Contemporary World: Soc. Sci 222

Certificate No.
AJA19-0226
MODULE
for
Contemporary World
Soc. Sci 222
For Nursing Students
ROGEL BERT A. BAILLO
R.B. Baillo 2020

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Certificate No.AJA19-0226
Submitted by:
DOMINIC D. NICART
BSN 2B | ESSU BSN
Submitted to:
Mr. Rogel Bert A
Baillo
Instructor
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Information Sheet 1.0

Introduction to Contemporary World
Learning Objectives
At the end of this information sheet you should be able to:
1. Discuss origin of the term globalization;

2. Define terms relevant to globalization;
3. Differentiate the waves of globalization; and
4. Identify the technologies that lead to the development of each waves.
The Contemporary World
This course introduces students to the contemporary world by examining the

multifaceted phenomenon of globalization. Using the various disciplines of the social
sciences, it examines the economic, social, political, technical, and other
transformations that have created an increasing awareness of the
interconnectedness of people and places around the globe. To this end the course
provides an overview of the various debates in global governance, development, and
sustainability. Beyond exposing the student to the world outside the Philippines, it
seeks to inculcate a sense of global citizenship and global ethical responsibility.
The Study of Globalization
In order to understand globalization it is important to note that Theodore Levitt, a

former professor at the Harvard Business School is credited with the coining the term
when he published ―The Globalizatio of Markets‖ in a 1983 Harvard Business
Review article (Feder, 2006). The term ‗globalization‘ is widely used to describe a
variety of economic, cultural, social, and political changes that have shaped the world
over the past 50-odd years. Because it is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon,
globalisation has been credited with a wide range of powers and effects. Its
proponents claim that it is both ‗natural‘ and an inevitable outcome of technological
progress, and creates positive economic and political convergences (Guttal, 2010).
There is a fierce debate among scholars about when globalization began. The
debate stems partly from the lack of a precise definition of the word. Some argue that
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globalization as a
phenomenon began with the earliest human migratory routes, or with Genghis
Khan's invasions, or travel across the Silk Road. Conquering empires throughout
history resulted in the sharing of ideas, mixing of cultures and people, and trade
across those conquered lands (Investopedia, 2020).
Some lay importance to the Age of Exploration, when Europeans in the 1400s
set sail across the Atlantic, looking for shorter spice routes to China and India. Many
mark the voyages of Christopher Columbus and other sea-faring captains for opening
up commercial trade routes across the world as the beginning of globalization. Other
scholars view globalization as a far more contemporary occurrence (Investopedia,
2020).
3 WAVES OF GLOBALIZATION:
First Globalization (1870-1914)
By the end of the 18th century, Great Britain had started to dominate
the world both geographically, through the establishment of the British
Empire, and technologically, with innovations like the steam engine, the
industrial weaving machine and more. It was the era of the First Industrial
Revolution (Vanham, 2019).
The ―British‖ Industrial Revolution made for a fantastic twin engine of

global trade. On the one hand, steamships and trains could transport goods
over thousands of miles, both within countries and across countries. On the
other hand, its industrialization allowed Britain to make products that were in
demand all over the world, like iron, textiles and manufactured goods
(Vanham, 2019).
While Britain was the country that benefited most from this
globalization, as it had the most capital and technology, others did too, by
exporting other goods. The invention of the refrigerated cargo ship or ―reefer
ship‖ in the 1870s, for example, allowed for countries like Argentina and
Uruguay, to enter their golden age. They started to mass export meat, from
cattle grown on their vast lands. Other countries, too, started to specialize
their production in those fields in which they were most competitive (Vanham,
2019).
But the first wave of globalization and industrialization also coincided

with darker events, too. By the end of the 19th century, the Khan Academy
notes, ―most [globalizing and industrialized] European nations grabbed for a
piece of Africa, and by 1900 the only independent country left on the
continent was Ethiopia‖. In a similarly negative vein, large countries like India,
China, Mexico or Japan, which were previously powers to reckon with, were
not either not able or not allowed to adapt to the industrial and global trends.
Either the Western powers put restraints on their independent development,
or they were otherwise outcompeted because of their lack of access to capital
or technology. Finally, many workers in the industrialized nations also did not
benefit from globalization, their work commoditized by industrial machinery, or
their output undercut by foreign imports (Vanham, 2019).
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Second
Globalization (1944-1971)
The end of the World War II marked a new beginning for the global
economy. Under the leadership of a new hegemon, the United States of
America, and aided by the technologies of the Second Industrial Revolution,
like the car and the plane, global trade started to rise once again. At first, this
happened in two separate tracks, as the Iron Curtain divided the world into
two spheres of influence. But as of 1989, when the Iron Curtain fell,
globalization became a truly global phenomenon (Vanham, 2019).
Then, when the wall dividing East and West fell in Germany, and the
Soviet Union collapsed, globalization became an all-conquering force. The
newly created World Trade Organization (WTO) encouraged nations all over
the world to enter into free-trade agreements, and most of them did, including
many newly independent ones. In 2001, even China, which for the better part
of the 20th century had been a secluded, agrarian economy, became a
member of the WTO, and started to manufacture for the world. In this ―new‖
world, the US set the tone and led the way, but many others benefited in their
slipstream (Vanham, 2019).
Third Globalization (1989 to present)
A new technology from the Third Industrial Revolution, the internet,

connected people all over the world in an even more direct way. The orders
Keynes could place by phone in 1914 could now be placed over the internet.
Instead of having them delivered in a few weeks, they would arrive at one‘s
doorstep in a few days. What was more, the internet also allowed for a further
global integration of value chains. You could do R&D in one country, sourcing
in others, production in yet another, and distribution all over the world
(Vanham, 2019).
The result has been a globalization on steroids. In the 2000s, global

exports reached a milestone, as they rose to about a quarter of global GDP.
Trade, the sum of imports and exports, consequentially grew to about half of
world GDP. In some countries, like Singapore, Belgium, or others, trade is
worth much more than 100% of GDP. A majority of global population has
benefited from this: more people than ever before belong to the global middle
class, and hundred of millions achieved that status by participating in the
global economy (Vanham, 2019).
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Table 1. Comparing the three waves of globalization (From: Johnson, 2008)
The First Wave The Second The Third Wave

Wave
Time Period 1860-1914 1944-1971 1989
Technology Steam engine Jet planes Microprocessor
Telegraph Television Computer
Electricity Commination Internet

Satellites
Internal Mobile telephones
combustion Container traffic
engine
Political Great USA economic Multi-polar (USA,
Leadership Britain leader, Cold War EU, China) Global
economic democratic
leadership
processes
Colonialism
Commerce Initially free trade, Gradually More and more
but reduced countries adopt
increasing industrial tariffs free trade
protectionism
Trade in Limited scale, Limited scale, Increased scale in
Services shipping industry shipping industry more and more
most important most important branches
Capital Free Regulated Free
Movement
Migration Free movement Regulated Regulated
Emigration (excluding Nordic (Excluding EU)
Countries) Labor Political migration
migration
Globalization 4.0
Today, in a world increasingly dominated by two global powers, the

US and China, the new frontier of globalization is the cyber world. The digital
economy, in its infancy during the third wave of globalization, is now
becoming a force to reckon with through e-commerce, digital services, 3D
printing. It is further enabled by artificial intelligence, but threatened by
crossborder hacking and cyberattacks (Vanham, 2019).
At the same time, a negative globalization is expanding too, through

the global effect of climate change. Pollution in one part of the world leads to
extreme weather events in another (Vanham, 2019).
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Self-Check 1
I. Instruction: Write your answer in the space provided after each number.
1. . WhoTheodore Levittfirst coined the term globalization?

2. . WhatGreat Britaincountry dominated the world during the first wave of
globalization?
3. . WhatUnited States ofcountry dominated the world during the 2nd
globalization? America
4. & 5. artificial intelligencedigital economy & . What are
the two major superpowers during the globalization 4.0?
II. Instruction: Write at least 5 advantages of globalization

a. The economy is progressing towards a more convenient approach
b. Increase in employment opportunities
c. Improves communication access
d. Allows us to pool all our resources together
e. Globalization would help the developing world progress faster.
III. Instruction: Write at least 5 disadvantages of globalization

1. Globalization may encourage more offshoring instead of less
2. Globalization benefits the wealthy more than the poor
3. Globalization would encourage disease transfer
4. Globalization would create a new system of politics
5. Globalization would negatively impact the environment
IV. Instruction: Answer the following questions.

