Name :

UniKL ID

Acids react with metals

such

as K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe,

and Sn.
to

produce hydrogen gas and the

salt of the metal.

This

is a Single replacement reaction

2

Molecular equations: 2K(s)+2HCl(aq) Zn(s)+2HCl(aq) 2KCl(aq)+ H2(g) ZnCl2(aq)+ H2(g)

Acids react
with

carbonates and hydrogen

carbonates
to

produce carbon dioxide gas, a salt,

and water.

 2HCl(aq)+CaCO3(s)

CO2(g)+CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

HCl(aq)+

NaHCO3(s)

CO2(g)+NaCl (aq) + H2O(l)

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Write the products of the following reactions of acids. A. Zn(s) + HCl(aq) B. MgCO3(s) + HCl(aq)

 Acid

react with base to form salt

and water is called NEUTRALIZATION

Because

the acid neutralize base /

base neutralize acid

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Four types of neutralization reactions :

1) 2)

Strong acid-strong base

Weak acid-strong base

3)
4)

Strong acid-weak base

Weak acid-weak base
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Strong acid + strong base neutral salt + water

Strong acid + weak base acidic salt

+ water

Weak acid + strong base basic salt

+ water Weak acid + weak base neutral salt + water
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Example : neutralization of hydrochloric acid and Natrium hydroxide

HCl + NaOH acid base

NaCl + H2O salt water (neutral)

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 Because

strong acid and strong

base all completely ionize, the net equation for the neutralization reaction is

H3O+ + OH the

H2O

pH of salt is 7 (neutral)
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Neutralization of HCN and NaOH Example : HCN + NaOH acid base NaCN + H2O salt water

12

 Because

weak acid is largely

undissociated, the strong base all

completely ionize, contain ion OH

in the product
The

salt has pH > 7

13

Neutralization of Hydrochloric acid and ammonia Example : HCl +

acid

base

NH3

NH4Cl + H2O
salt

water

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 Because

weak base is largely

undissociated, while the strong

acid all completely ionize,

produce ion H in the product
The

salt has pH < 7 (acidic)

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Example : neutralization of acid

hydrocyanate and ammonia Example : HCN + NH3 acid base NH4CN + H2O salt water
16

Because weak base and weak acid is largely undissociated, the pH of

the salt is depends on type of

weak acid and weak base react.

17

Write the balanced equation for the neutralization of magnesium hydroxide and nitric acid.

18

STEP 1 Write the acid and base. Mg(OH)2 + HNO3

STEP 2 Balance H+ in acid with OH- in base.

Mg(OH)2+ 2HNO3

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Write the neutralization reactions for the following: A. HCl (aq) and Al(OH)3(aq)
B. C. D.

Ba(OH)2(aq) and H3PO4(aq) HCl (aq) and Al(OH)3 (aq) HCl (aq) and Mg(OH)2(aq)
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The process in which the titrant is slowly added to the analyte until the

Titrant

equivalence concentration

point of

is the
Analyte

reached, from which the analyte can be determined.

21

The point in a titration at which the quantity of titrant is exactly sufficient for

stoichiometric reaction with the analyte.

Example:

2HCl + Mg(OH)2 MgCl

2 mol 1 mol

+ 2H2O

2 mol HCl sufficient react with 1 mol Mg(OH)2

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Equivalent point can be determine by

using indicator.

A point in which there is a sudden

change in indicator color or pH in a

titration is called end point.

The more the end point close to the equivalent point, the more accurate of the titration result.
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pH of solution can

indicate with :

a)
b)

pH meter
pH indicator

Indicator

In acid

In neutral

in base

Methyl orange
Bromophenol blue Methyl red & Methyl orange Litmus Bromothymol blue phenolphtalein

pink
yellow pink

orange
green orange

yellow
Biru yellow

red yellow Colorless

Purple green Colorless

blue blue Pink

29

At the equivalence point of an acid-base

titration, the moles of acid react with

mole of base follow the coefficient in balance equation : Mole of acid = mole of base

MacidVacid

mole of acid
mole of base
30

Mbase Vbase

Example 1: 10.0 mL of a solution of potassium hydroxide was completely react with a 0.10 M solution of hydrochloric acid. 13.5 mL of the acid

was required for neutralization. Calculate

the concentration of the potassium hydroxide solution.
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Equation : HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) Balance : HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) Equation 1 mole HCl react with 1 mol NaOH Available mole acid : Mole = MV / 1000 = 0.1 x 13.5 / 1000 = 1.35 x 10-3 mole
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1.35 x 10-3 mole HCl react with 1.35 x 10-3 mole NaOH Concentration of NaOH, M = mole/ L = 1.35 x10 = 0.14 M
-3

mole / 0.01 L

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25.0 mL of phosphoric acid solution is fully neutralized with 16.2 mL of 1.025 M NaOH. What is the molarity of the H3PO4 ?

