1

x l ting ni
x l ting ni
x l ting ni
x l ting ni
Trnh Vn Loan
Trnh Vn Loan
FIT-HUT FIT-HUT
2
X l ting ni
Ti liu tham kho
Ti liu tham kho
1.
1.
La parole et son traitement La parole et son traitement
automatique automatique
Calliope, Masson, 1989 Calliope, Masson, 1989

2
2
.
. Traitement de la parole Traitement de la parole
Rene Boite et Murat Kunt, Presse Rene Boite et Murat Kunt, Presse
Polytechniques Romandes, 1987 Polytechniques Romandes, 1987
3
3. . Fundamentals of Speech Signal Fundamentals of Speech Signal
Processing Processing
Saito S., Nakata K. , Academic Press, Saito S., Nakata K. , Academic Press,
1985 1985
Ti liu tham kho
Ti liu tham kho
1.
1.
La parole et son traitement La parole et son traitement
automatique automatique
Calliope, Masson, 1989 Calliope, Masson, 1989

2
2
.
. Traitement de la parole Traitement de la parole
Rene Boite et Murat Kunt, Presse Rene Boite et Murat Kunt, Presse
Polytechniques Romandes, 1987 Polytechniques Romandes, 1987
3
3. . Fundamentals of Speech Signal Fundamentals of Speech Signal
Processing Processing
Saito S., Nakata K. , Academic Press, Saito S., Nakata K. , Academic Press,
1985 1985
3
X l ting ni
Ni dung
Ni dung
1.
1.
Mt s khi nim c bn
Mt s khi nim c bn
2.
2.
X l tin hiu ting ni
X l tin hiu ting ni
3.
3.
M ho ting ni
M ho ting ni
4.
4.
Tng hp ting ni
Tng hp ting ni
5.
5.
Nhn dng ting ni
Nhn dng ting ni
Ni dung
Ni dung
1.
1.
Mt s khi nim c bn
Mt s khi nim c bn
2.
2.
X l tin hiu ting ni
X l tin hiu ting ni
3.
3.
M ho ting ni
M ho ting ni
4.
4.
Tng hp ting ni
Tng hp ting ni
5.
5.
Nhn dng ting ni
Nhn dng ting ni
4
X l ting ni ?
X l ting ni ?

X l thng tin cha trong

X l thng tin cha trong
tn hiu ting ni nhm
tn hiu ting ni nhm
truyn, lu tr
truyn, lu tr
tn hiu ny
tn hiu ny
hoc
hoc
tng hp, nhn dng
tng hp, nhn dng

ting ni.
ting ni.
1. 1. Mt s khi nim c bn Mt s khi nim c bn

Cc nghin cu c tin hnh

Cc nghin cu c tin hnh
x l ting ni yu cu nhng
x l ting ni yu cu nhng
hiu bit trn nhiu lnh vc
hiu bit trn nhiu lnh vc
ngy cng a dng: t
ngy cng a dng: t
ng m
ng m

v
v
ngn ng hc
ngn ng hc
cho n
cho n
x l
x l
tn hiu...
tn hiu...
5
Mc ch
Mc ch

M ho
M ho
mt cch c hiu qu
mt cch c hiu qu
tn hiu ting ni truyn v
tn hiu ting ni truyn v
lu tr ting ni.
lu tr ting ni.
1. 1. Mt s khi nim c bn Mt s khi nim c bn

Tng hp
Tng hp
v
v
nhn dng
nhn dng
ting ni
ting ni
tin ti giao tip ngi-my bng
tin ti giao tip ngi-my bng
ting ni.
ting ni.

Tt c cc ng dng ca x l
Tt c cc ng dng ca x l
ting ni u cn phi da trn
ting ni u cn phi da trn
cc kt qu ca
cc kt qu ca
phn tch
phn tch
ting
ting
ni
ni
6
1
1
.
.
Mt s khi nim c bn
Mt s khi nim c bn
Phn bit ting ni v
Phn bit ting ni v
m
m
thanh:
thanh:

cc c tnh m hc c ngun
cc c tnh m hc c ngun
gc t c ch to ting ni.
gc t c ch to ting ni.
C 2 loi ngun m
C 2 loi ngun m

tun hon (dy thanh rung)

tun hon (dy thanh rung)

tp m (dy thanh khng

tp m (dy thanh khng
rung)
rung)
7
B my pht m
B my pht m
1. 1. Mt s khi nim c bn Mt s khi nim c bn
Hng
Thc qun
Np thanh qun
Kh qun
Dy thanh
Vm ming cng
Vm ming mm
Khoang mi
Li
8
S khi b my pht m
S khi b my pht m