1. The followingd. steam engine are the technologies that influenced
the first wave of globalization, except?
a. Telegraph b. Jet engine c. electricity d. steam engine
2. c. TV Which of the following is a technology that is influential during
the 3rd wave of globalization?
a. Comm. Satellites b. electric power c. TV d. microchip
3. Internet What do you think is the most influential technology that propelled
globalization as we know it today?
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Introduction to Contemporary World
Learning Objectives
1. Identify the basic aspects of globalization;

2. Discuss how trade contributes to globalization;
3. Discuss how capital movement affects the different countries involved;
4. Discuss the impact of globalization to the nursing profession; and
The Structure of Globalization
In 2000, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified four basic aspects of
globalization: trade and transactions, capital and investment movements, migration a
nd movement of people, and the dissemination of knowledge:
• Trade involves the transfer of goods or services from one person or entity to
another, often in exchange for money. Developing countries as a whole have
increased their share of world trade–from 19 percent in 1971 to 29 percent in
1999. The newly industrialized economies (NIEs) of Asia have done well, while
Africa as a whole has fared poorly. The composition of what countries export is
also important. The strongest rise by far has been in the export of manufactured
goods. The share of primary commodities in world exports—such as food and raw
materials—that are often produced by the poorest countries, has declined.
• Capital movements refers to the movement of money for the purpose of

investment, trade or business production, including the flow of capital within
corporations in the form of investment capital, capital spending on operations and
research and development (R&D). On a larger scale, a government directs capital
flows from tax receipts into programs and operations and through trade with other
nations and currencies. Individual investors direct savings and investment capital
into securities, such as stocks, bonds, and mutual funds.
• Movement of people: Workers move from one country to another partly to find
better employment opportunities. Filipino Nurses going abroad for better
opportunities is a common occurrence. The flow of migrants to advanced
economies is likely to provide a means through which global wages converge.
There is also the potential for skills to be transferred back to the developing
countries and for wages in those countries to rise.
• Spread of knowledge (and technology): Information exchange is an integral,

often overlooked, aspect of globalization. For instance, direct foreign investment
brings not only an expansion of the physical capital stock, but also technical
innovation. More generally, knowledge about production methods, management
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techniques, export
markets and economic policies is available at very low cost, and it represents a
highly valuable resource for the developing countries.
Self-Check 2
I. Instruction: Answer the following questions comprehensively 1.
What are the identified aspects of globalization according to IMF?
2. How globalizations influence trade and capital movement?
3. How globalizations of knowledge influence the nursing
practice?
According to International Monetary Fund (IMF), the identified four basic

aspects of globalization are 1.) trade and transactions, 2.) capital and investment
movements , 3.) migration and movement of people, 4.) and the dissemination of
knowledge.
Borders create restrictions to the free flow of goods and services. One
example of this issue is a duty and taxes paid on imported goods originating in the
U.S. when purchased in Canada. These taxes apply on luxury items and other items
of high value. The HST in Canada may be collected at a rate of 13%. Canadians use
shipping service receptacles at locations like Point Roberts, WA to get around this tax
simply because the laws haven‘t globalized like our access to goods. There are
currently over 1,500 different restrictions in place with the global import/export market
right now.
The ―globalization‖ of health care creates an increasingly interconnected

workforce spanning international boundaries, systems, structures, and processes to
provide care to and improve the health of peoples around the world.
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Globalized Trade
Learning Objectives
1. Discuss the history of an internationally recognized currency;

2. Identify the different technologies that made global trade possible;
3. Define the terms relevant to global economy; and
4. Appreciate how wealth is distributed across nations.
The Global Economy
After the WWII the dollar based economy we know today was created. Global
economy is the exchange of goods and services integrated into a huge single global
market. It is virtually a world without borders, inhabited by marketing individuals
and/or companies who have joined the geographical world with the intent of
conducting research and development and making sales (Encyclopedia.com, 2020).
International trade permits countries to specialize in the resources they have.

Countries benefit by producing goods and services they can provide most cheaply
and by buying the goods and services other countries can provide most cheaply.
International trade makes it possible for more goods to be produced and for more
human wants to be satisfied than if every country tries by itself to produce everything
it needs (Encyclopedia.com, 2020).
Globalizing Economy
In the early twenty-first century, communication between most parts of the

world is instantaneous. A manager in Berlin, Germany, can phone or e-mail a
manager in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to discuss the latest news regarding the orange
crop. These new capabilities allow vast amounts of business data to be transferred
globally almost instantaneously at a reasonable cost. The world truly has become a
smaller place in terms of communication (Encyclopedia.com, 2020).
Technological advances have increased the potential for the transportation of

goods and individuals globally. This reality encourages a global market approach to
business as companies attempt to reach the largest number of consumers at the
lowest possible prices (Encyclopedia.com, 2020).
Another factor leading to a more globalized marketplace is the historical

decrease in tariff and nontariff barriers. In 1930 the United States raised tariffs under
the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act. Other countries followed suit, and international trade
slowed considerably. In 1947 several leading trading nations created the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade to serve as a forum for bringing down trade barriers.
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Between
1947
and
1994, trading countries
around the world participated in eight rounds of negotiating in an effort to reduce
tariffs (Encyclopedia.com, 2020).
Multinational corporations search the globe for the lowest possible labor costs
and weakest environmental safeguards. It is not unusual for them to get help from
undemocratic governments that compete in the global marketplace by refusing to
protect their citizens from environmental degradation and workplace abuse—ranging
from below-survival wages to physical attacks (Encyclopedia.com, 2020).
Top 10 Economies in the World
Before we reveal the top 10 mammoth economies of the year 2019 lets discuss first some
basic terminology in order to appreciate better this concept.
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total monetary or market value of all
the finished goods and services produced within a country‘s borders in a
specific time period. As a broad measure of overall domestic production, it
functions as a comprehensive scorecard of the country‘s economic health
(Chappelow, 2019).
• GDP per capita is the total output divided by the number of people in the
population, so you can get a figure of the average output of each person, i.e.,
the average amount of money each person makes. The two most common
ways to measure GDP per capita are nominal and purchasing power parity
(abbreviated PPP)
• Nominal gross domestic product is a GDP evaluated at current market

prices. GDP is the monetary value of all the goods and services produced in a
country (Chappelow, 2019).
• Purchasing power parity is an economic term for measuring prices at

different locations. It is based on the law of one price, which says that, if there
are no transaction costs nor trade barriers for a particular good, then the price
for that good should be the same at every location (Krugman and Obstfeld,
2009).
To compare the data, each country's statistics must be converted into a common
currency. The two most common methods to convert GDP into a common currency
are nominal and purchasing power parity (PPP). A rule of thumb for understanding
GDP‘s PPP and nominal is that PPP is how much of a local good (like real estate,
labor, or locally grown produce) a person can buy in their country, and nominal is
roughly how much of an internationally traded good (diamonds, DVD players,
Snickers bars) a person can buy in their country (IMF, 2019).
Table 2. Top 10 Economies in the World (2019)

Rank Nominal GDP (IMF 2019 GDP (PPP) (IMF 2020
estimates) estimates)
1 USA China
2 China USA
3 Japan India
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Japan
4 Germany
5 India Russia
6 UK Germany
7 France Indonesia
8 Italy Brazil
9 Brazil UK
10 Canada France
Nominal GDP vs. Real GDP
Real GDP starts with nominal GDP but factors in any change in prices from one
period to the other. Real GDP is calculated by taking the total output for GDP and dividing
Self-Check 2 it by the GDP deflator (the difference in prices from the base year to the
current year is called the GDP price deflator.).
173 Rest
21% United States
24%
Countries 11-20
13%
China
15%
Countries 6-10
13% Japan
6%
United Kingdom Germany

