Preparation of Environmental Management Plan for Osmansagar and Himayatsagar Lakes in Hyderabad

March 15, 2012 Venue : ASCI, Hyderabad

National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research)

Sources of Nutrients to the aquatic systems

Allochthonous loading Detergents (Sodium tripolyphosphates, STPP) Agricultural fertilizers Municipal and Industrial wastes Autochthonous Input Enzyme activities ( Example: Phosphates) during decomposition

What is Eutrophication ? "Eutrophication is the process of nutrient enrichment of waters which results in the stimulation of an array of symptomatic changes amongst which increased production of ALGAE and aquatic macrophytes (plants), deterioration of water quality and
3 other symptomatic changes are found to be undesirable and

Algae (Phytoplankton) Generally unicellular; some can form colonies

Autotrophic; base of the food chain/web Can be found in limnetic zone or attached to hard surfaces More abundant and diverse in lentic ecosystems; some groups found in lotic systems 3 Major groups Cyanobacteria (blue-green bacteria): prokaryotic, grow frequently in masses, abundant in habitats rich in organic pollution Chlorophyta (green algae): eukaryotic, chloroplast with lots of green chlorophyll, floating or attached, unicellular or colonial Chrysophyta (Yellow-green and yellow-brown algae): eukaryotic, chloroplast with chlorophyll but color masked by other pigments, 4

Trophic State of Surface Waters

Status Secchi Disc Depth Chlorophyll - a (m) (g/L) >5 1.6 to 5 0.7 to 1.6 < 0.7 <2 2 to 10 10 to 30 > 30 Total Phosphorus (g/L) < 10 10 to 30 30 to 60 > 60

Oligotrophic Mesotrophic Eutrophic Hyper eutrophic

General observation on freshwater diversity

Good Quality Water Good diversity of taxa Degraded Water Reduced diversity

Low density of organism within Taxa High density (High number of (Low number of organisms per taxa) organisms per taxa). In extreme cases there may be monoculture

Fate of organic pollutants in aquatic ecosystem

Strategy should be
Prevent deterioration of and to protect high status where it exists Restore the status of bodies of water with the aim of achieving good surface water status No deterioration in existing biological/ecological, physico-chemical and hydromorphological status

Overview
Osmansagar and Himayatsagar Lakes

Catchment Area of Osmansagar and Himayatsagar Lakes

Identification of problems
Discharge of wastewater on the lakes through

different locations Non-point sources of pollution: washing, bathing, disposal of solid wastes, storm water, agriculture, vehicle cleaning etc. Pollutants often lead to anoxic condition of lake bottom, causing excess release of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) and green house gases Sedimentation leading to decrease in water depth Odour, fish kill and possible proliferation of mosquito breeding Indiscriminate use of lake surroundings by different groups of people

Waste dumping near Balaji temple on the bank of Osmansagar Lake

Municipal Wastewater inflow into Osmansagar Lake

Exposed dead plants following submergence in Osmansagar Lake

Public activities in and around Osmansagar Lake

Cattle grazing at Osmansagar and Himayatsagar Lakes

Car Washing and Bathing in Osmansagar Lake

Disposal of Municipal solid wastes on the wastewater channels joining to Himayatsagar Lake

Municipal Wastewater inflow into nearby areas of Himayatsaga Lake

Objective of the Study

Comprehensive seasonal assessment of existing water and sediment qualities of Osmansagar and Himayatsagar lakes to identify causes of pollution, and to suggest remedial measures to retard the process so as to restore water qualities for sustainable drinking water sources
20

 Identification of allochthonous sources / loads of pollutants / nutrients in the study area, that is, within Full Tank Level (FTL) of the reservoirs / lakes Design of an appropriate network of sampling locations for collection of the lake water and sediment samples Collection and characterization of lake water during winter, summer and one overlapping winter season with reference to abiotic parameters, including physico-chemical, heavy metals and methane emission Collection, analysis and monitoring of water samples with reference to select Microbiological parameters, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton and Fish Characterization of sediments with reference to select abiotic parameters, microbes and macrobenthos Application of Water Quality Index to evaluate quality of reservoir waters Estimation of major Chlorinated Pesticides in lake water / sediment Review and analysis of background data / reports pertaining to eco restoration of the lakes Recommendations for the remedial measures to 21 be

The report provides

Problems: anthropogenic activities, submergence of vegetation,

major sources of pollution, eutrophication Sampling points with GPS locations, water depth at each location Analytical results of water and sediment qualities for three seasons at 12 locations (surface, middle & bottom) each in Osmansagar and Himayatsagar lakes Parameters studied: pH, temperature, turbidity, TSS, TDS, conductivity, color, alkalinity, hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulphates, sodium, potassium, fluoride, phosphates, nitrates, DO, BOD, COD, TOC, oil & grease, phenols, pesticides, heavy metals, coliforms, plankton, benthos, fisheries and avifauna GHG: methane emission Water quality evaluation through WQI Eco-restoration methods practised Suggested measures