1. 1. Mt s khi nim c bn Mt s khi nim c bn
9
Thanh mn (1)
Thanh mn (1)
1 1. . Mt s khi nim c bn Mt s khi nim c bn
Thanh mn
Dy thanh
10
Thanh mn (2
Thanh mn (2
)
)

cc v tr ht, th, pht m,

cc v tr ht, th, pht m,
ni th tho
ni th tho

1. 1. Mt s khi nim c bn Mt s khi nim c bn
11
Dy thanh trong mt chu k dao
Dy thanh trong mt chu k dao
ng
ng

1. 1. Mt s khi nim c bn Mt s khi nim c bn
12
Biu din tn hiu ting
Biu din tn hiu ting
ni
ni

Dng sng theo thi gian

Dng sng theo thi gian
1. 1. Mt s khi nim c bn Mt s khi nim c bn
13
Biu din tn hiu ting ni
Biu din tn hiu ting ni

Ph tn hiu ting ni
Ph tn hiu ting ni
1. 1. Mt s khi nim c bn Mt s khi nim c bn
14
Biu din tn hiu ting ni
Biu din tn hiu ting ni

Spectrogram (Sonagram)
Spectrogram (Sonagram)
1. 1. Mt s khi nim c bn Mt s khi nim c bn
15
To m hu thanh . Formant v
To m hu thanh . Formant v
antiformant
antiformant

1. 1. Mt s khi nim c bn Mt s khi nim c bn
16
To m v thanh
To m v thanh


1. 1. Mt s khi nim c bn Mt s khi nim c bn
17
Mt s c im ng m
Mt s c im ng m
ting Vit
ting Vit

n m tit
n m tit

C thanh iu (6), bin i

C thanh iu (6), bin i
thanh iu km theo bin i
thanh iu km theo bin i
ngha
ngha

Khng bin i hnh thi

Khng bin i hnh thi
1. 1. Mt s khi nim c bn Mt s khi nim c bn
18
M hnh to ting ni (Fant-
M hnh to ting ni (Fant-
1960)
1960)


) z 1 )( z 1 (
A
) z ( G
1 1
+ +

+ +

K
1 k
2
k 2
1
k 1
) z b z b 1 (
B
) z ( V
) z 1 ( C ) z ( R
1

P
1. 1. Mt s khi nim c bn Mt s khi nim c bn
Lc thng Lc thng
thp G(z) thp G(z)
Lc thng Lc thng
thp G(z) thp G(z)
Tuyn m Tuyn m
V(z) V(z)
Tuyn m Tuyn m
V(z) V(z)
Ti bc x Ti bc x
R(z) R(z)
Ti bc x Ti bc x
R(z) R(z)
19
A(z): Hm truyn t ca b lc
A(z): Hm truyn t ca b lc
o
o
M hnh ton im cc
M hnh ton im cc
(AR
(AR
)
)
) z ( A
) z ( R ) z ( V ) z ( G ) z ( T


1. 1. Mt s khi nim c bn Mt s khi nim c bn
+

+
1 K 2
1 i
i
i
z a 1 ) z ( A
) n ( u ) i n ( x a ) n ( x
p
1 i
i
+

) z ( A
) z ( T

20
Nu tnh n khoang mi
Nu tnh n khoang mi

xut hin cc im
xut hin cc im
khng(ARMA)
khng(ARMA)
) z ( A
) z ( C
) z ( A ) z ( A
) z ( T
2
2
1
1

1 z c ) z ( C
-i
q
0 i
i

0
c
1. 1. Mt s khi nim c bn Mt s khi nim c bn
) i n ( u c ) i n ( x a ) n ( x
q
0 i
i
p
1 i
i
+

21
Bi tp
Bi tp
1. 1. Mt s khi nim c bn Mt s khi nim c bn
2
k k k
k
2
1 2
k k k
1 2 z cos z
H (z)
1 2z cos z z z

+

+
B
i 1.
H
m truyn t ca mt b lc s tn s formant F
k
c cho bi:

t
rong , , T: chu k ly mu, : di thng.

1
. V cc im cc ca H
k
(z) trong mt phng Z
2
. Vit phng trnh sai phn m t quan h gia tn hiu ra y
k
(n) v tn hiu vo x
k
(n)
3
. V s khi ca b lc s ny vi 3 b nhn.
4
. Bng cch sp xp li cc s hng ca phng trnh sai phn,
v
s khi ca b lc s ch c 2 b nhn
k
T
k
z e

k k
2 F T
k
2
22
Bi tp
Bi tp
1. 1. Mt s khi nim c bn Mt s khi nim c bn
B
i 1.
H
m truyn t ca mt b lc s tn s formant F
k
c cho bi:

t
rong , , T: chu k ly mu, : di thng.

