DATABASE

Understanding Database
A Database is a collection of information that is
organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed, and updated.
OR

Database is a collection of related data.

DATA MODELS
Data Model: A set of concepts to describe the structure
of a database, and certain constraints that the database should obey.
OR

A collection of tools for describing

data data relationships data semantics

Categories of data models

Conceptual (high-level, semantic) data models:
Provide concepts that are close to the way many users perceive data. (Also called entity-based or object-based data models.)

Physical (low-level, internal) data models:

Provide concepts that describe details of how data is stored in the computer.

Implementation (representational) data models:

Provide concepts that fall between the above two, balancing user views with some computer storage details.

Three kinds of Databases

Hierarchical database
Defines hierarchically-arranged data. The parent record at the top of the pyramid is called the root

record. A child record always has only one parent record to which it is linked, just like in a normal family tree. In contrast, a parent record may have more than one child record linked to it. Hierarchical databases work by moving from the top down. A record search is conducted by starting at the top of the pyramid and working down through the tree from parent to child until the appropriate child record is found.

Three kinds of Databases

Network database
Similar to the hierarchical model actually. Instead of using a single-parent tree hierarchy, the
network model uses set theory to provide a tree-like hierarchy with the exception that child tables were allowed to have more than one parent. This allowed the network model to support many-tomany relationships.

Three kinds of Databases

Relational Databases
The data in a relational database is stored in various
data tables Each table has a key field which is used to connect it to other tables. Hence all the tables are related to each other through several key fields.

DATA MANAGEMENT

DEFINITION

Data management is the development, execution and supervision of plans, policies, programs and practices that control, protect, deliver and enhance the value of data and information assets.

TOPICS IN DATA MANAGEMENT

DATA ARCHITECTURE

DATA ANALYSIS
DATA MODELING DATA ACCESS DATA PRIVACY DATA SECURITY

DATA ARCHITECTURE
Data Architecture describes how data is
processed, stored, and utilized in a given system.

There are descriptions of data in storage and

data in motion; descriptions of data stores, data groups and data items; and mappings of those data artifacts to data qualities, applications, locations etc.

DATA ANALYSIS
Analysis of data is a process of
inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of highlighting useful information, suggesting conclusion, and supporting decision making.

DATA MODELING
Data models provide a structure for data used
within information systems by providing specific definition and format.

Data modeling is a process used to define and

analyze data requirements needed to support the business processes within the scope of corresponding information systems in organizations.

DATA ACCESS
Data access typically refers to software and activities
related to storing, retrieving, or acting on data housed in a database or other repository.

There are two types of data access

sequential access random access.

Different methods and languages

SQL, ODBC, JDBC, ADO.NET, XML, and Web Services.

DATA PRIVACY
Information privacy, or data privacy is the
relationship between collection and dissemination of data, technology, the public expectation of privacy, and the legal and political issues surrounding them.

Privacy concerns exist wherever personally identifiable

information is collected and stored in digital form or otherwise.

Improper or non-existent disclosure control can be the

root cause for privacy issues.

DATA SECURITY
Data security is the means of ensuring that data is
kept safe from corruption and that access to it is suitably controlled. Thus data security helps to ensure privacy. It also helps in protecting personal data. Data security is part of the larger practice of Information security.

 Data Security Technologies

Disk Encryption Backups Data Masking Data Erasure

Data Quality
Data quality refers to the tools and processes that
result in the creation of correct, complete and valid data that is required to support sound decision-making.

OR

Data quality is a perception or an assessment of data's

fitness to serve its purpose in a given context.

Aspects of data quality

Accuracy

Completeness
Update status Relevance Consistency across data sources Reliability Appropriate presentation Accessibility

Database Management System (DBMS) A database management system (DBMS) is a

software package with computer programs that control the creation, maintenance, and use of a database.

 DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise

Collection of interrelated data Set of programs to access the data An environment that is both convenient and efficient to use

Database Applications:

Banking: all transactions Airlines: reservations, schedules Universities: registration, grades Sales: customers, products, purchases Online retailers: order tracking, customized recommendations Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions

Levels of Abstraction
Physical level: describes how a record (e.g., customer) is
stored.

Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the

relationships among the data.
type customer = record customer_id : string; customer_name : string; customer_street : string; customer_city : string;
end;

View level: application programs hide details of data types.

Views can also hide information (such as an employees salary) for security purposes.

View of Data
An architecture for a database system :

Data Models
A collection of tools for describing

Data Data relationships Data semantics Data constraints

Relational model
Entity-Relationship data model (mainly for database design) Object-based data models (Object-oriented and Object-relational) Semi structured data model (XML) Other older models:
Network model Hierarchical model

Relational Database
A relational database is a database that conforms to relational
model theory. The software used in a relational database is called a Relational Database Management System(RDBMS).

Entity Relationship Data Model

An entity-relationship (ER) diagram is a specialized graphic that illustrates
the relationships between entities in a database.

ER diagrams often use symbols to represent three different types of

information: Entity: a thing or object in the enterprise that is distinguishable from other objects represented by a box. Described by a set of attributes represented by oval. Relationship: an association among several entities represented by diamond.

Query and Query Language

In general, a query is a form of questioning, in a line of
inquiry.

Query languages are computer languages used to

make queries into databases and information systems.

Some DBMS
Microsoft Access

MySQL
Microsoft SQL Server Oracle FileMaker Pro FoxPro dBASE PHPMy-SQL