Library Tutorial

APA Reference Style for University Assignments

Learning Outcomes
In the tutorial, you will Learn the basic rules using the APA reference style for formatting citations. Be able to cite ideas from someones works using the APA style in your essay. Be able to create a reference list of books, journals & online documents (webpages) using the APA style.

Acknowledge Citations
Once you find a useful idea to support your essay argument, the source must be acknowledged. Whether paraphrasing or quoting an author directly, you must credit the source. An essay without the acknowledgement of sources will be considered as plagiarism. Your research paper will be complete when an adequate reference list is attached!

Todays Contents
Introduction: What is APA? Why APA style? Step 1: Formatting text citations. Step 2: Formatting bibliographic information for a reference list. Step 3: Referencing online resources in the APA style. Step 4: Listing formatted references in your reference list.

What is the APA style?

APA stands for American Psychological Association. It is also known as an Author-Date System, in contrast to a Note System.

The Author-Date Style: Citations in the text refer to references in the bibliography at the end of essay.

Note Style (the footnote citation style) where numbers in the text refer to references in the footer area.

Why APA style?

There are many Author-Date citation styles. In the Harvard style, a citation would be: (Woods: 2001: 45) In the APA style, it would be: (Woods, 2001, p. 45) APA is the most popular international authordate reference style for Social Sciences & Management journals.

Why APA style?

APA publishes an excellent user manual on referencing & editorial style. The library has many copies of the manual in many sections of the Library. Some copies can be loaned.

This tutorial is based on the APA Publication Manual (BF11.A69 2001 5th edition)

STEP 1: Formatting Citations in Your Essay with APA style

An Essay in APA style

Your thesis statement. An outline of your essay.
The Body: Your arguments (Your answer to the question) e.g. It is discussed that. (Anderson, 2002, p.35) Conclusion: A parenthetical reference The summary of your answer. Reference List. refers to Reference List: Anderson, S. (2002). Adventure tourism: An introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Introduction:

References within text

Example 1: Direct quotations
If your direct Language involves attaching meaning to world symbols quotation is more (Samovar & Porter, 1997, p. 286). than 40 words, indent the quoted According to Coakley (1994), the success of a professional section without sporting event is no guaranteed as it requires people in a society must have time (pp. 303-304).quotation marks. As Taylor (1983) points out, All society establishes hierarchies, In few society are they so widespread or important as in Japan. For the Japanese, rank is so finely determined that (p. 42).

When paraphrasing or referring to an idea contained in another work, you dont have to provide a location reference (e.g. a page or Example 2:paragraph quotations (paraphrasing / Indirect number). Nevertheless, you are summarizing) encouraged to do so. He spends years cultivating his clients, building long-term relationships based on reliability (Hall, 1983). If an idea comes Lormax (1968) from two different dance styles of a found that song and country were related to itsuse a of social cohesion and sources, level collectivism (pp.54-55). semicolon (;).
As discussed above, electronic commerce is typically characterised by disintermediation of supply chain. (Gould, 2001; New Zealand Tourism, 2003, pp.34-37).

References within text

References within text

Example 3: Citations from a secondary source (e.g. from a text book)
According to Steinberg and McDonalds study (as cited in McNeil, Ballard, Atkins, & Hall, 1996), it is not always true. If best to cite the original source, However, it is alwaysyou want to use an idea from an author student. especially if you are a graduatecited by another (1) References could author, use as cited in. be cited incorrectly. In the reference list, list only the (2) That would be dishonest. secondary source.

STEP 2: Formatting Bibliographic Data for List of References with APA style

List of References
Once your references are cited in the text, you need to append a reference list to acknowledge cited materials. The reference list provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source. Our purpose of listing references is to enable readers to retrieve and use the sources reference data must be correct and complete.

List of References
All references cited in the text must appear in the list. Conversely, each entry in the reference list must be cited in the text. Make sure that the text citation and reference list entries are identical.

