The

Contemporary
World
Chapter 1
Globalization: An
Introduction

Prepared by:
Moamar M. H.
 Globalization
Brief
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students

History
should be able to:

1. Define the term ‘globalization’;

2. Illustrate the concept of globalization;

of
3. Cite the essence of globalization;
4. Relate the effects of globalization in the
economy;
5. Identify the underlying philosophies of the
varying definitions of globalization;
“Globalization is a complex web of social process that intensify and expand worldwide
economic, cultural, political, and technological exchanges and connections”.-Dr. Cairo
A B R I E F HISTORY
OF
Image: Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc.

The Silk Road

Silk roads (1st century BC-5th century AD)

Globalization
Brief
o luxury products from China started to appear on
the other edge of the Eurasian continent – in
Rome.
o Trade had stopped being local or regional affair

History
and started to become global.
Spice routes (7th-15th centuries)
o the new religion spread in all directions from its
Arabian heartland in the 7th century,

of
o By the early 9th century, Muslim traders already
dominated Mediterranean and Indian Ocean trade;
afterwards, they could be found as far east as
Indonesia, which over time became a Muslim-
majority country, and as far west as Moorish Spain.
o In the 15th century, spices came to Europe via the
Middle East land and sea routes, and spices were
 Globalization
Brief
Age of Discovery (15th-18th centuries)

o It was in this era, from the end of the 15th century

onwards, that European explorers connected East and
West – and accidentally discovered the Americas.

History
o Aided by the discoveries of the so-called “
Scientific Revolution” in the fields of astronomy,
mechanics, physics and shipping, the Portuguese,
Spanish and later the Dutch and the English first
“discovered”, then subjugated, and finally integrated
new lands in their economies

of
o Potatoes, tomatoes, coffee and chocolate were
introduced in Europe, and the price of spices fell steeply.
o Trade certainly started to become global, and it had
even been the main reason for starting the Age of
Discovery.
First wave of globalization (19th century-1914)

Globalization
Brief
o This started to change with the first wave of globalization,
which roughly occurred over the century ending in 1914.
o By the end of the 18th century, Great Britain had started

History
to dominate the world both geographically, through the
establishment of the British Empire, and technologically,
with innovations like the steam engine, the industrial
weaving machine and more. It was the era of the First
Industrial Revolution.
o The “British” Industrial Revolution made for a fantastic

of
twin engine of global trade. On the one hand, steamships
and trains could transport goods over thousands of miles,
both within countries and across countries. On the other
hand, its industrialization allowed Britain to make products
that were in demand all over the world, like
iron, textiles and manufactured goods.
o Britain was the country that benefited most from this
globalization, as it had the most capital and technology,
 Globalization
Brief
The world wars
o In 1914, the outbreak of World War I brought an end to
just about everything the burgeoning high society of
the West had gotten so used to, including globalization.
o Millions of soldiers died in battle, millions of civilians

History
died as collateral damage, war replaced trade,
destruction replaced construction, and countries closed
their borders yet again.
o In the years between the world wars, the financial
markets, which were still connected in a global web,

of
caused a further breakdown of the global economy and
its links.
 Globalization
Brief
Second and third wave of globalization
o The end of the World War II marked a new beginning
for the global economy.
o Under the leadership of a new hegemon, the United

History
States of America, and aided by the technologies of
the Second Industrial Revolution, like the car and the
plane, global trade started to rise once again.
o In the early decades after World War II, institutions like
the European Union, and other free trade vehicles
championed by the US were responsible for much of

of
the increase in international trade.
 Globalization
Brief
Globalization 4.0

o In a world increasingly dominated by two global powers,

the US and China, the new frontier of globalization is the

History
cyber world.

o The digital economy, in its infancy during the third wave

of globalization, is now becoming a force to reckon with
through e-commerce, digital services, 3D printing. It is
further enabled by artificial intelligence, but threatened

of
by cross-border hacking and cyberattacks.
 obalization: Its Definition
Globalization: Its Definition

 The term globalization is derived from the word

“globalize” which refers to the emergence of an
international network of economic systems.
 Globalization is a process of interaction and
integration among the people, companies, and
governments of different nations, a process driven
by international trade and investments and aided
by information technology. (Levin Institute, 2016).
 Also, globalization defined as a process that,
based on international strategies, aims to expand
business operations on a worldwide level, and was
participated by the facilitation of global
communication due to technological
advancements, and socioeconomic, political and
environmental developments. (Pologeorgis, 2017)
 obalization: Its Definition
Types of Globalization