Approach
Considering various anthropogenic activities and pollutants entering from point / non-point sources, sampling locations were fixed in consultation with HMWS&SB officials. GPS was used for subsequent sampling. Altogether 12 locations, each from both lakes were identified to cover variations with seasons and water movements in the lakes. Water and sediment samples were collected from Osmansagar (FRL-1790,1787 and 1779 ft) and Himayatsagar (FRL- 1763.5,1760 and 1753.34 ft) during January, May and November 2011 Samples were collected from surface, middle and bottom, where water depth of the lake was above 5 m. Only surface sample was collected when depth was below 3 m. However, surface and bottom samples were taken when depth was between 3 and 5 m

Contd.. Approach

In all, 80 water and 31 sediment samples were

collected during winter, summer and overlapping winter seasons (respectively Jan, May and Nov 2011) from Osmansagar lake, while 76 water and 30 sediment samples were collected from Himayatsagar during the same period with the help of mechanized boat
Bottom sediment samples were collected from the

same locations, identified for water sampling. While water samples were collected by using a depth sampler, sediment sampler was used for

Details of Water and Sediment Samples Collected for Osmansagar Lake during 2011

Note: * Including Physical, inorganic, nutrients & demand parameters and Heavy metals; S=Surface M=Middle B=Bottom ** = After repeated attempts sediment samples could not be collected

Contd.Details of Water and Sediment Samples Collected for Osmansagar Lake during 2011

Indices applied for evaluation of biota of the ecosystem

Index WQI Importance : T evaluate quality of lake water o

S hannon Wiener : Distribution pattern of different Diversity Index species within a station is reflected on the value S imilarity Index : Distribution pattern of species among st any two stations is compared

Palmers Pollution : Each alg is rated to calculate index. a Index Index value indicates quality of water

OSMANSAGAR

Osmansagar Environmental Quality ( Water)

In general, pH is increased in surface and bottom waters during overlapping winter season

In Jan 2011, the color was maximum throughout the water column due to algal bloom. Subsequently it gradually improved in following seasons

No remarkable changes in Turbidity during the course of monitoring

Marginally higher levels of TSS in bottom were probably due to disturbance of the sediments by bottom dwelling fish

TDS was consistent in all the seasons

Average DO concentrations satisfy the desired levels and were comparatively less during summer season, due to higher temperature

Bottom DO levels appear to be alarming near Shankarpalli road & opposite to bund

In general, Phosphate levels were more throughout the water body. This is enough to trigger eutrophication

Nitrates, as nutrients, were very high in winter and were also at excess levels in other seasons

Higher COD levels indicate pollution of the water body in all the seasons

Higher TOC concentrations indicate organic pollution in all seasons

Methane flux was high at the lake entry between Maharajpet & Mothkapally during summer

Water quality index for surface indicates medium water quality WQI for bottom samples in winter indicates bad quality

Seasonal variation of Phytoplankton in Osmansagar lake

Phytoplankton represent higher count in November, followed by January and May

Seasonal distribution of different groups of Phytoplankton in Osmansagar lake

Cyanophyceae, followed by Chlorophyceae, which normally prefer eutrophic waters, were most dominant groups in all the seasons

Chlorophyll-a estimation

Chlorophyll a was maximum in January and November followed by May

Density of Zooplankton in Osmansagar Lake

Zooplankton count was maximum in Nov, followed by Jan and May 2011

Seasonal variation of zooplankton groups in Osmansagar Lake

Zooplankton groups showed wide seasonal fluctuations Copepoda followed by Rotifera were most dominant in all three seasons

Benthic Index of Osmansagar Lake

Chironomidae, followed by Bithyniidae, dominated all the samples The larvae belonging to the genus Chironomous prefer aquatic ecosystems having high organic nutrient enrichment

Osmansagar ( Water)
Most

Environmental

Quality

of the physico-chemical parameters meet the tolerance limits of the BIS: 22961982. three seasons at all locations

Conductivity varied from 355-415 S/cm in all Hardness

and alkalinity values indicated the Osmansagar lake water as soft. The total hardness varied from 110-184 mg/L, while alkalinity was in the range of 122-210 mg/L

Contd.Osmansagar Environmental Quality ( Water)

Chloride, sulphate, fluoride, calcium, magnesium,

sodium and potassium concentrations were within the standards throughout the year.
Increase in pH, sodium and potassium values in

overlapping winter season reflects usage of soaps/detergents in washing of clothes and bathing within the lake.
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) were in the

range of 0.5-5 mg/L. The presence of BOD concentration at all locations in all seasons clearly indicate organic pollution of the lake water
While oil and grease levels were very low, phenols

were below the detectable limits throughout the study.