List of References (Exception)

Your lecturers comments in your lecture or personal email, interviews must be acknowledged in the body of your essay, but these do not need to be listed in a reference list. e.g. In his lecture for Introduction to Sociology on 16 April 2002, Prof. Harris said that or Thus, it was proved to be 3.7%. (P. Harris, personal communications, April 16, 2002)

The Components
What is the minimum information to retrieve source information? Basic bibliographic data that are usually included in each citation are:
<1> <2> <3> <4> Authors Name Publication Date (& Access Date) Title of Item It must be italicised Publication Information(or underlined)

Listing Components
A bibliographic reference should not be like:
Author: John W. Creswell (1994) Title: Research Design Qualitative & Quantitative approaches. Publisher: Sage Publication, London Call number: H62.C71 1994 <Level 3> Reference List doesnt need library call numbers.

But it should be like...

Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research design: Qualitative & quantitative approaches. London: Sage Publication.

1. Authors Name
Invert all authors name give surnames and initials.
White, R. Dryden, G., & Vos, J. Robbins, S. P., Bergman, R., & Stagg, I.

For editors, use (Ed.) or (Eds.) after initials of editor(s).

Duncan, G. M. (Ed.). Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.).

2. Publication Date
Books, Journals & Audiovisual media need a Publication Year.
White, R. (1997). Knop, N., & Pope, C. (1998).

Magazines & Newspapers etc. need Year, Month, Day.

Creswell, J. (1993, June). [Monthly] Smith, A. (1994, September 28). [daily & weekly] Pope, C. (n.d.). [Work with no date available]

3. Title (Books)
Examples:

Enclose additional information Additional after the title. (trans.) (press.) or information for [CD], [Motion Picture] authors such as (Director), (Producer)

Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.) (1997). Intercultural communication: A reader. (8th ed.). New York: Wadsworth Publication Company. Gannon, M. J. (1997). Irish conversations. In L. A. Samovar, & R. E. Porter (Eds.), Intercultural communication: A reader. (8th ed.). (pp. 125-133). New York: Wadsworth Publication Company.

3. Title (Periodicals)
Periodicals are journals, magazines etc.
Deutsche, F. (1993). Husbands at home: Predictors of paternal participation in childcare and housework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65 (3), 1154-1166. Henry, W. A. (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. Time. 135, 28-31. Gill, M. A. (2001, December 13). Ringing endorsement. Waikato Times. Edition 2, p. 15.

4. Publication Information
Publication Information is:
1: Publication Place: Publishers name (for Books, Audiovisual media etc.) Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research design: Qualitative & No Publishers name & Place of quantitative approaches. London: Sage Publication. Publication 2. Issue Number, Page Numbers (for periodicals).
Volume numbers are a part of Journal Titles

Zhang, Z. (1988). A discussion of communicative culture.

Journal of Chinese Language Teacher Association, 23

(2), 107-112.

Well-known publication places such 4. Publication Information as Tokyo and New York do not need states or country names.

Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research design: Qualitative & quantitative approaches. London: Sage Publication.
Robbins, S. P., Bergman, R., & Stagg, I. (1997). Management. Maryborough, Victoria, Australia: Prentice Hall. If two or more publisher locations are given, give the location listed first in the book or the location of the publishers home office.

STEP 3: Referencing Online Resources in APA style.

No matter whether it is online or print, your reference needs four basic elements: (1) Author (2) Date (3) Title & (4) Publication Information URLs/Databases name

Access Date
A reference of an electronic source needs all four basic elements, and also date of retrieval before publication information.

Palmquist, S. (2004) Kant on the web. Retrieved October 6, 2004, from http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/Kant.html

Author
Wherever possible, identify the authors of documents. Be mindful of the quality of online documents (of unknown authorship!) On the other hand, you might find more than one authors name the host organisation and webpage author(s) are not the same

Lets practice
Suppose you want to use a webpage about Hamilton Zoo as a reference for your essay What are four reference elements?

