PHYSICS 2 4 GRADING TH
1. Magnetism
2. Magnetic fields
3. Magnetic Induction
4. Faraday’s Law and Lenz law
5. Electro magnetism
6. EM waves and light
7. Law of Reflection
8. Law of Refraction (Snell’s Law)
9. Polarization (Malus’s Law)
10. Mirrors
11. Thin lens
12. Geometric optics
13. Huygens’ Principle
14. Photoelectric effect
15. Radioactive decay
MAGNETS
-An object which is capable of producing magnetic field and attracting unlike poles and repelling like poles.
Magnetic field = the area around a magnet in which the effect of magnetism is felt
Magnetism = the force drawing object to attached or magnet each other
Ferromagnetism =physical phenomenon in which certain materials like iron strongly attract each other.
Properties of magnets:
Attractive Property – Magnet attracts ferromagnetic materials like iron, cobalt, and nickel.
Repulsive Property – Like magnetic poles repel each other and unlike magnetic poles attract each other.
Directive Property – A freely suspended magnet always points in a north-south direction.
Force Property - The magnetic force between the two magnets is greater when the distance between these
magnets is lesser.
Types of Magnets:
1. Permanent magnet
2. Temporary magnet
3. Electromagnets
Permanent magnets
Those magnets that are commonly used. They are known as permanent magnets because they do not lose their magnetic
property once they are magnetized.
Following are the ways to demagnetize the permanent magnets:
Exposing magnets to extreme temperatures.
The magnetic attraction between the magnet’s atoms gets loosened when they are hammered.
Stroking one magnet with another will reduce the magnetic strength.
There are four types of permanent magnets:
Ceramic or ferrite
Alnico
Samarium Cobalt (SmCo)
Neodymium Iron Boron (NIB)
Temporary Magnets
Temporary magnets can be magnetized in the presence of a magnetic field. When the magnetic field is removed, these
materials lose their magnetic property. Iron nails and paper clips are examples of the temporary magnet.
Electromagnets
Electromagnets consist of a coil of wire wrapped around the metal core made from iron. When this
material is exposed to an electric current, a magnetic field is generated, making the material behave like a
magnet. The strength of the magnetic field can be controlled by controlling the electric current.
Uses of magnets:
[Link] is used in a compass to tell the directions and the poles of the earth's magnetic field.
[Link] is used in Hospitals and medical facilities for many purposes like MRI machines using magnetic flux.
[Link] is also used in furniture and household appliances.
[Link] bells and motors – Loudspeakers – Electric fans – Toys and telephone instruments
[Link] in a compass to tell the directions and the poles of the earth's magnetic field
HOW DO MAGNETS WORK
Magnetic Field
Is the area around a magnet in which the effect of magnetism is felt. We use the magnetic field as a tool to
describe how the magnetic force is distributed in the space around and within something magnetic in nature.
History of Magnetic Field
The research on the magnetic field began in 1269 when French scholar Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt mapped out the magnetic
field on the surface of a spherical magnet using iron needles. He noticed that the resulting field lines crossed at two points. He
named these points “poles.” After this observation, he stated that magnets always have North and South poles irrespective of how
finely one slices them.
Three centuries later, William Gilbert stated that Earth is a magnet.
In 1750 John Mitchell, an English clergyman and philosopher, stated that magnetic poles attract and repel each other.
In 1785, Charles-Augustin de Coulomb experimentally verified Earth’s magnetic field. In the 19th century, French mathematician
and geometer Simeon Denis Poisson created the first model of the magnetic field, which he presented in 1824.
By the 19th century, further revelations refined and challenged previously-held notions.
In 1819, Danish physicist and chemist Hans Christian Oersted discovered that an electric current creates a magnetic field around it.
In 1825, André-Marie Ampère proposed a model of magnetism where this force was due to perpetually flowing loops of current,
instead of the dipoles of magnetic charge.
In 1831, English scientist Faraday showed that a changing magnetic field generates an electric field. In effect, he discovered
electromagnetic induction.
Between 1861 and 1865, James Clerk Maxwell published theories on electricity and magnetism. It was known as Maxwell’s
equation. These equations describe the relationship between electricity and magnetism.
Properties of Magnetic Field Lines
Magnetic field lines never cross each other
The density of the field lines indicates the strength of the field
Magnetic field lines always make closed loops
Magnetic field lines always emerge or start from the north pole and terminate at the south pole.
ASSIGNMENT: Copon bond paper
1. How does a Magnetic Field Originate?
2. What are magnetic flux lines and why is it important?
3. What causes the Earth’s magnetic field?
4. Define magnetic flux density.
5. Define magnetic field intensity.
6. Are there magnetic fields in space?
7. What is Magnetic induction?
8. Principle of Magnetic or Electromagnetic Induction?
9. How to make a magnet
GROUP WORK: illustrations involving magnets how it is used, its properties and applications.
