PHYSICAL

DEVELOPMENT
IN
CHILDHOOD
Guided By-
Miss Priyanka
PRESENTED BY
CHEHAK
MEGHA MITTAL
SHWETA AGGARWAL
ANSHIKA
SUDHA
APARNA KASHYAP
MANMEET
HONEY PAL
PUNEET JAIN
We are Going to Discuss
Meaning of Physical Growth and
Maturation ?
Difference between Physical Growth and
Maturation.
Physical Growth during Childhood. (Early &
Later childhood)
 PHYSICAL GROWTH
 Growth is a physiological and biological
process which brings changes in our body, both
intrinsic and extrinsic changes Growth lead to
increase in size, height, weight, expansion and
elongation of various body part. Eg. hands,
legs, lungs, brain, heart etc.
 Growth brings quantitative changes which are
observable and measurable. Eg. Increase in
weight, height etc.
 It starts from birth and continues till maturity.

FOR EXAMPLE :- Hands of an infant grow with

time. The hand size becomes larger and fingers
It is a biological and cellular multiplication
process only no other aspects are involved. It
is a function of organism only. Physical growth
may not necessarily bring development. i.e. A
person may undergo physical changes with
time, but he may not learn anything from
environment behaves like a child.
MATURATION
Is the sequence of physical changes that are
related to genetic influence.
Maturation is independent on the
environment but its timing can be influenced
by environment factors.
The rate of person growth and development
is highly individualized, however the
sequence is predictable.
MATURATION
Maturation :- the automatic and sequential
process of development that result from
genetic signals.
 infants crawl before walking.
 Sequence happens automatically and on
its own genetically determined timetable.
 Infants will not perform certain skills until
they are “ready”.
 Maturation (not the meaning you might think)
For
In psychology, “maturation” refers to changesexample ,
that occur primarily because of the passage. infant
In developmental psychology, maturation refersbodies, in
sequence,
to biologically-driven growth and development
will lift
enabling orderly (predictably sequential) heads ,
changes in behaviour. then sit
Experience (nurture) can adjust the timing, up, then
but maturation (nature)sets the sequence. crawl and
then walk
Maturation in Maturation, the
infancy and biological unfolding,
early will be seen in:
Brain development
childhood Motor
affects motor development
Stages of Maturation
in
Children
Child maturation refers to the genetic,
biological and physical development from
conception through adolescence. There are
several developmental milestones that occur
in healthy children. Although there are
normal patterns of maturation in child
development, individual and environmental
factors make it impossible to pinpoint exact
time frames, as no two children develop in
the same way.
 The First Year
The first 12 months of maturation culminate with
the child's ability to walk unassisted. By about 12
months, most children have become confident on
their feet. Leading up to this major milestone,
however, is the ability to roll over (approximately 3
months), grasp a rattle (approximately 3 months),
sit without support (approximately 6 months) and
stand while holding on (approximately 7 months).
According to Robert S. Feldman in "Life Span
Development," these hallmarks are typically met by
50 percent of children by the month indicated.
The Second Year
When a baby is first born, his head accounts for one-
quarter of his body length. By the second year, the body
has grown at a faster pace than the head, which now
makes up one-fifth of the child's entire body. According
to T. Berry Brazelton in "Touch Points: Birth to Three,"
the "terrible twos" are so known for the child's
increased ability to walk and scamper, which results in
increased autonomy and exploration. In addition to
squatting, balancing on one foot and climbing stairs,
the child's baby teeth have now grown in. It is not
uncommon for children of this age to climb up onto
chairs and stack objects above their own height.
 The Third Year
In the third year, legs grow faster than arms. A
three-year-old can typically kick a ball, balance on
one foot, and show left- or right-hand dominance.
It is typical at this time for children to begin
grasping a crayon between their first two fingers
and thumb.
The Fourth Year
During the fourth year, fine motor skills
begin to develop, as demonstrated by the
ability to draw lines and shapes, walk in a
straight line and run around obstacles
with finesse. The child is also beginning to
both throw overhand and catch a ball, as
well as play on the jungle gym and
playground.
 Ages 5 years and 6 years
By the sixth year, a child's head makes up
one-sixth of her entire body. As the body
grows close to its adult proportions, the child
is able to walk backwards, walk down stairs
with ease, catch a ball, ride a tricycle, walk
the balance beam and have control of a
crayon or pencil. Gross motor skills are now
well-established, and fine motor skills are
becoming refined.
Ages 7 to 11
Between the seventh and 12th year, children
develop the physical ability to balance on one
foot with their eyes closed, jump hopscotch
with agility, grasp and squeeze objects with
increased pressure, jump increasing lengths
up to 5 feet and run for prolonged distances,
according to Robert S. Feldman in "Child
Development." By the 12th year, the head is
one-seventh of the entire size of the body, and
primary and secondary sex characteristics
are becoming more distinguishable.
 ADOLESCEN
CE
Puberty marks the end of childhood and the
beginning of adulthood. Primary sex
characteristics, including reproductive ability, as
well as secondary sex characteristics, such as
pubic and facial hair, become fully expressed in
each sex. The conclusion of childhood and
beginning of adulthood is marked by
"semenarche" in males, which is the first
ejaculation, and the first menstruation in
females referred to as "menarche."
 PHYSICAL MATURATIO
GROWTH N