3% 5%
Figure 1. Percentage Share of Global Economy
The different phases of economic cycles toss economies around the world.
However, it‘s interesting to see that these top economies don't budge easily from the
positions they hold. When compared to the top 20 economies of 1980, 17 are still
present on the list, which means only three new entrants (Silver, 2020).
In addition to the key players remaining almost the same, this analysis reveals
these economies are the engine of growth, commanding a majority of the global
wealth. The nominal GDP of the top 10 economies adds up to about 66% of the
world's economy, while the top 20 economies contribute almost 79% (Silver, 2020).
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The
remaining 173 countries

together constitute less than one-fourth to the world's economy.
Self-Check 2.1
1. ) is the totalGross Domestic Product (GDPmonetary or market value of all the

finished goods and services produced within a country‘s borders in a specific time period.
2. is a GDPNominal gross domestic evaluated at current market prices.
3. Purchasing product power parity is an economic term for
measuring prices at different locations.
4. is the total outputGDP per divided by the number of people in the population.
capita
II. Instruction: Answer the following questions.
1. Why do we use US$ as an internationally recognized medium of
exchange?
2. Site at least three technologies that made world trade easier and justify
your answer.
3. What country has the most influence in terms of global trade?
According to the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. dollar is the most
popular. As of the fourth quarter of 2019, it makes up over 60% of all known central
bank foreign exchange reserves. That makes it the de facto global currency, even
though it doesn't hold an official title. The relative strength of the U.S. economy
supports the value of the dollar. It's the reason the dollar is the most powerful
currency. As of 2018, the U.S. had $1,671 billion in circulation. As much as half that
value is estimated to be in circulation abroad (theoretically, any of the currency could
replace the dollar as the world's currency, but it wouldn‘t because they aren't as
widely traded).
Technology has helped us in overcoming the major hurdles of globalization

and international trade such as trade barrier, lack of common ethical standard,
transportation cost and delay in information exchange, thereby changing the market
place. Some of the technologies that made world trade easier is the use of
computers; this technology became the mode of transaction wherein people would
get in touch with trading at just one click, and to mention the internet, which most
basically is the primary reason of being interconnected with one another even across
the globe, and lastly, the rise of smartphones has really impacted trading much more
convenient with its reliable and fast access with lots of features all incorporated in a
technology that is handy everywhere.
The United States, China, and Germany are the leaders in Global
merchandise trade by wide margin. A global perspective on world trade views
exports and imports as complementary economic flows
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Globalized Trade
Learning Objectives
1. Define the term Market Integration;

2. Differentiate the types of market integration; and
3. Appreciate the concept of market integration
Market Integration
In a globalized world it is not surprising to discover that even the market place is
influenced by a interdependence of economies. Kohls and Ulrich have defined market
integration as a process which refers to the expansion of firms by consolidating
additional marketing functions and activities under a single management.
Market integration is a term used to identify a phenomenon in which markets

of goods and services that are related to one another being to experience similar
patterns of increase or decrease in terms of the prices of those products. The term
can also refer to circumstances in which the prices of related goods and services sold
in a defined geographical location also begin to move in some sort of similar pattern
to one another. Market integration occurs when prices among different locations or
related goods follow similar patterns over a long period of time. Group of prices time
and again move proportionally to each other and when this relation is very clear
among different markets these markets are said to be integrated. Thus market
integration is an indicator that explains how much different markets are related to
each other. At times, market integration may be intentional, with a government
implementing certain strategies as a way to control the direction of the economy. At
other times, the integration of the markets may be due to factor such as shifts in
supply and demand that have a spillover effect on several markets. When market
integration exists, the events occurring within two or more markets are exerting
effects that also prompt similar changes or shifts in other markets that focus on
related goods. For example, if the demand for wheat within a given geographical
market is suddenly reduced, there is a good chance that the demand for rice or other
staple food would increase in proportion within that same geographical market
(www.quora.com, n.d.).
Types of Market Integrations
• Horizontal integration. This occurs when a firm or agency gains control of

other firms or agencies performing similar marketing functions at the same
level in the marketing sequence. In this type of integration, some marketing
agencies combine to form a union with a view to reducing their effective
number and the extent of actual competition in the market. It is advantageous
for the members who join the group.
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•
Vertical
integration.
This occurs when a firm performs more than one activity in the sequence of
the marketing process. It is a linking together of two or more functions in the
marketing process within a single firm or under a single ownership. This type
of integration makes it possible to exercise control over both quality and
quantity of the product from the beginning of the production process until the
product is ready for the consumer. It reduces the number of middle men in the
marketing channel.
o Forward integration. If a firm assumes another function of
marketing which is closer to the consumption function, it is a case of
forward integration. Example: wholesaler assuming the function of
retailing
o Backward integration. This involves ownership or a combination of
sources of supply. Example: when a processing firm assumes the
function of assembling/purchasing the produce from the villages.
• Conglomeration. A combination of agencies or activities not directly related
to each other may, when it operates under a unified management, be termed
a conglomeration.
 Activity 1.
Instruction: View the film ―The Corporation‖ direct
ed by Mark Achbarand
Jennifer Abbott and write a reaction paper about it.
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Although a
corporation is
viewed as a human with a
conscience, it is one
with a dark side that seeks to leave a trail of destruction, whenever it goes out on a
profit-making initiative. Incidentally, it does not regret having done wrong as an
average person does. For the most part, corporations aspire to make maximum
income per unit of input used in the production process. From The
Corporation documentary review it is evident that employees know that they are not
free to do as they please, as pointed out by Sam Gibara, former CEO and chairman of
Good Year Tires. As shown in the film, corporations will go to the extent of making
even the tragedy of others a business venture, in total disregard of what befalls others
as recounted by Carlton Brown (Achbar, Abbot: The Corporation). It is noted in the
documentary that corporations have made profits out of everything, including those
that are essential to human life. The documentary raises the concern about ethical
issues but supports too much the idea of public resource governance but fails to
outline the social injustices that are committed by these governments in the pretext of
managing public resources. It also gives great credit to communism without exploring
some of the negative sides of the same. Full movie also fails to collect evidence and
facts about these corporations but instead gives a subjective opinion about the issue.
Corporations are out to maximize the monetary outcome of every input they employ in
production and are, for the most part, less concerned with who gets hurt. Corporations
need some legal framework to ensure that they take into consideration the effects of
their business ventures to society and protect themselves from being unfairly labelled.
Nowadays, there is a legal requirement that a certain percentage of their

profits should be given back to society through corporate social responsibility. It is
therefore not objective to make a conclusion that corporations are ruthless and will
make their income and walk out, not caring about their repercussions to the general
society.
Self-Check 2.2
1. occurs when aHorizontal integration firm or agency gains control of other firms or
agencies performing similar marketing functions at the same level in the
marketing sequence.
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2.
Conglomeration combination of
agencies or activities not directly
related to each may, when it operates under a
other unified
management.
3. occurs when aVertical integration firm performs more than one activity in the sequence of
the marketing process.
4. a wholesalerForward integration assuming the function of retailing
5. a Market integration phenomenon in which markets of goods and services
that are related to one another being to experience similar patterns of increase
or decrease in terms of the prices of those products.

Globalized Trade
Learning Objectives
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1. Define the terms related to global trade;

2. Familiarize with some Free Trade Agreements; and 3.
Appreciate how sanctions are used to influence nations.
Free Trade Agreements
You probably heard of this term in the while scrolling for news updates in your
Facebook accounts or holding a bit in international news channels in your TV. A free
trade agreement is a pact between two or more nations to reduce barriers to imports
and exports among them. Under a free trade policy, goods and services can be
bought and sold across international borders with little or no government tariffs,
quotas, subsidies, or prohibitions to inhibit their exchange. This concept is the
opposite of trade protectionism or economic isolationism (Barone, 2020).
Some Free Trade Agreements across the World:
• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)- includes USA, Canada,

and Mexico (Barone, 2020).
• ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) is a trade bloc agreement by the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations supporting local trade and
manufacturing in all ASEAN countries, and facilitating economic integration
with regional and international allies (ASEAN Secretariat, 2010).
• European Free Trade
Association (EFTA) includes Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and
Switzerland (EFTA Secretariat, 2006).
You may have heard about trade war going on between USA and China and some
terminology may have been often mentioned to describe the ongoing economic
wrinkle between the two economic powerhouses. Such term may include economic
sanctions. Let‘s define some of those key terms to better understand free trade
agreements.
It is facts that trade agreements affect all international trade. But not all trade
agreements put a benefit to all participants. Here are some of the benefits of trade
agreements: Increased economic growth, Lower government spending and
technology transfer. Drawbacks of trade agreement may include: increased job
outsourcing (usually bad for developed economies while beneficial to developing
ones), poor working conditions of the labor sector, and degradation of natural
resources.
Sanction
A sanction is a penalty levied on another country, or on individual citizens of

another country. It is an instrument of foreign policy and economic pressure that can
be described as a sort of carrot-and-stick approach to dealing with international trade
and politics (Radcliffe, 2019). Remember North Korea?
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A
country
has a
number of different
types of sanctions at its disposal. While some are more widely used than others, the
general goal of each is to force a change in behavior (Radcliffe, 2019).
Types of Sanctions
• Tariff- is a tax imposed by one country on the goods and services imported
from another country. How it works? Tariffs are used to restrict imports by
increasing the price of goods and services purchased from another country,
making them less attractive to domestic consumers. There are two types of
tariffs: A specific tariff is levied as a fixed fee based on the type of item, such
as a $1,000 tariff on a car. An ad-valorem tariff is levied based on the item's
value, such as 10% of the value of the vehicle (Kelton, 2019). USA Vs. China.
• Quotas- A quota is a government-imposed trade restriction that limits the
number or monetary value of goods that a country can import or export during
a particular period. Countries use quotas in international trade to help regulate
the volume of trade between them and other countries. Countries sometimes
impose them on specific products to reduce imports and increase domestic
production. In theory, quotas boost domestic production by restricting foreign
competition (Barone, 2019). Rice, anyone?
• Embargo- An embargo is a government order that restricts commerce with a
specified country or the exchange of specific goods. An embargo is usually
created as a result of unfavorable political or economic circumstances
between nations. It is designed to isolate a country and create difficulties for
its governing body, forcing it to act on the issue that led to the embargo. How it
works? An embargo is a powerful tool that can influence a nation, both
economically and politically. The ability to easily trade goods all over the world
is key to maximizing the economic prosperity of a country. When that is no
longer possible, it can have serious negative consequences (Liberto, 2019).
Remember USA Vs. Iran?
Self-Check 2.3
I. Instruction: Answer the following questions.