Webpages title is always on the top bar of your browser. The URL (Publication Information) is in the address bar. If you cannot find the authors name or publication date, scroll down the browser.

Otherwise, go to the homepage of the website and/or find link to About me. Or About Us

At the bottom of the webpage, you normally find the copyright information (Author & Publication Date).

Write it in order
We identified all four basic elements:
Acknowledge websites author before Author: Hamilton City Council (& Hamilton Zoo). the URL if its different from the Date: 2001 websites host (e.g. Government Agency, University department) Title: Hamilton Zoo Pub.Info: URL & Date of Access

This webpage will be referenced as:

Hamilton City Council. (2001). Hamilton Zoo. Retrieved October 7, 2004, from the Hamilton Zoo Website: http://www.hamiltonzoo.co.nz/
No underline

Websites/Webpages
1. A webpage (A document in an Internet only journal)
New Zealands Information Network. (n.d.). October 11, 2004, from http://www.newzealandnz.co.nz/hamilton/

Hamilton Visitor's Guide & Visitor Information Hamilton City, Waikato, New Zealand. Retrieved

Websites/Webpages
2. A website (multiple documents)
When Internet documents comprises multople pages (it has different URLs), acknowledge its homepage:
American Psychological Association. (2003). APA style; Electronic References. Retrieved October 7, 2004, from http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html

Online Articles
1. An online article based on a print source (The same journal is available on the WWW: i.e. PDF version)
Adderly, B. (2001). Mother natures medicine chest [Electronic version]. Better Nutrition, 63 (8), 30-32.

2. An Articles in a Library Database (A HTML document)

Adderly, B. (2001). Mother natures medicine chest. Better Nutrition, 63 (8), 30-32. Retrieved September 30, 2004, from Academic Research Library database.

How to quote it?

1. Use PDF version if possible.
PDF is a scanned printed article. Page numbers should be available as printed articles.

2. Online Article in the HTML version.

There will no page numbers. If paragraph numbers are visible, use them in place of page numbers. Use the symbol or the abbreviation para. (Adderly, 2001, para. 5) or (Adderly, 2001,. 5).

How to quote it?

3. Online Article in the HTML version.
If there are headings in the document, use the heading and the paragraph number.
Privacy

has long been defined as the night of an individual to be left alone and to be able to control the flow of information about him or herself (Liu & Armett, 2002, Influence on E-commerce, para. 1) The current system of managed care and the current approach are shortsighted (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1).

STEP 4: Listing Bibliographic References in Your Reference List with APA style

Listing Entries
The list should be placed after the body of your essay. List all reference entries alphabetically. If no author is known, the entry should start with its title (ignore the or a an). Some webpages & many newspaper articles do not have authors name.

Listing Entries
e.g.

Drivers reject fuel prices driven by war threat. (2003, March 7). THE TIMARU HERALD. p.1.

In the text, use a short title (or the full title if it is short) for the parenthetical citation. e.g. (Drivers reject fuel, 2003)

Listing Entries
If there are two or more references by the same author in the same year, add alphabet after the publication year.

e.g.

Statistics New Zealand (2002a). The annual report. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.
Statistics New Zealand (2002b). The New Zealand Official Year Book. Auckland, New Zealand: Author.
Use Author if Author and Publisher are identical.

Listing Entries
In the text
According to Statistics New Zealand (2002b, pp. 306-310), international tourisms contribution to NZ economy is tremendous.

Final Check!
When you have completed your reference list, make sure that:
each entry has four basic elements. each entry referenced appears in both the text and the list. the text citation and reference list entry are identical in spelling and year.

Always check with the APA manual if you are not sure - use indexes.

Conclusion
You have learned: How to format citations in text using the APA reference style. How to make a reference list using the APA reference style. How to use the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (Call Number: BF11.A69).

Enjoy Essay Writing!