Contd.Osmansagar Environmental Quality ( Water)

Organo

phosphorous and organochlorine pesticides were present at nanogram levels, indicating entry of agriculture/horticulture runoff enveloping the lake. Pesticides should be absent in sources of drinking water. stipulated levels as per IS: 2296-1982, barring cadmium and lead in winter season at very few locations. However, in summer and overlapping season, cadmium and lead concentrations were below the stipulated levels in all locations of the lake

All the metal concentrations were within the

Survey surrounding the lake revealed that there are

ample possibilities sources viz.,

of

contamination domestic

from various wastewater,

Contd.Osmansagar Environmental Quality ( Water)

Methane (GHG) emission from the lake was many times higher in the summer than in winter. Highest methane emission flux as 472.86 mg CH4 m-2 day-1 was at sampling point 10 in May 2011, while lowest value of 0.83 mg CH4 m-2 day-1 was at sampling point 8 in Nov 2011

Contd.Osmansagar Environmental Quality ( Water)

The water quality data obtained during the study

period has shown that season wise, location wise and depth wise, there was no discernible change in lake water quality
Based on bacteriological quality, in all 13 water

samples fall under class C and 9 samples, viz. 1S,2S,3B,4B,6S,6B,9B,10S and 11S during winter(January) and 2 samples 9B and 10S in summer(May) are highly polluted as per the CPCB standard with respect to total coliforms
Highly polluted sites are opposite to sluice

room-200m

(1S),

Engineering

college

(2S),

Contd.Osmansagar Environmental Quality ( Water)

Water quality index (WQI) was determined on the basis of 9

parameters viz., pH, temperature, turbidity, total solids, nitrate, phosphates, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand and faecal coliforms. Although WQI values for both surface and bottom samples indicate medium water quality there is evidence of comparatively better quality in former than the later.
The WQI for bottom samples in winter indicates bad

quality while in summer and overlapping winter seasons it showed medium and good qualities respectively. Since the lake was flooded in 2010 and huge area was submerged, nutrients and submerged terrestrial vegetations caused deterioration of bottom water quality. The adverse impact continued at least by the time first winter samples were

Contd.Osmansagar Environmental Quality ( Water)

Algal density varied between 560 and 14,445 cells ml-1 from 40

genera and four major groups. The most common genera were Oscillatoria, Chlamydomonas, Scendesmus, Ankistrodesmus, Closterium, Pediastrum, Ulothrix, Chlorococcum, Cosmarium, Crucigenia, Chlorella, Cyclotella, Navicula, Synedra and Phormidium. These are generally found in organically polluted waters.
Average scores of Palmers Pollution Index (PPI) at 1S, 3S,

5S, 7S and 12S varied within the range of 20 - 23, indicat probable organic pollution.
Estimated net and gross primary productivity of Osmansagar

lake in January, May and November 2011 were measured as 0.75, 1.12, & 0.375 gC/m3/d and 1.12 & 1.5 & 2.25 gC/m3/d.

Contd.Osmansagar Environmental Quality ( Water)

Density of zooplankton varied between 1725

and

41,333

N/m3. recorded

Large in

number

of and

zooplankton, amount of

November in

January, was due to the presence of ample phytoplankton respective periods. The average SWI values indicate low to medium load of organic pollution or adverse factors

Fishing in Osmansagar and Himayatsagar lakes

Different varieties of fishes harvested in the lakes Catla catla Labeo rohita Glossogobius giuris Puntius ticto Channa punctatus Notopterus notopterus

 Fisheries: The gears are classified as 1) Gill nets and drift

nets, 2) Trammel nets, 3) Screens, 4) Fixed bag nets etc. The most commonly used gear is gill net. The common varieties of fishes, according to local inhabitants, were Catla catla (catla), Labeo rohita (rohu), Cirrhinus mrigala (mrigal), Notopterus notopterus (pholi), Glossogobius giuris (Baila ) etc. It was narrated by the fishermen that a total fish catch of around 10 kg per day could be harvested by a gill net in the Osmansagar. The most dominant fish was Catla catla while subdominant was Labeo rohita.
In January 2011, the gill of the fish showed high concentration

of Zinc (363 mg/kg wet wt) in one sample. Considering maximum permissible limit of Zinc as 0.05 mg/g for fish muscle, the level was observed to be higher. However, in most of the samples Zinc was below detectable limit (0.0018 mg/L). The trend of heavy metal concentrations in fish sample of

Metal accumulation and Bio-concentration factor (BCF) recorded in fish and plant of Osmansagar lake
SN Element Month Concentration in water ( mg/ l ) Fish Catla catla Levels in gill (mg/kg dry wt.) 1 Lead Jan May Nov 2 Cadmium Jan May Nov Jan May Nov 4 Copper Jan May Nov
0.107 0.004 0.0021 0.029 BDL BDL 0.105 0.022 0.10 0.026 0.015 0.010 0.12 BDL BDL 0.1 BDL BDL 363 BDL BDL 0.11 BDL BDL

Plant Scirpus sp. Levels in leaf (mg/kg dry wt.)