2
k k k
k
2
1 2
k k k
1 2 z cos z
H (z)
1 2z cos z z z

+

+
k
T
k
z e

k k
2 F T
k
2
k
' 2 2 2 2 2
k k k k k
1,2 k k k k
j
k
| z | cos | z | | z | sin
p | z | cos j | z | sin
| z | e
t

t

1. H(z) c 2 im cc l nghim ca mu s:
23
Bi tp
Bi tp
1. 1. Mt s khi nim c bn Mt s khi nim c bn
1
0,7
f
K
Di thng
F
k
B
k
24
Bi tp
Bi tp
1. 1. Mt s khi nim c bn Mt s khi nim c bn

k
Re(z)
Im(z)
|z
k
|
|z
k
|
p
1
p
2
25
Bi tp
Bi tp
1. 1. Mt s khi nim c bn Mt s khi nim c bn
a) Xc nh bin i z ca g(n): Tra bng
26

Phn tch ph tn hiu ting
Phn tch ph tn hiu ting
ni
ni
2. 2. X l tn hiu ting ni X l tn hiu ting ni
2.
2.
X
X
l tn hiu ting ni
l tn hiu ting ni
B lc B lc
hiu hiu
chnh chnh
B lc B lc
hiu hiu
chnh chnh
Ca s Ca s
Ca s Ca s
FFT FFT
FFT FFT
Log Log
10 10
|.| |.|
Log Log
10 10
|.| |.|
H(z)=1-az
-1

a = 0,95..0,98
Hamming
27
x(n)= x(n).w(n)
X(f) = X(f) * W(f)
28
s(n) = h(n) * e(n) S() = H().E()
2. 2. X l tn hiu ting ni X l tn hiu ting ni
X l ng hnh
X l ng hnh
(homomorphisme)
(homomorphisme)
log[S()]= log[H()]+ log[E()]
FFT
-1
{log[S()]}=
FFT
-1
{log[H()]}+ FFT
-1
{log[E()]}
FFT
-1
{log[S()]}: cepstrum:
FFT
-1
{log[H()]}: thng tin v`h(n):
FFT
-1
{log[E()]}: thng tin v`ngu`n:
s(n)
)
h(n)
)
e(n)
)
29
2. 2. X l tn hiu ting ni X l tn hiu ting ni
S khi x l ng
hnh
B lc
hiu
chnh
B lc
hiu
chnh
Ca
s
Ca
s
FFT
FFT
Log
10
|.
|
Log
10
|.
|
FFT
-1
FFT
-1
c(n)
FFT
?
30
T
0
h(n)
)
+

s(n) h(n) e(n)

31
2. 2. X l tn hiu ting ni X l tn hiu ting ni
Tin on tuyn tnh (Linear
Prediction Coding)
Tin
on

p
1 i
i
) i n ( x a ) n ( x
Sai s tin
on
) n ( x ) n ( x ) n ( e
Sai s bnh phng
ton phn

n
2
) n ( e E
Ti thiu ho
sai s
p ,..., 2 , 1 i , 0
a
E
i

M hnh ton
im cc
) n ( u ) i n ( x a ) n ( x
p
1 i
i
+

32
2 2. . X l tn hiu ting ni X l tn hiu ting ni
Xc nh tn s c
bn Fo
Ging nam: 80 .. 250 Hz. Ging n:
150..500 Hz
Xc
nh
Fo
Xc
nh
Fo
nh
gi
kt qu
nh
gi
kt qu
Tin
x l
Tin
x l
Mt s phng php xc nh Fo

Da vo hm t tng quan

Da vo hm vi sai bin trung bnh

Dng b lc o v hm t tng quan

X l ng hnh
33
2. 2. X l tn hiu ting ni X l tn hiu ting ni

Da vo hm t t
ng quan
1
1
( ) ( ) ( ) 0,1,...,
N k
n
r k x n x n k k K

Fs = 10 kHz, N = 300, K =
Fs = 10 kHz, N = 300, K =
150
150
Tm cc i trong khong
Tm cc i trong khong
(0, K)
(0, K)
34
2. 2. X l tn hiu ting ni X l tn hiu ting ni

Da vo hm t t
ng quan
Hn ch, loi b |x|<C
Hn ch, loi b |x|<C
L L
35
2. 2. X l tn hiu ting ni X l tn hiu ting ni

Da vo hm vi sai bin
trung bnh
(Average Magnitude Difference
Function) (1)
( ) 0, 0,1,... D iP i
1/ 2
1 1
2
0 0
1 1
( ) ( )
N N
n n
u n u n
N N


1

1
]

2
1/ 2
1
( ) [ ( ) ( )]
2[ (0) ( )] 0,1,...,
1
1/2
N-1
n=0


D k x n x n k
N
r r k k K

+
' )