1. c. Quotas Which of the following is a sanction that limits the number or
monetary value of goods that a country can import or export during a
particular period?
a. Tariff b. Embargo c. Quotas d. Sanction
2. Which of theb. Embargo following is a sanction that restricts commerce with a
specified country or the exchange of specific goods?
3. Which of theA. Tariff following is a sanction that is used to restrict imports by increasing
the price of goods and services purchased from another country?
4. Which of thec. Trade Agreement following is a pact between two or more nations to
reduce barriers to imports and exports among them?
a. Tariff b. Embargo c. Trade Agreement d. Sanction
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d. 5. Which of the
Sanction following is a
penalty
levied on another country, or on
individual citizens of another country?
II. Instruction: Answer the question given.

1. How do we benefit from the AFTA? Is there a disadvantage associated with
our involvement to such agreement?
2. How can a trade agreement influence the nursing profession?
Positive impacts of AFTA are increasing intra-regional trade and investment,

improve resource allocation within the region, achieve higher income per capita and
economic welfare and greater economic resilience for regional economies, facilitates
specialization, lower cost inputs. The main disadvantage of AFTA is the common
external tariff or the CEPT. This tariff is not applicable on all import goods. There is a
charge or tariff imposed on the imported goods, which is not beneficial from the point
of view of customer.
Six key themes relevant to nursing workforce, nursing practice or public health
were 1. Lack of consultation with public health and health professionals in trade
negotiations; 2. Implications of strengthened intellectual property provisions for
equitable access to medicines (including biologics) and medical devices; 3. Threats to
government capacity to regulate domestic policy for public health and health services
through ‗Investor State Dispute Settlement‘ provisions 4. Threats to government
capacity to regulate domestic policy for public health and health services through
‗Regulatory Coherence‘ 5. Potential limited benefits to communities and increased
health inequities 6. Potential implications of increased temporary migration.

Governing the World
Learning Objectives:
1. Define the terms related to the global interstate system;

2. Discuss the function of UN; and
3. Familiarize the function of the organs of UN.
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The
Global
Interstate System
Global Interstate System is the whole system of human interactions. The

modern world-system is structured politically as an interstate system – a system of
competing and allying states. Political Scientists commonly call this the international
system, and it is the main focus of the field of International Relations (Chase-Dunn,
et. al., 2014).
Institutions that govern international Relations
The United Nations (UN)
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization that aims to maintain

international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve
international cooperation, and be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations. It is
the largest, most familiar, most internationally represented and most powerful
intergovernmental organization in the world. The UN is headquartered on
international territory in New York City; other main offices are in Geneva, Nairobi,
Vienna and The Hague (UN, n.d.).
The Structure of UN
The UN system is based on five principal organs: the General Assembly, the
Security Council, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the International
Court of Justice and the UN Secretariat. A sixth principal organ, the Trusteeship
Council, suspended operations on 1 November 1994, upon the independence of
Palau, the last remaining UN trustee territory. The UN System includes a multitude of
specialized agencies, such as the World Bank Group, the World Health Organization,
the World Food Programme, UNESCO, and UNICEF (UN, n.d.).
Table 3. The Principal organs of the UN

UN Organ Function
UN General Assembly • The deliberative assembly of all UN members states
• May resolve non-compulsory recommendations to
states or suggestions to the Security Council
(UNSC);
• Decides on the admission of new members,
following proposal by the UNSC;
• Adopts the budget;
• Elects the non-permanent members of the UNSC;
all members of ECOSOC; the UN Secretary
General (following his proposal by the UNSC); and
the fifteen judges of the International Court of
Justice (ICJ). Each country has one vote.
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•
Administrative organ of the

UN Secretariat
UN
• Supports the other UN bodies administratively (for
example, in the organization of conferences, the
writing of reports and studies and the preparation of
the budget);
• Its chairperson—the UN Secretary General—is
elected by the General Assembly for a five-year
mandate and is the UN's foremost representative.
International Court of • Universal court for international law

Justice • Decides disputes between states that recognize its
jurisdiction;
• Issues legal opinions;
• Renders judgment by relative majority. Its fifteen
judges are elected by the UN General Assembly for
nine-year terms.
UN Security Council • For international security issues
• Responsible for the maintenance of international
peace and security;
• May adopt compulsory resolutions;
• Has fifteen members: five permanent
members with veto power and ten elected
members.
UN Economic and • For global economic and social affairs
Social Council • Responsible for co-operation between states as
regards economic and social matters;
• Co-ordinates co-operation between the UN's
numerous specialized agencies;
• Has 54 members, elected by the General Assembly
to serve staggered three-year mandates.
UN Trusteeship  For administering trust territories (currently inactive)
Council
Self-Check 3.0

1. is the wholeGlobal Interstatesystem of human interaction.
2. is The United Nations (UN) intergovernmental organization that aims to
anSystem
maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations
among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a center for harmonizing the actions of
nations.
3. UN General Assembly is the UN organ that decides on the admission of new members.
4. is currently anInternational Court of inactive organ of UN.
5. is the UNJusticeInternational Court of Justice organ that issues legal opinions.
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Governing the World
Learning Objectives
1. Appreciate the importance of global governance;

2. Familiarize with the economic and foreign policy of other nation; and
3. Appreciate the culture of other nation.
Contemporary Global Governance
Global governance is a purposeful order that emerges from institutions,

processes, norms, formal agreements, and informal mechanisms that regulate action
for a common good. Global governance encompasses activity at the international,
transnational, and regional levels, and refers to activities in the public and private
sectors that transcend national boundaries. In this conception of global governance,
cooperative action is based on rights and rules that are enforced through a
combination of financial and moral incentives. In the absence of a single authoritative
institution or world government structure, global governance is comprised of elements
and methods from both the public and private sectors. These basic elements include
agreed upon standards, evolving norms based on shared values, and directives
issued and enforced by states. Methods of global governance include harmonization
of laws among states, international regimes, global policy issue networks, and hybrid
institutions that combine functions of state agencies and private sector organizations.
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Institutions of
global governance—the United Nations, the International Criminal Court, the World
Bank, etc.—tend to have limited or demarcated power to enforce compliance. Global
governance involves multiple states including international organizations with one
state having more of a lead role than the rest. The modern question of world
governance exists in the context of globalization and globalizing regimes of power:
politically, economically and culturally. In response to the acceleration of worldwide
interdependence, both between human societies and between humankind and the
biosphere, the term "global governance" may name the
Contemporary World Activities
Activity 1. A World of Regions Global Divides: The North and the South
(Focus on Latin America)
• Graded Group Report:

Students will form 4 groups. Each group will be assigned a Latin American
country to report on. These groups will deliver 10 minutes presentations on
the contemporary foreign and economic policies of their respective countries
Activity 2. Asian Regionalism
• Students will form 4 groups. Each group will be assigned a Latin American
country to report on. These groups will deliver 10 minutes presentations on the
contemporary foreign and economic policies of their respective countries
Activity 3. A World of Ideas Global Media Cultures
• Individual Presentation: Students will pick an Asian musical act that became
internationally famous. In their report, they must answer the following
questions:
1. Where did the musical act/artist originate?
2. In which countries did the artist become famous?
3. How did the artist become famous?
4. Why do you think the artist become famous?
Activity 4. Contemporary Events (Global Pandemic)

process of designating laws, rules, or regulations intended for a global scale.
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•
Create an
Infographic about COVID-19 using any software available to you.
You may choose one of the following category:
a. What is COVID-19
b. Origin of COVID-19
c. Mode of transmission of COVID-19
d. Incubation period of COVID-19
e. How to prevent COVID-19
f. How COVID-19 is transmitted
g. Why undergo quarantine
• Reminder: Please use original pictures (to avoid copyright issues) and attach in
micro printing the source of your picture.
• Submit your file in a form of a picture format with good readable pixilation
property.
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Activity
4.
Contemporary Events
(Global Pandemic)
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The World that Worships
Learning Objectives
1. Discuss the definition of religion;