0.09 BDL BDL 0.1 BDL BDL 100 BDL BDL 23 BDL BDL

BCF

BCF

1.1 NA NA 3.4 NA NA 3457 NA NA 4.23 NA NA

0.8 NA NA 3.4 NA NA 952 NA NA 885 NA NA

Zinc

Note : BDL-Below detectable limit ; NA-Not applicable

Maximum permissible limits of select heavy metals for fresh water fish tissue*
Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 Element Lead Cadmium Zinc Copper Permissible limit (mg/kg Wet wt.) 0.2 1.0 50.0 10.0

* FAO/WHO (1987) Principles of the safety assessment of Food additives and contaminants in food environment health criteria.

Bio-concentration factor (BCF) of Heavy Metals in Fish and shrimp at different water bodies
Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Organism Fish (In general) Fish Salmon Brook trout Fish (In general) Saltwater fish Shrimp Tissue NM NM NM NM NM NM Region NM Atlanta NM NM NM Pb 155 1.8 10 2.8 6 2 8.8 6.2 4.6 2.2 6 2.2 4.2 4 1.1 NA NA 15 Fish Puntius ticto (Dry wt.) Total mass Himayatsagar Lake Himayatsagar Lake 71.42 NA 35.71 NA Cd 366 (130 to several thousands) 22 to 200 < 20 40-300 0.5 3.4 NA NA 3.57 NA 178.5 NA Bio-concentration Factor (BCF) As Ni Cr Cu 4 2 1 0.7 19 5.3 12 4.6 16.8 11 10.3 6.7 12.1 6.8 8.3 8 5.9 2.8 2 0.53 1.32 0.51 1.7 1.2 1 0.67 1.23 0.58 0.82 0.8 4.23 NA NA 83.33 NA 333.3 NA Source Fe 265 75 177 70 239.5 167.2 147.5 92.6 136 81 117 138 Mn 12.3 3.5 8.5 3.25 11 7.7 6.8 4.3 7.9 3.7 5.3 5.1 Zn TSD,2000 John et al., 1987 Sangaland,19 79 USEPA Taylor,1983 Middaugh et al.,1975 Adeyemo, 2010 Adeyemo, 2010 Nwani,Nwachi ,2010

Nigeria coastal zone Fish Hemichromis sp., NM Nigeria coastal Mullet, Grunter sp. zone Fish C. nigrodigitatus Gills Lake at Afikpo, Nigeria muscles Fish C. anguillaris Gills muscles Fish T. zilli Gills muscles Fish M. rumerume Gills muscles Fish H. macrophthalmus Gills muscles Fish P. tapirus Gills muscles Fish Catla catla Gills Osmansagar (Dry wt.) Lake

19 4.2 9.25 7.8 16.3 12.9 18.3 4.7 18.3 6.2 9.1 8 3457 Present study NA NA Present study Present study

16

Fish Glossogobius giuris muscle (Dry wt.)

NM : Not mentioned

Bio-concentration factor (BCF) of Heavy Metals in aquatic flora at different water bodies
Sr. No. 1 Aq. flora Duck weed (Lemna sp.) (Dry wt.) Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Sp.) (Dry wt.) Tissue NM Region India (Industrial waste water) Erh - chung wetland, Taiwan Pb 5613 Cd As Bio-concentration Factor (BCF) Ni Cr Cu Fe Mn Zn Source Kaur, 2010

Shoot Root NM

0.27 0.06 9.76 3.48 6.67 0.20

18.89 24.22 20.67 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.20 0.02 3.4

NA NA

19.00 6.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.73 0.82 0.55 -

0.81 0.22 -

9.31 20.00 19.31 0.41 0.00 0.49 0.32 0.16 -

0.30 0.81 7.95 3.74 9.18 39.08 0.00 6.21 2.07 0.41 885
NA NA

2.77 3.78 1.93 0.00 0.00 1.99 1.35 0.22 -

0.70 0.27 3.45 1.62 4.79 0.00 0.00 10.87 5.22 0.87 952
NA NA

Shao-Wei liao,2003

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

I. aquatica M. quadrifolia H. aristata H. verticillate C. demersum Spirulina platensis Phormidium papyraceum Eleocharis acicularis Scirpus sp. (Dry wt.)

Okhla Industrial waste water area, New Delhi

Ahmed,2010

Total mass

Okhla Industrial waste water area, New Delhi Osmansagar Lake

0.07 16.72 21.77 4.73 0.8

NA NA

Ahmed,2010

Leaf

Present study

12

Cyperus sp. (Dry wt.)