Econom
ic
Geograph Military
ical

GLOBALIZAT
.
Technologi ION Cultural
cal

Political Ecologi
cal
 obalization: Its Definition
 Economic Globalization
o refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a
result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities
and services, flow international capital and wide and rapid spread
of technologies (Shangquan, 2000)
examples: Philippines’ major exports and imports
products.
EXPORTS:
-coconut oil export to Indonesia and India, United States
and Europe.
-The nation’s Department of Trade and Industry has
identified electronic products as one of the Philippine’s key
export commodities.
-Mango export to Japan, South Korea, Singapore. Dried
mango to Hongk Hong and Canada
-Cacao seeds from Davao, export to Singapore, London and
U.S.
IMPORTS:
The main trade partners of the Philippines include China,
Japan, the United States, Singapore and Hong Kong.
 obalization: Its Definition
 Military Globalization
o According to David Held, military
globalizations is ‘’the process which embodies
the growing extensity and intensity of military
relations among the political units of the world
system. Understood as such, it reflects both the
expanding network of worldwide military ties and
relations, as well as the impact of key military
technological innovations (from steamships to
satellites), which overtime, have, reconstituted
the world into a single geostrategic space.”
o While for Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye,
military globalization entails ‘long-distance
networks of interdependence in which force, and
the threat or promise of force, are employed.
 obalization: Its Definition
Cultural Globalization
o refers to the interpenetration of cultures which, as a
consequence, means nations adopt principles, beliefs, and
costumes of other nations, losing their unique culture to a
unique, globalized supra-culture;
o is the transmission of ideas, meanings and values around
the world in such way as to extend and intensify social
relations.
-through globalization, cultures of a specific country can be
shared or spread within the countries. The downside of this
is some cultures that are exclusive on a certain country our
slowly vanishing.

Examples:
-cultures from different countries, from Spain, China
and America. (Religion from Spain ; noodles dishes from
China)
-Based on the article of David Volodzko, he stated
that “Putonghua and English are pushing many minority
languages to the brink of extinction”. (some dying
 obalization: Its Definition
Ecological Globalizations.
o Based on an article published by ecological
Society of America (2008), entitle ‘’’Ecological
Globalization’’, it is said that, because of
increasing globalization, people often
inadvertently introduce non-native plants,
animals and diseases into new locations.

Examples:
-Natural resources
-big environmental consequences as they
contribute to the depletion of natural
resources, deforestation and the destruction of
ecosystems and loss of biodiversity.
 obalization: Its Definition
Globalization and Politics
The globalization of political refers to the
absence of the absolute sovereignty of a
state’s political borders over a certain area as
well as increased interaction between the
systems of government and increased
external intervention and interaction on the
basis of democracy, non-governmental
organizations, human rights, and freedoms.
Examples:
-issues such as the rights of women and
children.
- Drug trafficking
- not crimes are globalized but also
 obalization: Its Definition
Technological globalization
o The advancement of technology we can now
already communicate with others despite the
distance separates us. Through our technology
today, the process of globalization is now taking
place much faster.
o the phenomenon by which millions of people are
interconnected thanks to the power of the digital
world via platforms such as Facebook, Instagram,
Skype or Youtube.

Examples:
-The social media, “facebook”, is one of the
tools of globalization. Because through facebook, we
can communicate to the people of other countries
and give feedbacks on many issues all around the
world.
 obalization: Its Definition
Geographical globalizations
o In geography, globalization is defined as the set of
processes (economic, social, cultural, technological,
institutional) that contribute to the relationship between
societies and individuals around the world. It is a
progressive process by which exchanges and flows
between different parts of the world are intensified.

-is the new organization and hierarchy of different regions

of the world that is constantly changing. Moreover, with
transportation and flying made so easy and affordable,
apart from a few countries with demanding visas, it is
possible to travel the world without barely any restrictions

In general, globalization is the concept, which

promotes the idea of uniting all the countries in the
world.
 Martinez, R. M., Jr., et al. (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila:
REFEREN Mindshapers Co., Inc.
CES:
Ang, J.M. (2018). The Contemporary World: A text manual for the 21st
century Filipino student. Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc.

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