34

Equation: NaOH (aq) +H3PO4 (aq)

Na3PO4 (aq)+ H2O (l)

Balance : 3NaOH(aq)+H3PO4 (aq)

Na3PO4 (aq)+ 3H2O (l)

Equation
3 mole NaOH react with 1 mole H3PO4

1 mole NaOH react with 1/3 mole H3PO4

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16.2ml, 1.025 M = 16.2 x 1.025/1000 = 0.0166 mole NaOH 0.0166 mole NaOH =1/3x 0.0166 mole H3PO4

= 5.535 x 10-3 mole

Molarity H3PO4 = 5.535 x 10-3 / 0.025 = 0.221 M H3PO4
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What volume of 1.45 M sodium hydroxide is necessary to completely neutralize 50 mL of 0.78 M phosphoric acid ?

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Equation: NaOH (aq) +H3PO4(aq)

Na3PO4 (aq)+ H2O (l) Balance : 3NaOH(aq)+H3PO4 (aq) Na3PO4 (aq)+ 3H2O (l) Equation
1 mole H3PO4 react with 3 mole NaOH 50 mL, 0.78 M H3PO4 = 0.039 mole H3PO4
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0.039 mole H3PO4 react with 3 x 0.039 = 0.117 mole NaOH

M = mole / L
L = 0.117 / 1.45 = 0.081 L

= 81 mL
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1) 50mL of 0.2 M NaOH neutralized 20mL of sulfuric acid. Determine the concentration of the acid. (Ans: 0.25M)

2) 25.0mL of 0.05M Ba(OH)2 neutralised

40.0mL of nitric acid. Determine the

concentration of the acid. (Ans: 0.0625M)

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Normality in acidbase titration

41

At the equivalence point of an acid-base titration the equivalents of acid equals the equivalents of base:

Equivalents of acid = Equivalents of base

VacidNacid = VbaseNbase
42

10.0 mL of an unknown acid required 20.0 mL

of 0.125 N NaOH to react.

(a) Calculate the normality of the unknown acid. (b) What is the molarity of the unknown acid if one mole of acid reacts two moles of base in the neutalization process?
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(a) equivalents of acid = equivalents of base VacidNacid = VbaseNbase Therefore Nacid = (20.0 mL)(0.125 N)/(10.0 mL) = 0.250 N (b) Macid = 0.250 N/2 = 0.125 M
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45

1)

How many mL of a 3M NaOH solution are

required to completely neutralize 20.0 mL

of 1.5M H2SO4? (ans: 20 ml)
2)

What is the molarity of a solution of

Ca(OH)2 if 15.0 mL of the solution is required to neutralize 20.0 mL of 2M HCl? (ans: 1.33M)

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1)

What volume of 0.25M phosphoric acid is required to neutralize 30.0mL of 0.05M barium hydroxide? (ans: 4 mL)

2)

Calculate the mass of aluminum hydroxide

required to completely react with 20.0 mL

of 0.45M HCl. (ans: 0.239)

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48

49

Calculate the concentration of a nitric acid solution if a 20 ml sample of the acid required an average volume of 55

ml of a 0.047 mol/l solution of

Ba(OH)2 to reach the endpoint of the

titration. (ans: 0.258 M)

50

2 HNO3 + Ba(OH)2 -----> Ba(NO3)2 + 2 H2 O Balance Base = 1 Balance Acid = 2

Given information Volume Acid = 20 ml Volume Base (average) = 55 ml Concentration of Base = 0.047 mol/l
MV (acid) / MV (base) = 2/1 M acid = 0.258 M
51

If 3.12 mmol of Bi(OH)3 are completely neutralized by 25.00 mL of H2SO4 solution. Calculate the normality and the molarity of the H2SO4 solution.(Ans: 0.3744 N and 0.1872

M)
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2 Bi(OH)3 + 3 H2SO4 Bi2(SO4)3 + 6 H2O

MV MV

base acid

2 3

3.12 x 10-3 base = 2 M (0.025) acid 3 M

acid

= 3.12 x 10-3 x 3 2 x 0.025

Molarity H2SO4 = 0.1872 M Normality = 2 x 0.1872 = 0.3744 N

53

A 0.243 g sample containing Ca(OH)2 was titrated with 22.7 mL of a 0.109 N solution of HCl. Calculate the weight % of Ca(OH)2 in the sample.