Leaf

Himayatsaga r Lake

786 1620

3.57 NA

833 NA

Present study

NM : Not mentioned

Avifauna

Avifauna: 49 species, of which 20 species

were aquatic in habit, comprising of coot terns, cormorants, ducks, kingfishers, herons, egrets, bee eater, lapwing, pochard and many others. Herons, cormorants, darter, lapwings etc. hunt fish by diving. Near Threatened (NT) species includes, Darter (Anhinga melanogaster) and Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala)

 Birds like Common coot, Egrets, River tern, Little

cormorant, Pond heron, Redwattled lapwing etc. were dominant throughout the year
Majority of the available birds are carnivorous in habit Some species of birds like Painted storks are migratory

(winter visitors)
In view of large number of birds, the bird-droppings

enrich nutrient levels of the lakes

Profuse growth of vegetations surrounding the water

bodies attracts herbivore birds in this area

Indian plover

Pied kingfisher

Purple swamphen

River tern

Birds found in and around Osmansagar & Himayatsagar

Little cormorant

Cattle egret

Small blue kingfisher

Common coot

Birds found in and around Osmansagar & Himayatsagar

Osmansagar Environmental Quality ( Sediment)

pH of the lake sediment samples were mildly alkaline in

nature.
Sodium were in the range of 23-221 mg/kg, while

potassium was in the range of 20-139 mg/kg of sediment during the survey.
Amongst the nutrient parameters, total nitrogen

showed low to medium value, ranging from 176-396 mg/kg of sediment while total phosphate was found in the lower range (11-81 mg/kg) during the survey. Organic matter commonly accounts for as much as one third or more of the cation exchange capacity and is responsible for stability of soil aggregates.
Total organic carbon was found in rich condition

ranging from 0.63-6.99 %. The rich condition of TOC may be due to organic matter from natural sources,

 Most

of the sediment samples were devoid of pesticides. However, at very few locations the sediments contained pesticides, indicating entry of agriculture / horticulture runoff. Iron and Manganese concentrations were more as compared to other metals. Heavy metal pollution needs serious attention because it can persist in the sediment for many decades Total coliform (TC) count in sediment was 21 to 436 cfu/g at sampling locations 9 and 12 in November and January, while faecal coliform (FC) counts varied from 9 to 284 cfu/g at stations 7 and 12 in May and January and E.coli (EC) counts were between 2 and 176 cfu/g at sampling locations 1 and 11 in November and January respectively. In January 2011, barring Chironomous larva, no other benthic organisms were observed in the sediments. The highest count was 280 No/m3 in sampling location 5 during November. The SWI values were observed to vary from 0.41

Select Sediment quality Parameters of Osmansagar Lake for 2011

Osmansagar

S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Parameter

Jan

May 7.6-7.9 0.5-9.8 24-215 9-36 ND-22 1.4-2.9 11-57

Nov 8.2-8.5 1.6-6.4 21-221 11-32 ND-14 0.6-6.9 26.9-80.9

pH 7.0-8.1 Sulphur (mg/kg) 2.5-13.2 Total Coliform Organisms (CFU/gm) 209-436 Faecal Coliforms (CFU/gm) E.Coli (CFU/gm) Total Organic Carbon (%) Total Phosphorous-P (mg/kg) Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N (mg/kg) Lead (mg/kg) Cadmium (mg/kg) Iron (mg/kg) Manganese (mg/kg) 104-284 54-176 0.3-3.7 12.0-41.6 176-384 0.06-0.45

210-357 258-396 0.05-0.09 ND-0.10

ND-0.07 ND-0.01 ND-0.01 25.9-650 91.1-215 79-418 5.51-15.82 2.14-6.26 1.02-5.91

HIMAYATSAGAR

Himayatsagar Environmental Quality ( Water)

Color was high in January, and then there was gradual fall pH did not vary much during different seasons. Overall pH of the lake water samples were at desired mild alkaline (8.2-8.5) levels Color (5 units) decreased drastically in November

Barring Jan 2011,Turbidity did not fluctuate much during all three seasons

Like turbidity (except Jan 2011), TSS did not fluctuate much during all three seasons

TDS was fairly consistent during the study, and the levels were comparatively less in overlapping winter season throughout the water column

Average DO did not vary much at specific depth in all the seasons, however, at bottom the average values were less but within the desired level

 Surface DO during day time was less (alarming) at stations Nagireddy

guda, Sultanpalli and Raw water drawing point during summer

Phosphate levels were at higher side throughout the study period and the lake is prone to algal bloom Higher P levels in bottom is the result of mineralization of P- rich sediments by microbes and its release in water

Nitrate concentrations were more in Jan 2011 that caused algal bloom Although the levels decreased subsequently, still the levels are sufficient to proliferate algal growth

 Higher COD levels indicate input of waste materials in the lake. Comparatively enhanced concentrations in sub surface waters further imply deposition / accumulation of pollutants at lake bottom

TOC was apparently uniform in respective seasons and depths In summer there was an increase in TOC concentration in all the locations

 Methane flux was high at the lake entry Himayatsagar village (distance from bank 500 m) during summer

Water quality index values for both surface and bottom samples indicate medium water quality, there is evidence of comparatively better quality in former than the later

Seasonal variation of Phytoplankton in Himayatsagar lake

Phytoplankton represent higher count in November, followed by January and May

Seasonal distribution of different groups of Phytoplankton in Himayatsagar lake

Cyanophyceae, followed by Chlorophyceae, which normally prefer eutrophic waters, were most dominant groups in all the seasons

