USING GRAPHS

Graphs
It

give physical form to abstract concepts They show relationships, comparison and change Their strong suit is the representation of numbers and quantities
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Graphic Terminology

Data
It

means counted or measured information To be graphed usefully, data should vary over some regular interval of space or time, from group to group or in some other way.
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Population Density
It

represents the kind of data that varies over space. Population growth changes through time Total population by age group shifts by proportional relationships
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Observation
Each

measurement or value Each observation becomes one plotted point on a graph

Variable
It

refers to the set of observations for each activity

Plotted Variable
It

means a collection of points used to shape a trend line, set of bars or other graphing symbols

Range
The

data is the extent of spread between minimum and maximum values It determines the optimum graph size, shape and scale, allowing room to plot the values in the data set
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Units
It

give the terms of measurement for the data dollars, percentage point millimeters for instance

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Grid
It

is formed by the intersection of the two scales

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Scale
It

gives meaning to each axis of a graph To represent the graphs in quantities, time or space it must be drawn to one or more sclaes
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Two Types of Scale

scales use direct relationship Ex. One inch = $1000 Logarithmic scales compress or expand time, quantities or other values according to a progression based on a mathematical logarithm
Normal
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Define Purpose
To

choose the best graph format, focus on the core relationship or pattern you want to depict in each frame. Keep the same horizontal and vertical scales form frame to frame when youre building a comparative series
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Types of Graphs

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Single-Scale Horizontal Bar Graphs

Compare

one quantifiable aspect of places or things at a particular moment The simplest format for information graphics Scaled only along the horizontal axis; the vertical distance between bars is not scaled but like the thickness of the bars themselves
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Single-Scale Horizontal Bar Graphs

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27.4

20.4

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100

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Time-Related Vertical Bar Graph

It

show the activity of one or several things through a particular time period. Single bars or sets of bars, some taller and some shorter according to the values on the Y axis are spaced at distinct intervals through time.
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Time-Related Vertical Bar Graph

46.9 45.9 45 43.9

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2nd Qtr

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4th Qtr

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Line Graph
Starts

with points plotted relative to scales on the horizontal and vertical axes; each point marks a known occurrence

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35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr 5th Qtr 10 5 20 30 26

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Differences of Bar and Line Graphs

Usually

line graph indicates rate, the relationship between change and time. While bar graph is limited in the number of points they can portray effectively, line can accommodate any number of data points
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Differences of Bar and Line Graphs

Choose

a line graph to show changes in quantities that vary continuously through time Choose a bar graph to represent countable things like production units
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Area Graphs
It

is like building a line graphs, with one addition: the space between the horizontal axis and the plotted line is filled in This implies volume, so use area charts to present information that measures magnitude
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Area Graph
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Pie Graph
It

shows proportion in relation to a whole Each wedge represents a percentage of the total Best at giving rough impressions of proportions
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Pie Graphs
13% 13%

17%

57%

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Anatomy Of A Graph

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1.The Graph Window

The

portion of the Cartesian plane on which you render your data It is defined by the origin and extent of the frame necessary to plot the data.

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Origin
It

is the starting point of the information, the conjunction of the lowest positive values on both the vertical and horizontal axes It is found at the lower left corner of the graph window
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Extent
It

refers to the end of the graph window, the highest and longest space that must be opened in order to display data It is usually found at the upper right corner of the graph window
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2. The Window Grid

It

presents the scale and reference value labels that give meaning to the visual treatment It orients the viewers to the starting point for observation counts or measures and makes clear the numeric progression from that point.
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3. Reference Values
Your

viewers will expect scale values to break at familiar increments, divisible by 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 or 100. For very large scales, reduce the bulk of the figures by representing values in thousands, millions and so forth
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4. Data Symbols
It

forms the main parts of a graph Points, bars, pie wedges, lines and graphic symbols illuminate statistics and clarify their relationships

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5. Text Annotation
wouldnt make much sense without titles, labels, scale indicators and other annotation. Every graph needs some text to identify exactly what is illustrated
Graphs

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Time-Related Graphing

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Line Graphs
The

measurement of quantity over a particular period of time It fills in the gaps between plotted observation points to illustrate trends

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Area Graphs
While

line graphs concentrate the viewers attention on a single stroke, area graphs demonstrate volume by filling in the area from the baseline of the horizontal axis to a trend line It is flat, bold and graphic, eliminating many of the design difficulties associated with lines
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Vertical/Column Bar Graph

It

gives another way to visualize time series; They represent a count of the same group or groups at various moments It works well for counts of production units, orders and returns intensities and concentrations or populations
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Double-Scale Graph
It

lets you show the relationship between two types of information over a period of time

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Comparing Component Parts

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Pie Graph
It

work nest with relatively few slices more than seven components can be confusing for the viewer and difficult for the designer to label Not ideal format for comparing components of two or more wholes
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Divided Bar Graph

It

is a good alternative for comparing parts of a whole Its easier to compare the components in two or more whole over time Its possible to compare the relative size of the wholes as well
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Divided Bar Graph

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% East 1st Qtr East 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr West West East East 4th Qtr West North North North West North

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Comparing Places or Things

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Horizontal Bar Graph

To

show relationships between people, products, regions, or companies at a moment frozen in time It answers the question Which is bigger?
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Population Pyramid
It

is a great format to use for organizing demographic information into a specialized form of the paired horizontal bar graph

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Population Pyramids Butterfly Format

It

is helpful when the relationship between sets of information is critical

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Deviation Bars
Bars

to the right or left of the reference axis will indicate the area of standard deviation, emphasizing divergence from the expected value

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Distribution and Correlation

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Frequency
It

is the number of times it occurs

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Frequency Distribution
It

measures size (quantity or magnitude) Ex. A graph of student test scores

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Histogram
It

reveals the distribution of measurement along the horizontal scale which is divide into bins

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Correlation
The

degree to which one event can be predicted from another can be visualized in a graph

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Scattergram
It

shows how two data sets correlate It is often presented with a regression line

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 Graphs

Summary

Range Units Graphing Grid Terminologies Scale Data Types of Graphs Population Single-Scale Bar Density Time-Related Observation Vertical Bar Variable Line Plotted Variable Area 56 Pie

Summary

Anatomy of a Graph The Graph Window Origin Extent The Window Grid Reference Values Data Symbols Text Annotation

Time-Related

Graphing

Line Graph Area Graph Vertical/Column Bar Graph Time-Series combinations

Double-Scale Graph 57

Summary

Comparing Population Pyramids Component Parts Butterfly Format Pie Graph Deviation Bar Divided Bar Distribution Graphs

Comparing

Places/Things

Horizontal Bar Pair of Bars

Population Pyramid

Frequency Distribution Histogram

Scattegrams
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Correlation