2. Explain the relationship of relation to globalization;
3. Familiarize with the different dominant religious organization; and
4. Analyze the relationship of religion to terrorism.
The Globalization of Religion
Religion is a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the
universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or
agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a
moral code governing the conduct of human affairs. A specific fundamental set of
beliefs and practices generally agreed upon by a number of persons or sects
(Dictionary.com, 2020).
Lexico (2020), Also defined religion as the belief in and worship of a superhuman
controlling power, especially a personal God or gods.
Generally, religion is a ―system of beliefs and practices.‖ More specifically,

the word comes from the Latin ―religare‖ which means ―to bind together again that
which was once bound but has since been torn apart or broken.‖ Indeed, with the
globalization of economics and politics, individuals feel insecure ―as the life they
once led is being contested and changed at the same time.‖ Hence, ―in order for a
person to maintain a sense of psychological well-being and avoid existential anxiety,‖
individuals turn to scripture stories and teachings that provide a vision about how they
can be bound to a ―meaningful world,‖ a world that is quickly changing day-byday
(Golebiewski, 2014).
Nonetheless, the relationship between globalization and religion is one with

new possibilities and furthering challenges. On the one hand, while religion takes
advantage of communication and transportation technology, it is at the same time the
source of globalization‘s greatest resistance by acting as a haven for those standing
in opposition to its power. On the other hand, because globalization allows for daily
contact, religion enters a circle of conflict in which religions become ―more
selfconscious of themselves as being world religions‖ (Golebiewski, 2014).
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Global
Religious Population
Christians remained the largest religious group in the world in 2015, making up
nearly a third (31%) of Earth‘s 7.3 billion people, according to a new Pew Research
Center demographic analysis. But the report also shows that the number of Christians in
what many consider the religion‘s heartland, the continent of Europe, is in decline
(Hackett & Mcclendon, 2017).
Christians had the most births and deaths of any religious group in recent
years, according to our demographic models. Between 2010 and 2015, an estimated
223 million babies were born to Christian mothers and roughly 107 million Christians
died – a natural increase of 116 million (Hackett & Mcclendon, 2017).
Muslims make up the second largest religious group, with 1.8 billion people, or
24% of the world‘s population, followed by religious ―nones‖ (16%), Hindus (15%)
and Buddhists (7%). Adherents of folk religions, Jews and members of other religions
make up smaller shares of the world‘s people (Hackett & Mcclendon, 2017).
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Figure 2. World‘s Major Religion in a Map
Activity 1. Globalization and Religion
Instruction: Watch the Film PBS Frontline: ―The Rise of ISIS‖

(Link: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/rise-of-isis/) and answer the following
questions:
1. Discuss the origin of ISIS?
ISIL originated as Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in 1999, which pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda and
participated in the Iraqi insurgency following the 2003 invasion of Iraq by Western forces at the behest of
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the United
States.
2. How did religion play in the development of ISIS?
The Islamic State, also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham ( ISIS), follows a distinctive variety of
Islam whose beliefs about the path to the Day of Judgment matter to its strategy, and can help the West
know its enemy and predict its behavior. Its rise to power is less like the triumph of the Muslim Brotherhood
in Egypt (a group whose leaders the Islamic State considers apostates) than like the realization of a
dystopian alternate reality in which David Koresh or Jim Jones survived to wield absolute power over not
just a few hundred people, but some 8 million.
3. How did it achieve a global status?
ISIL is known for its videos of beheadings and other types of executions of both soldiers and civilians,
including journalists and aid workers, and its destruction of cultural heritage sites. The United Nations holds
ISIL responsible for committing human rights abuses, genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.
Activity 2.
Instruction: Answer the following questions.
1. What makes religion different from a cult?
The word cult can be broadly defined as "formal religious veneration," "a system of religious beliefs and
its body of adherents," "a religion regarded as 'unorthodox or spurious,'" "great devotion to a person or
idea" as well as "persons united by devotion or allegiance to an artistic or int ellectual movement or
figure
2. How does your religion influence how you view the world?
Religion has helped me with everyday decisions and actions that I opt to do in order to be equipped with
compassion and patience towards others. Moreover, it maximizes my spiritual aspect that brings me closer
to God and the people around me.
3. Site an evidence of influence associated to the most populous religion in the world.
The Christian faith centers on beliefs regarding the birth, life, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ.
While it started with a small group of adherents, many historians regard the spread and adoption of
Christianity throughout the world as one of the most successful spiritual missions in human history

World Population
Learning Objectives
1. Discuss the importance of global cities;

2. Innumerate the characteristics of a global city; and
3. Discuss the future impact of global population to sustainable progress.
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The
Global
City
The globalization of the world we know today creates places where global trade
saturates and becomes a true center of humanity in terms of many criteria‘s
determined significant to a globalized society. We are looking at the development of
global cities. A global city, also
called a power city, world city,
alpha city or world center, is a city
which is a primary node in the global
economic network. The concept
comes from geography and urban
studies, and the idea that
globalization is created and furthered
in strategic geographic locales
according to a hierarchy of
importance to the operation of the
global system of finance and trade.
The most complex node is the
"global city", with links binding it to
other cities having a direct and tangible effect on global socio-economic affairs
(Sassen, n.d.). The term "global city", rather than "megacity", was popularized by
sociologist Saskia Sassen in her 1991 work, The Global City: New York, London,
Tokyo. More recently, the term has focused on a city's financial power and high
technology infrastructure, with other factors becoming less relevant.
What Makes a Global City?

In order for a city to be considered as a global city certain criteria must be met, such
criteria may change overtime or may vary depending on the criteria used. For the
purpose of this discussion here are some of the characteristics that make a global
city:
• A variety of international financial services, ( finance, insurance, real estate, banking,

accountancy, and marketing)
• Headquarters of several multinational corporations (Coca-cola, Nestle, Honda, etc.)
• The existence of financial headquarters, a stock exchange, and major financial
institutions
• Domination of the trade and economy of a large surrounding area
• Major manufacturing centres with port and container facilities
• Considerable decision-making power on a daily basis and at a global level
• Centres of new ideas and innovation in business, economics, culture, and politics
• Centres of media and communications for global networks
• Dominance of the national region with great international significance
• High percentage of residents employed in the services sector and information sector
• High-quality educational institutions, including renowned universities, international
student attendance, and research facilities
• Multi-functional infrastructure offering some of the best legal, medical, and
entertainment facilities in the country
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• High
diversity in language,
culture, religion, and ideologies
Global Population
The current US Census Bureau world population estimate in June 2019 shows
that the current global population is 7,577,130,400 people on earth, which far
exceeds the world population of 7.2 billion from 2015. Our own estimate based on UN
data shows the world's population surpassing 7.7 billion (World Population Review,
2020).
China is the most populous country in the world with a population exceeding
1.4 billion. It is one of just two countries with a population of more than 1 billion, with
India being the second. As of 2018, India has a population of over 1.355 billion
people, and its population growth is expected to continue through at least 2050. By
the year 2030, the country of India is expected to become the most populous country
in the world. This is because India‘s population will grow, while China is projected to
see a loss in population (World Population Review, 2020).
The next 11 countries that are the most populous in the world each have
populations exceeding 100 million. These include the United
States, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Russia, Mexico, Japan, Ethi
opia, and the Philippines (World Population Review, 2020).
Self-Check 5.0

1. What is a global city?
2. What do you think is the most important characteristics of a global
city?
3. What do you think is the potential impact of current global population in
achieving the 17 SDGs?
Global city, an urban centre that enjoys significant competitive advantages and
that serves as a hub within a globalized economic system. The term has its origins in
research on cities carried out during the 1980s, which examined the common
characteristics of the world's most important cities.
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In my
opinion, Certificate No.AJA19-0226
the top
three most important
characteristics of a global city must include considerable decision-making power on a
daily basis and at a global level, must be a centre of new ideas and innovation in
business, economics, culture, and politics, and must also be a centre of media and
communications for global networks; with these three major characeristics, a city will
be able to maximize its full potential in utilizing available resources in hand that would
most likely lead towards a globally competitive progress.
I think that the potential effects or impact with the rising numbers of the current
global population in achieving the SGD 17 will be focusing on the difficulty to cater
people included in the lowest economic status of the society; that would mean
quantity of the resources may outweigh quantity of the population that actually needs
it.