 NARROW Growth is a part or  WIDER Development is a

an aspect of development wider and comprehensive.
process of human beings.  CHANGE AS A WHOLE It’s
 CHANGE AS PARTICULAR refers to change in various parts
It’s refers to change in of the body & behaviour as a
particular aspect of body whole.
and behaviour.  ENVIROMENT It is a
 ORGANISM It is primarily function of both organism
the function of the organism and environment.
rather than that of the  CONTINUOUS Development
environment. is continuous and life-long
 NOT CONTINUOUS Growth process. It starts with the birth
is not a continuous. It starts of the child and ends with the
death of individual.
with conception but ends at
 IMPROVEMENT structure
some particular age.
 IMPROVEMENT Structure of functioning of the body &
EARLY CHILDHOOD (2 TO 6 YEARS)
Age of early is marked by an increase of
independence on the part of the body as he is
able to sit, stand and walk at his own will.
The basic foundation of physical , mental and
personality development .Psychoanalysts
too ,stress of the importance of infancy.
According to Adler infancy. Prepares the style
of life. It lays down the entire programme for
the future life of the child.
(A)PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
a) SIZE & WEIGHT :- It is the period of rapid
grow in size and weight. The average length
of a new born child is 19 inches but it varies
from 17 to 21 inches. The average weight of
new born baby is 7 pounds but it is observed
that it varies from 3 to 16 pounds.
b) CHANGES IN PROPORTION :- Changes in
the proportion of the body are now visible.
Different parts of the body like head and
trunk begin to take proportionate size.
c) BONES & MUSCLES :- There is rapid growth
in the bones and muscles. Bones and muscles
of the body begin to develop. He starts using
his fingers by holding things, sitting, standing,
walking and running.
d) TEETH : -The first tooth that normally appears
in a child is at the age of 6 months. By the time
child grows one year old 4 teeth appear.
e) DIGESTIVE SYSTEM :- Digestive organs of
the child are very tender susceptible to be
spoiled if not properly cared.
(B)INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
a) DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE :- The child at
birth can only cry as an expression of emotion-
pleasure or pain. His cries at 6 month’s age,
indicate his recognition of some new situation. By
the first year, he may utter a few words- Aa, Baa,
Maa, Paa etc. It is at 18 months, language
development becomes more rapid. Acc. To Prof.
Smith is of the opinion that the child at the age of
1 years is able to speak 3 words, at the age of 2,
he is able to speak 272 words and at the age of 5,
he learn 2072 words.
b) CURIOUS QUESTIONS :- The child becomes curious
and puts as questions. As “What is it ?” “Why is to
so ?” “Who has done it ?”
c) SENSORY DEVELOPMENT :- In the first
month of the life of the child, sensory
development takes place and thus the child
learns to use his senses effectively. The child
experience many types of sensations like
hardness, pleasure, pain, sensation of sound
and smell.
d) INTERESTS :- The child in his infancy is
interested in only those thing which are in
connection with immediate needs such as
hunger and feeding. Slowly his horizon to
looking at the things widens. He becomes
interested in bright, jingling & moving toys.
(C) EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
a) ANGER :- The most common emotion in this
stage. It is aroused when the adult’s force is
used to restrict the freedom of the child. It
is sometimes used as a device for gaining
the attention of the adults.
b) EMOTION OF JOY :- It is also shown by
children at this stage. They express it when
they see familiar faces.
c) EMOTION OF AFFECTIONS :- It is also
visible. Infancy show affection for parents
and nurses.
d) HIGHLY EMOTIONAL :- From 2 to 5 years,
the child is highly emotional and the
emotions being to show themselves up in
differentiated from. If the child is not handled
properly he will develop into an emotionally
immature persons.
e) NOT SPECIFIC :- The emotions of the child
are not specific at birth. They occurs in
diffused states. He cannot show specific
emotions like hunger, fear and joy as the
adults do. It take time to develop them. As
the children grow & reach the age of 2, there
is differentiation of emotions.
(D) SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
