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Relative Risk

Relative risk (RR) is a measure that compares the incidence of disease in exposed individuals to that in non-exposed individuals, calculated as the ratio of these incidences. An RR greater than 1 indicates a positive association between exposure and outcome, while an RR less than 1 indicates a negative association. The document also provides an example using smoking and myocardial ischemia to illustrate the calculation and interpretation of RR.

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Topics covered

  • Health Education,
  • Clinical Guidelines,
  • Public Health,
  • Causal Relationships,
  • Data Interpretation,
  • Health Interventions,
  • Smoking and Myocardial Ischemi…,
  • Health Research,
  • Health Outcomes,
  • Epidemiology Terminology
30 views19 pages

Relative Risk

Relative risk (RR) is a measure that compares the incidence of disease in exposed individuals to that in non-exposed individuals, calculated as the ratio of these incidences. An RR greater than 1 indicates a positive association between exposure and outcome, while an RR less than 1 indicates a negative association. The document also provides an example using smoking and myocardial ischemia to illustrate the calculation and interpretation of RR.

Uploaded by

sahilsb149
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Topics covered

  • Health Education,
  • Clinical Guidelines,
  • Public Health,
  • Causal Relationships,
  • Data Interpretation,
  • Health Interventions,
  • Smoking and Myocardial Ischemi…,
  • Health Research,
  • Health Outcomes,
  • Epidemiology Terminology

Relative risk (RR)

RR = ratio of incidence of disease in exposed individuals


to the incidence of disease in non-exposed individuals
(from a cohort/prospective study)
 Relative risk or risk ratio (RR) is the ratio of the probability
of an event occurring ( eg:developing of an ADR to a drug)
in an exposed group to the probability of the event
occurring in nonexposed group.
(OR)
 Compares the risk of a health event among one group with
the risk among another group.
Includes 2 features:
A comparison of risk
between two “exposure”
puts risks in context , and
“exposure” is ensured
by having proper
denominators for each
group representing the
exposure
Relative Risk Calculation
RR = incidence in exposed
Incidence in non-exposed
It is a ratio of two risks, the risk of the outcome/event in the treated group compared
with the outcome in those not exposed(control group).

RR = Proportion of events in experimental group/proportion of events in control


group.

RR above 1 indicates treatment/exposure is associated with the outcome and below
1 means that the treatment is negatively associated with the outcome.

When the rate in the exposed group is equal to the rate in the
comparison group RR will be equal to 1.
An RR of 2 means that the rate in the exposed group is twice that in the non-exposed
group.
An RR of 0.5 means that the rate in the exposed persons is half that of non-exposed
persons.
If RR > 1, there is a positive association
If RR < 1, there is a negative association
 Measure of association

relative risk
odds ratio

Type of study Measure of association

Cross-sectional study Odds ratio

Case-control study Odds ratio

Cohort study Relative risk

Intervention study Odds ratio/Relative risk


Example: Smoking & MI
Out of total 500 individuals, 80 are smoking & among 125 MI
patients 45 are smoking, find out is there any association
between occurrence of MI & smoking?
Construct a 2×2 contingency table
Myocardial ischemia
Smoking Total
Yes No

Yes 45 35 80

No 80 340 420

Total 125 375 500


Calculation of Relative risk (RR)

• Interpretation of RR: Smokers are at 2.95 times greater risk of


developing MI than non-smokers

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