 Values varied widely among different sampling stations and was maximum in January and May, due to shallow water and high photosynthetic activity

Density of Zooplankton in Himayatsagar Lake

Zooplankton were maximum in November, followed by January and May

Seasonal variation of zooplankton groups in Himayatsagar Lake

Copepoda, followed by Rotifera were most dominant Protozoa was prominent in all three seasons

Benthic Index of Himayatsagar Lake

Chironomous larvae from Chironomidae, (Indicator of organic pollution), were dominant throughout the year in the lake

Himayatsagar Environmental Quality ( Water)

Concentrations of conductivity hardness, alkalinity,

chlorides sulphates, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium were not alarming. However, pH(>8) and sodium concentrations(>50 mg/L) reflects usage of soaps/detergents in washing of clothes and bathing enveloping the lake.
BOD was in the range of 0.8-4.5 mg/L . Presence of

BOD concentrations at all locations in all seasons clearly indicate the organic pollution of the lake water
While oil and grease were very low and in the

range of Nil - 1.8 mg/L, phenols were below the detectable limits during the survey.

ContdHimayatsagar Environmental Quality ( Water)

Presence of pesticide concentrations at nanogram level

at some locations
All the metals concentrations were within the

stipulated levels as per IS: 2296-1982, barring cadmium in Jan 2011 at very few locations. However, in May and November 2011, cadmium was found within the limit of standard.
Entry

of domestic wastewater, agriculture/horticulture runoff, laboratory waste from science and engineering colleges/school, solid waste disposal, vegetation in the lake and human activities are the main causes for the organic pollution. revealed that lake water resource can apparently be classified as C class as per CPCB classification of

Water quality assessment of the Himayatsagar lake

ContdHimayatsagar Environmental Quality ( Water)

Based on bacteriological quality, 15 water

samples fall under class C and 8 samples at locations 1B,3S,4S,9S,10S and 11S in January and 1S,1B,3S and 12B in May are highly polluted as per the CPCB classification for inland surface waters with respect to total coliforms. Highly polluted locations are Near Krishna Oberoi farm house (1S &1B), Aziznagar (3S), Nagireddyguda (4S), Sultanpalli (9S),Kavvaguda (10S),Kotwalguda (11S) and raw water drawing point (12S).The sites Near Krishna Oberoi farm house (1S) and Aziznagar (3S) around Himayatsagar lake are highly contaminated as per bacteriological standards.

ContdHimayatsagar Environmental Quality ( Water)

Total algal population during all seasons varied

between 193 and 19005 cells ml-1. In general counts were less at bottom of the lake. In general 32 genera from 5 major groups of phytoplankton were recorded from the lake. Chlamydomonas, Scendesmus, Ankistrodesmus, Closterium, Pediastrum, Ulothrix, Chlorococcum, Cosmarium and Crucigenia were the representative of pollution tolerant genera from Chlorophyceae group. Other algal genera, like Oscillatoria, Euglena, Navicula, which are known to be rich in organically polluted waters, were also recorded. The estimated net and gross primary productivity of the lake was measured as 1.5, 1.87 & 1.12

ContdHimayatsagar Environmental Quality ( Water)

Zooplankton count, varying between 1875 and

82,933 N/m3 was more during November followed by January and May. Copepods constituted the largest group. Cladocerans, constituting the second largest group of zooplankton were represented by 5 genera namely Alonella, Bosmina, Chydorus, Daphnia and Moina sp.
Highest methane emission flux as 903.47 mg

CH4 m-2 day-1 was found at sampling point 10 in May 2011, whereas lowest as 0.44 mg CH4 m-2 day1 was recorded at sampling point 8 in November 2011
In January, barring Chironomous larva, no other

benthic organisms were observed in the sediments. The highest count was 590 No/m3 in sampling

ContdHimayatsagar Environmental Quality ( Water)

Fisheries: The whole fish (Puntius ticto) showed high

concentration of Iron at 130 mg/kg wet wt. Iron was followed by Zinc at 56 mg/kg wet wt. The level was observed to be higher than 0.05 mg/g wet wt, stipulated as maximum permissible limit of Zinc (FAO/WHO, 1987) for fish muscle. The trend of heavy metal concentrations in Puntius ticto fish was Fe > Zn > Mn > Pb > Ni > Co >Cr >Cu >Cd. Almost similar trend was recorded in the liver of Glossogobius giuris fish. In May, all heavy metals in fishes were observed to be Below detectable Limit (BDL). In plant leaf samples, higher concentration of Iron was found at 331 mg/kg dry wt. Iron was followed by Manganese which was found at 100 mg/kg dry wt. The trend of heavy metal concentrations in the vegetation was Fe > Mn > B > Pb > Cr > Cu > Zn, while remaining metals in the plants were BDL (including 16 aquatic) species, were observed. Dominant birds included cattle egret, blue rock

Avifauna: Good diversity of birds, comprising of 36

Accumulation and Bio-concentration factor (BCF) of select metals recorded in fish and plant of Himayatsagar lake
Sr. No. Element Month Concentration in water ( mg/ l ) Fish Puntius ticto Fish Glossogobius giuris Plant Cyperus sp.

