along urban traffic corridors.

 The base station simply switches the channel to a different zone

site. In this way, a given channel is active only in the particular
zone in which the mobile is traveling, and hence the base station
radiation is localized and interference is reduced

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 The advantage of the zone cell technique is that while the cell
maintains a particular coverage radius, the co-channel interference
is reduced since a large central base station is replaced by several
lower powered transmitters (zone transmitters) on the edges of
the cell.

 Decreased co-channel interference improves the signal quality and

also leads to an increase in capacity without degradation in
Trunking efficiency caused by sectoring

 An S/I of 18 dB is typically required for satisfactory system

performance in narrowband FM.

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 The Zone Cell concept

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 Homeworklo1stile del titolo
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 Solve the following problems set from Chapter 2 of your text book.
 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 2.18 (except part d), 2.20

 Issue date: 22nd July 2020

 Deadline of submission: 5th August 2020

 Quiz in next class

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 References
 http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~koymen/cellular_ankara.jpg
 Chapter 3,Wireless Communications, Principles and Practice,
Second Edition by Theodore S. Rappaport

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