World Population
Learning Objectives
1. Appreciate global demography;

2. Differentiate the stages of demographic transition; and
3. Discuss the effect of the changing demography to the nursing profession.
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Global
Demography
Demography is the study of human populations – their size, composition and

distribution across space – and the process through which populations change.
Births, deaths and migration are the ‗big three‘ of demography, jointly producing
population stability or change (Stockholm University, 2019).
A population‘s composition may be described in terms of basic demographic

features – age, sex, family and household status – and by features of the population‘s
social and economic context – language, education, occupation, ethnicity, religion,
income and wealth. The distribution of populations can be defined at multiple levels
(local, regional, national, global) and with different types of boundaries (political,
economic, geographic). Demography is a central component of societal contexts and
social change (Stockholm University, 2019)
.
In the past 50 years, the world accelerated its transition out of long-term
demographic stability. As infant and child mortality rates fell, populations began to
soar. In most countries, this growth led to falling fertility rates. Although fertility has
fallen, the population continues to increase because of population momentum; it will
eventually level off. In the meantime, demographic change has created a ‗bulge‘
generation, which today appears in many countries as a large working-age
population. This cohort will eventually become a large elderly population, in both
developed and developing countries (Bloom and Canning, 2006).
Demographic Transition Theory
The demographic transition theory is a generalized description of the changing

pattern of mortality, fertility and growth rates as societies move from one demographic
regime to another. The term was first coined by the American demographer Frank W.
Notestein in the mid-twentieth century, but it has since been elaborated and
expanded upon by many others (UNFPA, n.d.).
There are four stages to the classical demographic transition model:
Stage 1: Pre-transition
• Characterized by high birth rates, and high fluctuating death rates.
• Population growth was kept low by Malthusian ―preventative‖ (late age at
marriage) and ―positive‖ (famine, war, pestilence) checks.
Stage 2: Early transition

 During the early stages of the transition, the death rate begins to fall.
 As birth rates remain high, the population
starts to grow rapidly.
Stage 3: Late transition

• Birth rates start to decline.
• The rate of population growth decelerates.
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Stage 4:
Post-
transition
 Post-transitional societies are characterized by low birth and low death rates.
 Population growth is negligible, or even enters a decline.
Self-Check 5.1
I. Instruction: Answer the following questions

1. What is global demography?
2. Site a country as an example for each stage of demographic transition.
Justify your answer.
3. Philippines is in what the stage of demographic transition?
4. How can the changing global demography affect the nursing profession in
the country?
 Global demography is the disparity in population growth between developed

and developing countries reflects the existence of considerable heterogeneity
in birth, death and migration processes, both over time and across national
populations, races and ethnic groups.
 Pre-transition; Afghanistan, Early transition; Africa, Late transition; China,

Post-transition; Japan
• Philippines is in early transition.
• Changing the global demography in reducing population growth would mean that
nursing profession will be able to strengthen the quality healthcare to everyone.

World Population
Learning Objectives
1. Discuss global migration;

2. Innumerate the reason for migrating;
3. Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of migration; 4. Differentiate the
factors that influence global migration; and
5. Appreciate the OFWs contribution to the country.
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Global
Migration
Most of you may have the same typical motivation in taking this program, to be able to
go abroad and earn a better pay check.
As a global phenomenon, people are moving just about everywhere. In

particular, Quartz Media LLC indicates that the largest area of regional migration is
from Southeast Asia to the Middle East, which is largely due to oil construction booms
on the Arabian Peninsula. The biggest flow between individual countries is between
Mexico and the United States, the latter making up the largest single migrant
destination in the world. Many migration routes are within the same continents and
regions, with people moving to neighboring countries (Blackman, 2017).
How people migrate depends greatly on each nation‘s current immigration

laws and the safety of the route itself. While some migrants are able to travel by
airplane or train, others do not have the same luxury. Those looking to enter Europe
through North Africa often face a particularly perilous route: an extremely
overcrowded boat over the Mediterranean Sea, sometimes with a Saharan Desert
trek directly beforehand. Transportation is one of many examples of how migration
can take drastically different forms (Blackman, 2017).
Why do people move?
Global migration can be understood as a cause and effect relationship, though the
causes are just as numerous as their effects. People move across international
borders for a variety of reasons, including (though not limited to):
• Safety
• Natural disaster
• Political conflict
• Education
• Family
• Career
• Economic betterment
The Push-Pull Factor
Some of the reasons that trigger global migration can be explained by what‘s
known as the Push-Pull factor. Pull factors are factors in the destination country that
attract the individual or group to leave their home. These factors attract people to a
new place largely because of the opportunities presented in the new location were not
available to them previously. An example of a pull factor would include a family
moving from a country with minimal job opportunities to a new location with more
opportunities for a successful career. The beneficial elements that the new country
presents encourages people to migrate there in order to seek a better life for their
families (Blackman, 2017).
A push factor refers to conditions which force people to leave their homes. A
person would typically move because of distress (safety, natural disaster, or political
conflict). Although push factors don‘t require a person to leave their home, the
conditions impacting the push factors often negatively impact the quality of life for the
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person if
they
choose
to stay. Places that
experience drought and famine, war conflicts, and/or high unemployment would
contribute to the push factors that trigger migration for that country‘s residents
(Blackman, 2017).
Push factors, in particular, are often underestimated in their popularity and

frequency, which is emphasized by Manpower Inc.‘s survey of employees across 27
countries. In this survey about relocating internationally, 82 percent of respondents
said they would move for a pay increase, 74 percent would move to increase their
career, and 47 percent would move to learn another language. In short, people
migrate for all kinds of unexpected reasons (Blackman, 2017).
Does migration improve the quality of life?
Whether individuals migrate due to push or pull factors, there are undeniable
benefits involved with adapting to a new country. Some benefits are simply fun and
exciting: learning a new culture and experiencing new opportunities, such as tasting
new foods and getting to know a different approach to communication, or immersing
yourself in the new cultural activities, can be exciting and enriching (Blackman, 2017).
Other benefits, namely personal freedoms, are essential. People may leave
their home countries in search of safety and religious, academic, or political freedom
in their new countries. It‘s estimated that around 11 million Syrians have fled their
homes since the outbreak of the civil war in March 2011; many fleeing for their safety
in search of a better quality of life for their families. In this example, migration can
improve peoples‘ lives drastically (Blackman, 2017).
Potential Drawbacks for Global Migration
Migration can present a great variety of challenges ranging from simple

discomfort to profound shifts in mental health. Migrating to a new place where the diet
or the local culture is largely unfamiliar may be quite jarring. Imagine moving from the
US where drinking coffee or tea in the mornings is the cultural norm to living in
Central Asia where in some parts, drinking salty yak butter tea is the norm (Blackman,
2017).
Culture shock is a predictable culprit for migratory challenges: changes in
language, diet, politics, religion, and environment are immediately visible. For
example, those who migrate from the Middle East or Africa are aware of the
difficulties of adjusting to colder temperatures in Scandinavia. What might not be as
obvious, though, is the challenge of adjusting to extremely short daylight hours in the
winter, making seasonal affective disorder an unanticipated hurdle for many
immigrants (Blackman, 2017).
Furthermore, the act of leaving a home country can be emotionally difficult,

especially for those who may never be able to return and/or were forced out by
situations that they couldn‘t control. Having to emigrate as a refugee from a war-torn
Syria, breaks up families and can destabilize immigrants‘ sense of self, which could
lead to depression. These challenges obviously should not be taken lightly – help and
support are key (Blackman, 2017).
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Filipinos
Working
Abroad
Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) is a term often used to refer to Filipino
migrant workers, people with Filipino citizenship who reside in another country for a
limited period of employment.
The term "Overseas Filipino Worker" (OFW) was used as early as the 1990s
to refer to Filipino migrant workers, when Republic Act 8042, also known as the
Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 was enacted. The term was
officially adopted by the Philippine government when the Philippine Overseas
Employment Administration (POEA) adopted the 2002 POEA Rules and Regulations
Governing the Recruitment and Employment of Land-based Overseas Workers.
Historically, particularly during the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos, the
term "Overseas Contract Worker" (OCW) was used.
The Filipino Migrant Workers in Figures
The number of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) who worked abroad at any
time during the period April to September 2018 was estimated at 2.3 million.
Overseas Contract Workers (OCWs) with existing work contract comprised 96.2
percent of the total OFWs during the period April to September 2018.The rest (3.8%)
worked overseas without contract (PSA, 2019).
There were more females than males among the OFWs, with the female
OFWs comprising 55.8 percent of the total OFWs. Female OFWs were generally
younger than male OFWs, with about half (47.5%) of the female OFWs belonging to
the age group 25 to 34 years. In comparison, male OFWs in this age group made up
38.9 percent. Male OFWs aged 45 years and older accounted for 21.2 percent of all
male OFWs while their female counterparts in this age group made up 14.5 percent
(PSA, 2019).
Among occupation groups, elementary occupations (37.1%) was the biggest

group of OFWs. Other large occupation groups were the service and sales workers
(18.8%) and plant and machine operators and assemblers (13.8%). More than half of
the female OFWs were in elementary occupations (58.7%). Among the male OFWs,
the largest groups were plant and machine operators and assemblers workers
(27.8%) (PSA, 2019).
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Column A Column B
d. Saudi Arabia 1. The country with the most number of a. Overseas Filipino
OFW. Worker
b. OCW
c.Elementary Occupation 2. The type of occupation most female c. Elementary
OFW prefer. Occupation
e. UAE_
nd
3. The country with the 2 most number d. Saudi Arabia
of OFW. e. UAE
f. Abu Dhabi
b. OCW 4. Filipino workers abroad with existing
contract.
Activity 1.
OFW interview : interview a former or a current OFW (face -to-face or online). Write a
paragraph about what you learn from the interviews about transnationalism and
factors that affect global migrations
Self-Check 5.2
I. Instruction: Match items in column A with the items in column B by writing the
letter of the best match in the space provided.
II. Instruction: Answer the following questions.