Concentration in whole fish (mg/kg dry wt.)

BCF

Concentration in muscle (mg/kg dry wt.)

BCF

Concentration in leaf (mg/kg dry wt.)

BCF

Lead

Jan May

0.028 0.0058 0.028 0.002 0.012 0.016

2 BDL 0.1 BDL 1 BDL

71.42 NA 3.57 NA 83.33 NA

1 ND 5 ND 4 ND

35.71 NA 178.5 NA 333.3 NA

22 9.4 0.1 BDL 10 BDL

786 1620 3.57 NA 833 NA

Cadmium

Jan May

Copper

Jan May

Note :BDL-Below detectable limit; NA-Not applicable; ND- Not done

88

Himayatsagar Environmental Quality ( Sediment)

pH measured was in the range from 7.3 - 8.4

during the survey. Sodium and potassium were in the range of 45 154 and 15 - 116 mg/kg of sediment respectively. Amongst the nutrient parameters, total nitrogen showed low to medium values, ranging from 142-314 mg/kg and total phosphorous was in the lower range (12-119 mg/kg). However, total organic carbon was found in rich condition ranging from 0.2-3.9 %. The rich condition of TOC may be due to organic matter from natural sources, such as plant materials deposited on sediments or anthropogenic inputs to Lake water

Sediments were analysed for pesticides viz. Chloropyriphos, Endosulfan, DDT and Lindane. Most of the samples were devoid of pesticides. Like Osmansagar, the metals like iron and manganese levels were more in the sediments as compared to other metals. sediment samples were between 19 and 640 cfu/g at sampling locations 7 in May and 8 in January. The Standard Plate Counts were in the range of 1 x 108 and 592 x 108 cfu/ml at sample site 8 in November and 9 in January 2011

Minimum and maximum total coliform counts of

Select Sediment quality Parameters of Himayatsagar Lake for 2011

S.No. Parameter Jan Himayatsagar May Nov

pH Sulphur (mg/kg) Total Coliform Organisms (CFU/gm) 4. Faecal Coliforms (CFU/gm) 5. E.Coli (CFU/gm) 6. Total Organic Carbon (%) 7. Total Phosphorous-P (mg/kg) 8. Toatl Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N (mg/kg) 9. Lead (mg/kg) 10. Cadmium (mg/kg) 11. Iron (mg/kg)

1. 2. 3.

7.7-8.4 0.4-6.3 286-640

7.5-7.9 0.8-8.4 19-62

7.3-8.3 1.6-6.2 22-51

134-384 12-29 27-127 ND-10 0.2-3.8 0.5-3.9 13.9-119.4 12-104 160-314

12-29 ND-12 1.2-3.2 13.680.8 142-293 196-284

0.27-0.45 ND-0.11 ND-0.31 0.05-0.07 ND-0.01 ND-0.01 23.2837-213 37-198 25.89

Assessment of Osmansagar and Himayatsagar lake water qualities

Salient Observations
In view of uncontrolled anthropogenic activities, the water characteristics of Osmansagar and Himayatsagar lakes have been deteriorated substantially. Reduced inflows coupled with organic pollution and nutrient addition result in increased algal activity and reduced DO levels during night time. In general, the color of the Osmansagar and Himayatsagar lakes water was fairly green and often turned to brown during summer season.

Trophic States of Osmansagar and Himayatsagar Lakes

Status Secchi Disc Depth (m) <5 1.6 to 5 0.7 to 1.6 < 0.7 0.5 to 1.0 0.5 to 0.9 Chlorophyll a (g/L) <2 2 to 10 10 to 30 > 30
9 to 23 (Average =16.66) 15 to 23 (Average =18.33)

Total Phosphorus (g/L) < 10 10 to 30 30 to 60 > 60

28.0-32.3 (Average = 29.5) 14.8-35.3 (Average = 23.2)

Oligotrophic Mesotrophic Eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic Osmansagar Lake Himayatsagar Lake

Note : Both the lakes appear to be Eutrophic

Tolerance limits and classification for Inland surface SN Designated Best-Use Class Criteria waters(BIS:2296-1982)
1. Drinking WaterSource without conventional treatment but after disinfection A pH : 6.5 - 8.5 Colour : 10 Hazen units , Max. Dissolved Oxygen : 6 mg/L ,Min. Biochemical Oxygen Demand : 2mg/L, Max. Total Coliform Organisms : 50 MPN/100ml , Max. pH : 6.5 - 8.5 Colour : 300 Hazen units , Max. Dissolved Oxygen : 5 mg/L ,Min. Biochemical Oxygen Demand : 3 mg/L, Max. Total Coliform Organisms : 500 MPN/100ml , Max. pH : 6.5 - 8.5 Colour : 300 Hazen units , Max. Dissolved Oxygen : 4 mg/L ,Min. Biochemical Oxygen Demand : 3 mg/L, Max. Total Coliform Organisms : 5000 MPN/100ml,Max. pH : 6.5 - 8.5