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Equivalent of HCl : N = Eq / L Eq = N x L = 0.109 x 0.0227 = 2.4743 x 10-3

Equivalents of acid = Equivalents of base in the neutralization reaction, Equivalents of base, Ca(OH)2 = 2.4743 x 10-3

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1 mole Ca(OH)2 = 2 Equivalent (2 OH-) 1 mole Ca(OH)2 = mole x mw = 1 x 74.08

gram 1 equivalent = 74.08/ 2 gram 1 equivalent = 37.04 gram 2.4743 x 10-3 equivalent = 0.0916 gram 0.243 gram sample contain 0.0916 gram of Ca(OH)2

% wt of Ca(OH)2 in sample = 0.0916 / 0.243 x

100 = 3.77 %
56

A 0.336 g sample containing oxalic acid H2C2O4 was titrated with 17.7 mL of a 0.0996 N NaOH solution. Calculate weight % of oxalic acid in the sample

57

Equivalent of NaOH : N = Eq / L Eq = N x L =0.0996 x 0.017.7 = 1.7629 x 10-3 Equivalents of acid = Equivalents of base in the neutralization reaction Equivalents of acid, H2C2 O4 = 1.7629 x 10-3
58

1 mole H2C2 O4 = 2 Equivalent (2 H+)

1 mole H2C2 O4 = mole x mw = 1 x 90.016 gram 1 equivalent = 90.016 /2 gram 1 equivalent = 45.008 gram 1.7629 x 10-3 equivalent = 0.07935 0.336 gram sample contain 0.07935 gram of

H2C2 O4
% wt of H2C2 O4 in sample = 0.07935 / 0.336 x 100 = 23.6 %
59

A 15.0 N mL sample of an acid requires 37.3 mL of 0.303 N NaOH for neutralization. Calculate the normality of the acid.

60

Equivalents of acid = Equivalents of base

VacidNacid = VbaseNbase
15 (N) = 37.3 x 0.303

= 11.3079
N = 11.3079 / 15 = 0.753
61

If 900.4 mg of the diprotic acid, oxalic acid (H2C2O4) is exactly neutralized by 24.10 mL of NaOH solution. Calculate the normality of the NaOH solution (ans: 0.8299 N)

62

Equivalents of acid = Equivalents of base in the neutralization reaction Equivalents of acid, H2C2 O4

1 mole H2C2 O4 = 2 Equivalent (2 H+)

1 mole H2C2 O4 = mole x mw = 1 x 90.016 gram 1 equivalent = 90.016 /2 gram 1 equivalent = 45.008 gram

900.4 mg (=0.9004 g) = 0.0200 equivalent

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Equivalent of NaOH = 0.0200 N = Eq / L = 0.0200 / 0.02410 = 0.8299 N

64

If take 32.75 mL of 0.1835 NaOH to titrate 23.42 mL of HCl solution. Calculate the normality of the HCl solution (ans: 0.2566 N)

65

Equivalents of acid = Equivalents of base

VacidNacid = VbaseNbase
23.42 (N) = 32.75 x 0.1835
= 6.0096

= 11.3079 / 23.42
= 0.2566
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Vinegar is an aqueous solution of acetic acid, CH3COOH. Suppose you titrate a 20.9 mL sample of vinegar with 31.27

mL of a standardized 0.1084 N solution

of NaOH. What is the normality of acetic

acid in this vinegar? (ans: 0.162N)

67

A Impure sample of ascorbic acid , with a

mass of 2.06 grams is dissolved in water. It

is titrated with 0.200 mol/l sodium

hydroxide.(The ascorbic acid reacts with

sodium hydroxide in a 1: 1 ratio). The sample required 46.0 ml to reach an endpoint using phenolphthalein as the indicator.
68

a) Calculate

the number of moles of ascorbic

acid in the sample. (= to the number of

moles of sodium hydroxide).
b) Calculate

the mass of ascorbic acid in the

the % purity of the sample (mass

sample.
c) Calculate

of ascorbic acid/ mass of sample X 100).

69

A 0.42 gram sample of acetylsalicylic acid (C9H8O4 , aspirin) is crushed and dissolved in water. The sample is titrated with 0.160

mol/l sodium hydroxide. The acetylsalicylic

acid reacts 1: 1 with the sodium hydroxide. The titration required an average volume of 12.50 ml of sodium hydroxide to reach the endpoint.
70

a) Calculate the number of moles of acetylsalicylic acid. b) Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid in the sample. c) Calculate the % purity of the sample

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