1. What is global migration?
A situation in which people go to live in foreign countries, especially in order to find work: Most
global migration is from developing countries to developed ones.
2. What are the reasons people migrate?
Factors such as poverty, lack of economic opportunity, land shortage and low living standards
at home function as push factors, while prosperity, opportunity, available employment and
higher living standards in the place of destination are pull factors.
3. What is the difference between the push factor and the pull factor?
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Push
factors
encourage people to
leave their points of origin and settle elsewhere, while pull factors attract migrants to
new areas. For example, high
unemployment is a common push factor, while an abundance of jobs is an effective
pull factor.
4. How can the nursing profession benefit from the global migration observed
today?
A healthcare professional such as nurse/nursing can benefit from the global

migration by working in a foreign land to earn money for the needs and wants of their
family in their country of origin.
5. Would you like to work abroad? Why?
I would really want to work at a foreign country in hopes to expand my horizon and be able to
maximize my full potential in discovering different places meeting new people.

Towards a Sustainable World
Learning Objectives
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1.
1.
1.
1. Demonstrate
understanding of the SDGs; and
2. Apply the SDGs in developing solutions in the local context.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global

Goals, were adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 as a universal call
to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace
and prosperity by 2030.
The 17 SDGs are integrated—that is, they recognize that action in one area
will affect outcomes in others, and that development must balance social, economic
and environmental sustainability.
Through the pledge to Leave No One Behind, countries have committed to

fast-track progress for those furthest behind first. That is why the SDGs are designed
to bring the world to several life-changing ‗zeros‘, including zero poverty, hunger,
AIDS and discrimination against women and girls.
The SDGs replace the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which started
a global effort in 2000 to tackle the indignity of poverty. The MDGs established
measurable, universally-agreed objectives for tackling extreme poverty and hunger,
preventing deadly diseases, and expanding primary education to all children, among
other development priorities.
For 15 years, the MDGs drove progress in several important areas: reducing
income poverty, providing much needed access to water and sanitation, driving down
child mortality and drastically improving maternal health. They also kick-started a
global movement for free primary education, inspiring countries to invest in their
future generations. Most significantly, the MDGs made huge strides in combatting
HIV/AIDS and other treatable diseases such as malaria and
Goal 1: No poverty "End poverty in all its forms everywhere."
Goal 2: Zero hunger "End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition,
and promote sustainable agriculture."
Goal 3: Good health "Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all
and well-being for ages."
people
tuberculosis.
Goal 4: Quality "Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and
education promote lifelong learning opportunities for all."
Goal 5: Gender equality "Achieve gender equality and empower all women and
girls."
Goal 6: Clean water "Ensure availability and sustainable management of water

and sanitation and sanitation for all."
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"Ensure access
to affordable, Certificate No.AJA19-0226
reliable, sustainable and
Goal 7: Affordable and modern energy for all."
clean energy
Goal 8: Decent work "Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic
and economic growth growth, full and productive employment and decent work
for all."
Goal 9: Industry, "Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and
Innovation, and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation."
Infrastructure
Goal 10: Reducing "Reduce income inequality within and among countries."
inequalities
Goal 11: Sustainable "Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, cities and
communities resilient, and sustainable."
Goal 12: Responsible "Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns."
consumption and
production
Goal 13: Climate action "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its
impacts by regulating emissions and promoting
developments in renewable energy."
Goal 14: Life below "Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and
water marine resources for sustainable development."
Goal 15: Life on land "Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial
ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat
desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and
halt biodiversity loss."
Goal 16: Peace, justice "Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable
and strong institutions development, provide access to justice for all and build
effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels."
Goal 17: Partnerships "Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the
for the goals global partnership for sustainable development."
Activity 1.
1. Identify at least 10 concerns in your barangay using Community Health Nursing Principles.
*malnutrition
*high unemployment rate
*improper waste disposal
* lack of education
* poverty
* political corruption
* bullying
* economic deprivation
* gender inequality
* health care availability
2. Vis-à-vis with the identified concerns, identify the corresponding SDGs that will
resolve each.
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*Malnutrition= SGD 2
*High unemployment rate=SGD 8
*Improper waste disposal= SGD 6
*Lack of education= SGD 4
* Poverty= SGD 1
* Political Corruption= SGD 16
* Bullying= SGD 10
* Economic Deprivation= SGD
* Gender Inequality=SGD 5
*Health Care Availability= SGD 3
3.Proposed a possible solution to at least 3 of the concerns identified.
*Improper waste disposal: Each household within the Barangay must be knowledgeable
on effective ways to reduce garbages and segregate each classification.
: Transparency between the administration and its

* Political Corruption programs
conducted including annual reports of money that is being used; in that way, quality
activities can be conducted that could benefit constituents.
* : Availability of local jobs must be reinforced so that everyone could make

Poverty a
living for their respective family.

Learning Objectives
1. Manifest interest in understanding global food security;

2. Demonstrate appreciation of impact of global hunger; and
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3. Propose recommendation to alleviat e local food insecurity.
Figure 3 . Mud Cookies in Haiti
A mud cookie or bonbon tè in Haitian Creole is a food that is eaten in Haiti,

particularly in times of starvation. They can be found in slums like Cité Soleil. Dirt is
collected from the nation's central plateau, near the town of Hinche, and trucked over
to the market (e.g. La Saline market) where women purchase it (Clammer, 2016). It is
processed into cookies in shanty towns such as Fort Dimanche (Katz, 2008). First,
the dirt is strained to remove rocks and clumps (Katz, 2008). The dirt is mixed with
salt and vegetable shortening or fat (Clammer, 2016). It is formed into flat discs.
Then, it is dried in the sun. The finished product is transported in buckets and is sold
in the market or on the streets (Nevins, 2016).
The taste has been described as a smooth consistency that immediately dries the
mouth with an unpleasant aftertaste of dirt that lingers for hours (Katz, 2008).
The clay may also contain toxins and parasites, posing a health risk (Clammer,
2016).
Global Hunger
Nearly a billion people across the world experience the effects of food
insecurity (FAO, 2020). New evidence continues to signal that the number of hungry
people in the world is growing, reaching 821 million in 2017 or one in every nine
people, according to The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2018
released today. Limited progress is also being made in addressing the multiple forms
of malnutrition, ranging from child stunting to adult obesity, putting the health of
hundreds of millions of people at risk (WHO, 2018).
The annual UN report found that climate variability affecting rainfall patterns
and agricultural seasons, and climate extremes such as droughts and floods, are
among the key drivers behind the rise in hunger, together with conflict and economic
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slowdowns (WHO,
2018).
Global Food Security
Food security is defined as the availability of food and one's access to it. A
household is considered food secure when its occupants do not live in hunger or fear
of starvation. Stages of food insecurity range from food secure situations to full-scale
famine. The World Food Summit of 1996 defined food security as existing "when all
people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a
healthy and active life" (Disabled World, 2015).
The World Food Summit of 1996 defined food security as existing "when all
people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a
healthy and active life". Commonly, the concept of food security is defined as
including both physical and economic access to food that meets people's dietary
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needs as
well as
their
food preferences.
Household food security exists when all members, at all times, have access to
enough food for an active, healthy life. Food security incorporates a measure of
resilience to future disruption or unavailability of critical food supply due to various risk
factors including droughts, shipping disruptions, fuel shortages, economic instability,
and wars (Disabled World, 2015).
Why is food security such a major global challenge?
The obvious reason is that everybody needs food. But the complexity of
delivering sufficient food to a national population and to the whole world‘s population
shows why food security is such a priority for all countries, whether developing or
developed (Breene, 2016).
In short, this is a global challenge because it‘s not just about food and feeding
people but also about practically all aspects of an economy and society ( Breene,
2016).
What causes food insecurity?
1. Population growth – this varies considerably across countries. Africa is