2. Outdoor bathing (Organised)

3. Drinking water source after conventional treatment followed by disinfection

4. Propagation of Wild life ,

Water Quality Status for Osmansagar and Himayatsagar lakes as per BIS : 2296-1982 Sr. Parameter BIS Status No. Criteria for class Osmansagar Himayatsagar C 1. pH 6- 8.5 Average : 8.2 Average : 8.3 Minimum : 7.5 Minimum : 7.4 Maximum : 8.7 Maximum : 8.7

2.

Average : 15.5 Average : 17.8 Minimum : 5 Minimum : 5 Maximum : 40 Maximum : 40 3. Dissolved Oxygen, 4 Average : 6.4 Average : 5.8 mg/L, Min. Minimum : 1.6 Minimum : 2 Maximum : 10 Maximum : 9.6 4. Biolchemical Oxygen3 Average : 2.4 Average : 2.4 Demand mg/L, max. Minimum : 0.5 Minimum : 0.6 Maximum : 5 Maximum : 4.5 5. Total Coliform, 5000 Average : Average : 2 Organism, MPN/100 30x10 Osmansagar and Himayatsagar lake water qualities apparently fall under class32x102 average C (based on values). However, barring colour, vital parameters EXCEED maximum / : minimum permissible levels of mL,Max. Minimum Minimum : 2x102 the criteria in a number of occasions 2x102 Maximum :
2

Colour , Hazen units , Max.

300

Considering average water qualities, both the lake waters can apparently be classified as C class as per CPCB classification of Inland Surface Waters and as per BIS:22961982 for physical, inorganic, nutrient & demand parameters including specific pollutants i.e. phenols, oil & grease, pesticides and heavy metals. However, the levels of most of the criteria exceeded at certain points in both the lakes. This ALARMS deterioration of the lake, which may not suit Class C criteria in near future, if measures are not taken appropriately.

Lake Restoration Strategies

Interception and diversion of all

allochthonous sources of pollution (wastewater and solid wastes) Desilting of the lake to prevent autochthonous release of the nutrients Application of techno-economically viable wastewater treatment method Cultivation of lake ecosystem and generation of ecological capital

Suggested Measures
Full Tank Level (FTL) boundary should be demarcated.

Fencing either thorn or by plants should be done along the boundary as a physically visible, easily identifiable demarcation Lakes may be brought under the forest department and be conserved as protected areas under Wild Life protection Act Cutting all plants within the FTL as and when they surface to the ground level. Identification of non- point sources of pollutants, including fertilizers, toxic pesticides and other chemicals from agriculture runoff entering the lake. Identification of domestic wastewater canals and other point sources of pollution into reservoirs from the habitations located in catchment areas of the lakes and explore the provision of drainage system to the upstream

Contd..Suggested Mea

Organic pollution from human settlements spread

over areas along the periphery of the lakes Panchayat / municipal authorities may be directed to stop domestic wastewater into lakes. Introduction of aerators in the lakes, if situation demands Prohibition of fishing, bathing, washing and related anthropogenic activities Lake restoration by controlling /preventing point and non-point sources of pollution by intercepting and diverting through garland canal around the reservoirs and treating wastewater prior to irrigating agricultural fields Construction of ring sewer around the lake and STP to prevent wastewater entering the lake

Contd..Suggested Measures

Other

activities aimed at improving the aesthetics include provision for public interface Indiscriminate excavation of earth from lake bed in the absence of water spread area of the lake thereby causing serious irreparable damage to the lakes soil profile Catchment area treatment. Desilting and weed control within the lakes. Active participation of all stake holders through awareness programmes for conservation of lake Different sections of both reservoirs showed

Contd..Suggested Measures

At least weekly monitoring of reservoir waters with

reference to DO, pH, hardness, TSS, TDS and coliforms should be undertaken. Once a month DO should be measured prior to sunrise. In case there is a sense of danger, frequency of sampling should be increased. Additional parameters, including plankton should be measured and experts opinion should be sought.
Lake

water quality should meet C class characteristics as per CPCB classification of Inland Surface Waters and as per BIS:2296-1982 for physical, inorganic, nutrient & demand parameters including specific pollutants i.e. phenols, oil & grease, pesticides and heavy metals for suitability

Contd..Suggested Measures

It

is recommended to constitute one Committee to assess execution of the mitigation measures. Here, representatives of local MLA, Collector, Councillor, HMWS&SB, any other Govt officials, medical doctor, social NGO, respected persons of the nearby areas etc. can be taken to form the committee for effective implementation of the environmental management scheme. The committee should have meeting to evaluate the status at least once in 3 months.