a) NOT SOCIAL :- The child is not social at birth. The
social behaviour is not-existent at birth. He is self-
centred. His activities and interests revolve around
himself.
b) SOCIAL PLAY:- At 3 years, child shows more desire
to play with other children. It is known as social
play. The size of the group increases with age from
2 memebers at 3 years to 3 or 4 members at 6
years. Sometimes, he select a special friend and
rejects others. He will often change his friends.
c) FIGHTING:- At four, children talk at length, call
names, fight and tattle.
d) FRIENDSHIP:- At five, friendship is strong and
fighting is less.
 LATER CHILDHOOD
STAGE
Later childhood is also stage of pre-
adolescence. The development of the
child at this stage depends on his
motor development. By motor
development ,it is meant the
development of strength , speed and
precision in the use of one’s arms, legs
and other body muscles . It is
importance because it has great
bearing on child emotional , intellectual
and social development . At this stage ,
Later childhood is the intervening
period between childhood and
adolescence . It beings with the
entrance of school and ends with
the onset of puberty.
During the period , many physical ,
intellectual , emotional, social
change take place. This period is
made rich by varied experience of
things and persons.
(A)PHYSICAL
DEVELOPMENT
1) HEIGHT & WEIGHT :- Late childhood is a
period of slow, steady, and uniform
growth .The child at the age of 12 is about
56 inches in height and 85 pound in weight.
2) BODILY PROPORTIONS :- It change
considerably and change the overall
appearance of the child. Lower jaw also
increase in size, arms, legs and trunk
increase in length and the period of thinness
increase. This rather gives “an ugly outlook”
to child.
3) GROWTH & COORDINATION OF MUSCLES :-
There is rapid and greater muscular growth
during this period. The child builds up finer
muscular co-ordination improves many muscular
and motor skills.
4) NERVOUS SYSTEM :- During this period, growth
of nervous system proceeds at a relatively slow
rate where as during the periods of infancy, the
growth of nervous system proceeds at a relatively
rapid rate.
5) DIGESTIVE SYSTEM :- Digestive system of a
child is very tender and susceptible to be spoiled
if not properly taken care of.
6) TEETH :- It is during this period that the teeth of
childhood start falling the permanent teeth start
(B) INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
1) LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT :- By the time child is 12, his
vocabulary is sufficiently rich. He can speak sentences fully well.
2) CURIOUS QUESTIONS :- The child tries to put curious
questions to his elders and parents and tries to get answers from
them. These questions are more definite than he used to put
during his infancy.
3) IMPORT OF REALITY INTO THE WORLD OF
IMAGINATION :- During this period, the child realises that the
world of reality is the real world for him.
4) DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTS :- Child develops the
concepts of time fully. He also develops an idea of length and
distance.
5) DEVELOPMENT OF INTERESTS :-During this period interest
of child expands. He likes books about travel, biography, science,
adventure, fairy tales, tales of crime, mystery & romance.
(C) EMOTIONALDEVELOPMENT
1) STABILITY :- This is a period of stability and
control.
 The child now comes to have a control over
his emotions.
 His emotional behaviour is guided by rational
expression.
 He gets angry but does not let it be exhibited.
 He expresses his affection very modestly and
on limited occasions.
 He does not like to be nicknamed it hurts his
ego.
 He learns to pretend at this stage.
 (D) SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
1) GROUP PLAY :- At about 6 or 7, the child tends to play in small
groups. He seeks playmates and spends most of his times with them.
2) TEAM GAMES :- By 11 or 12, he likes to take part in team games.
3) IMPORTANCE OF GROUP :- The group or gang becomes more
and more important during the period.
4) GROUP LOYALITES :- Group loyalties grow and the child gets
opportunities to obey and command.
5) GROUP LEADERSHIP :- Sometimes, the child may assume the
leadership of the gang or group as well.
6) PLANNING :- The child can plan his own activities and organise his
own plays. Thus the social qualities of initiative, organisation co-
ordination develop in him.