expected to double its population from 1 to 2 billion by 2050. Populations in the
developing world are also becoming increasingly urbanized, with 2.5 billion additional
urban residents projected in Africa and Asia.
2. Changing tastes – not only is the population growing, but its diet is changing
too. As people become more affluent they start eating food that is richer in processed
foods, meat and dairy. But to produce more meat means growing more grain.
3. Climate change – currently, 40% of the world‘s landmass is arid, and rising
temperatures will turn yet more of it into desert. At current rates, the amount of food
we‘re growing today will feed only half of the population by 2050.
4. Water scarcity – this is another impending crisis: 28% of agriculture lies in

waterstressed regions. It takes roughly 1,500 litres of water to produce a kilogram of
wheat, and about 16,000 litres to produce a kilogram of beef. In 2050, we‘ll need twice
as much water.
5. Troubled farmers – in developed countries, less than 2% of people grow
crops or breed animals for food. Fewer and fewer people are choosing farming as an
occupation. Meanwhile, food prices are rising, arable land continues to be lost to
sprawl and soil is being degraded by over-farming.
Activity 1.
Make a reaction paper about video documentary ―BBC Documentary The Future of
The Global Food Supply at Risk‖
(Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3IgAe2bdoAc)
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The world’s
population is increasing every year and one disadvantage of this phenomena is the shortage
of food supply. There is not enough food available for the world’s population to feed on,
because of a lot of serious problems going on. This can only be resolved until there is a
reliable solution to solve the ongoing matter. Thus, this essay will look into these problems,
and identify possible solution, find if there’s any disadvantage in these solutions. In the next
40 years the world’s population is predicted to rise to 9 billion, that amount of people living
on this planet would put a lot of strain on the agricultural sector, there would be more
demand for food and water.
All of this disasters can have devastating effects on agricultural production and the
environment. Effects such has the damage to crops, destroyed fields, reduced food supply to
the animals due to the destroyed environment, loss of harvest, destroyed storage facilities,
etc. After a natural disaster, it is especially difficult for peasant farmers to recover. Secondly,
Pest and diseases terrorising crops and livestock can have adverse effects on the worlds food
supply, this would reduce the quantity and quality of the agricultural products. The shortage
of agricultural products would hence, affect import and export and probably damage a
country’s economy. To begin with, there are a lot of other problems affecting world’s food
supply, the situation is getting worse especially in some places in Africa, unless there is a
solution as to how the shortage of food can be fixed.
In the eighteenth century, Thomas Malthus alerted the world to the consequences of
rapid (geometric) population growth for what we (though not he) would call food security.
Thanks to the demographic transition, we can now envisage a world where population and
consumption cease to rise. The policy decisions we make and the science we choose to carry
out over the next few decades will determine whether all the people living in this world have
access to adequate food.
Self-Check

1. What is global food security?
The FAO defines food security as when all people, at all times, have physical, social and
economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food, which meets their dietary needs and
food preferences for an active and healthy life.
2. What are the factors that contribute to global hunger?
Poverty is the principal cause of hunger. Several factors that contribute to hunger and
poverty include war and conflict (which displace many refugees), restrictive economic
systems, and climate change (which increases food volatility and food prices).
3. What can you do to alleviate global hunger?
Birth Control Education: Because many people are not educated on reproduction or do not
have access to contraceptives, high birthrates pose a problem. Gaining access to
R.B. Baillo 2020

Page 50 of 56
contraceptives allows for

family planning, economic freedom and reduces world hunger.
4. What is the solution developed in Netherlands to combat global hunger?
Netherlands aims to have found a permanent solution to malnourishment for at least 32

million people by 2030, intending, for example, to set up coordinated programmes relating
to food security, water and climate in and around small-town growth centres in the Sahel.

Learning Objectives
1. Discus the meaning of global citizenship; and

2. Discuss the meaning of a global citizen;
Global Citizenship
According to Israel (2012), the most positive way of responding to the

growing interconnectedness among people, countires and economies is by pursuing
a path of global citizenship.
For Oxfam (n.d.), global citizenship is all about encouraging young people to develop
the knowledge, skills and values they need to engage with the world. And it‘s about
the belief that we can all make a difference.
Global citizenship is about the shared human experience. It acknowledges and

celebrates that, wherever we come from and wherever we live, we are here together.
Our well-being and success are ultimately interdependent. We have more to learn
from one another than to fear about our future (Rinne, 2017).
Global citizenship is not the same as globalization. Globalization — the process by

which organizations develop international influence or operate on an international
scale — is driven by economics, business and money. It‘s about the flow of products,
capital, people and information. Global citizenship, on the other hand, is driven by
R.B. Baillo 2020

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identity
and
values.
Global citizens build
bridges, mitigate risk and safeguard hu manity. While globalization is under hot debate
today, we have never needed global citizens more than now (Rinne, 2017).
A Global Citizen is someone who:
• is aware of the wider world and has a sense of their own role as a world
citizen
• respects and values diversity
• has an understanding of how the world works
• is outraged by social injustice
• participates in the community at a range of levels, from the local to the global
• is willing to act to make the world a more equitable and sustainable place
• takes responsibility for their actions.
Self-Check 6.2

1. What is global citizenship?
Global citizenship is the idea that one's identity transcends geography or political borders and
that responsibilities or rights are derived from membership in a broader class:
"humanity"
2. Are you a global citizen? Justify your answer.
Yes, I could say that I am a global citizen
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andwhy-it-matters/
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Disabled World, (2015).
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world.com/fitness/nutrition/foodsecurity/
EFTA Secretariate (2006). EFTA Bulliten. Retrieved on November 19, 2019 from:
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Free_Trade_Relations_July-August_2006.pdf
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https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-andlaw/economics-
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FAO, (2020). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World. Retrieved on
February 20, 2020 from: http://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/en/
Feder, B. (2006). Theodore Levitt, 81, Who Coined the Term 'Globalization', Is Dead.
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Golebiewski, D. (2014). Religion and Globalization: New Possiblilities, Furthering

Challenges. Retrieved on February 17, 2020 from:
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Certificate No.

For Nursing Students

ROGEL BERT A. BAILLO

R.B. Baillo 2020

R.B. Baillo 2020

Information Sheet 1.0

At the end of this information sheet you should be able to:

1. Discuss origin of the term globalization;

The Contemporary World

This course introduces students to the contemporary world by examining the

The Study of Globalization

In order to understand globalization it is important to note that Theodore Levitt, a

R.B. Baillo 2020

First Globalization (1870-1914)

The ―British‖ Industrial Revolution made for a fantastic twin engine of

But the first wave of globalization and industrialization also coincided

R.B. Baillo 2020

Third Globalization (1989 to present)

A new technology from the Third Industrial Revolution, the internet,

The result has been a globalization on steroids. In the 2000s, global

R.B. Baillo 2020

Table 1. Comparing the three waves of globalization (From: Johnson, 2008)

The First Wave The Second The Third Wave

Telegraph Television Computer

Electricity Commination Internet

Today, in a world increasingly dominated by two global powers, the

At the same time, a negative globalization is expanding too, through

R.B. Baillo 2020

1. . WhoTheodore Levittfirst coined the term globalization?

II. Instruction: Write at least 5 advantages of globalization

III. Instruction: Write at least 5 disadvantages of globalization

IV. Instruction: Answer the following questions.

R.B. Baillo 2020

Information Sheet 2.0

At the end of this information sheet you should be able to:

1. Identify the basic aspects of globalization;

The Structure of Globalization

• Capital movements refers to the movement of money for the purpose of

• Spread of knowledge (and technology): Information exchange is an integral,

R.B. Baillo 2020

According to International Monetary Fund (IMF), the identified four basic

The ―globalization‖ of health care creates an increasingly interconnected

R.B. Baillo 2020

Information Sheet 2.1

At the end of this information sheet you should be able to:

1. Discuss the history of an internationally recognized currency;

The Global Economy

International trade permits countries to specialize in the resources they have.

In the early twenty-first century, communication between most parts of the

Technological advances have increased the potential for the transportation of

Another factor leading to a more globalized marketplace is the historical

R.B. Baillo 2020

Top 10 Economies in the World

• Nominal gross domestic product is a GDP evaluated at current market

• Purchasing power parity is an economic term for measuring prices at

Table 2. Top 10 Economies in the World (2019)

R.B. Baillo 2020

Nominal GDP vs. Real GDP

United Kingdom Germany

Figure 1. Percentage Share of Global Economy

R.B. Baillo 2020

remaining 173 countries

1. ) is the totalGross Domestic Product (GDPmonetary or market value of all the