<

v i
K k k n x n x k D
k N
n
,..., 1 , 0 ) ( ) ( ) (
1
1

36
2. 2. X l tn hiu ting ni X l tn hiu ting ni

Da vo hm vi sai bin
trung bnh
(Average Magnitude Difference
Function) (2)
1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
x
(
n
)
n
50 100 150 200
0
10
20
30
40
50
D
(
k
)
k
1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
x
(
n
)
n
50 100 150 200
0
10
20
30
40
50
D
(
k
)
k
37
2. 2. X l tn hiu ting ni X l tn hiu ting ni

Dng b lc o

(Simplified Inverse Filter Tracking)
(Simplified Inverse Filter Tracking)
Thng thp Thng thp
Thng thp Thng thp
Thng thp
Thng thp
1-z
-1 1-z
-1
W(n)
W(n)
LPC(p=4)
LPC(p=4)
A(z)
A(z)
Hm t tng
quan
Hm t tng
quan
Tm cc i
Tm cc i
Ni suy
Ni suy
nh gi kt qu
nh gi kt qu
Fo Fo
HT/VT HT/VT
10kHz 10kHz
4700H 4700H
z z
900Hz 900Hz
38
39
2. 2. X l tn hiu ting ni X l tn hiu ting ni

X l ng hnh
40
2. 2. X l tn hiu ting ni X l tn hiu ting ni

X l ng hnh
Xc nh formant
(1)
B lc
hiu
chnh
B lc
hiu
chnh
Ca
s
Ca
s
FFT
FFT
Log
10
|.
|
Log
10
|.
|
FFT
-1
FFT
-1
FFT
FFT
Wc(n)
41
2. 2. X l tn hiu ting ni X l tn hiu ting ni

X l ng hnh
Xc nh formant
(1)
42
2. 2. X l tn hiu ting ni X l tn hiu ting ni

Tin on tuyn tnh (LPC)

F F
k k
,B ,B
k k
s(n) s(n)
B lc
hiu
chnh
B lc
hiu
chnh
Ca
s
Ca
s
Tnh
h.s.
a
i
Tnh
h.s.
a
i
Tnh1/ |
A(e
j
)|
bng FFT
Tnh1/ |
A(e
j
)|
bng FFT
Tm
cc
i
Tm
cc
i
Tnh
nghim
ca A(z)
Tnh
nghim
ca A(z)
Quyt
nh
Quyt
nh
Xc nh formant
(2)
43
3. 3. M ho ting ni M ho ting ni
3.
3.
M ho ting ni
M ho ting ni
Dy thao tc m ho v gii m
Dy thao tc m ho v gii m
M ho
M ho
F1
F1
AD
AD
Gii m
Gii m
DA
DA
F2
F2
Nhiu, suy gim,
sai s
Nhiu, suy gim,
sai s
44
3. 3. M ho ting ni M ho ting ni
Mt s tnh cht thng k ca
Mt s tnh cht thng k ca
tn hiu ting ni
tn hiu ting ni

Mt xc sut
N

: s lng mu x(n)
c bin trong khong
[-/2, +/2]

n[-N,...,N]

x egodic v dng
0
( ) lim[ /(2 1)]
x
N
p N N

+
45
3. 3. M ho ting ni M ho ting ni

Gi tr trung bnh v phng

sai

Gi tr trung bnh ca tn hiu

dng
vi tn hiu ting ni, gi thit
x
=
0

Phng sai
1
( ) d lim ( )
2 1
N
x x
N
n N
p x n
N

2 2 2
1
( ) d lim ( )
2 1
N
x x
N
n N
p x n
N

46
3. 3. M ho ting ni M ho ting ni
Lng t tc thi (khng nh)
Lng t tc thi (khng nh)

Lut lng t y = Q(x) c nh ngha:

(L+1) mc tn hiu x(0), x(1), ..., x(L)
L mc lng t ho

Mi mc lng t ho biu din bng t b

bit
L = 2
b
.

Sai s lng t (tp m lng t) e = Q(x)

- x

Bc lng t : hiu 2 mc tn hiu k

nhau
(i) = x(i)-x(i-1)

Thng lng I = bFs (bit/s). Fs : tn s ly

mu
47
3. 3. M ho ting ni M ho ting ni

Tn hiu lng t 8 bit (256 mc), Fs = 8

kHz Thng lng = 64 kbit/s

Tn hiu lng t 16 bit (65536 mc), Fs =

16 kHz Thng lng = 256 kbit/s ,
1 gi ting ni 100 Mbyte

Cn phi m ho tn hiu ting ni (MPEG,

GSM, G723, ...) truyn ting ni trn mng
hoc lu tr
48
3. 3. M ho ting ni M ho ting ni
Tn s ly
mu (kHz)
S bit cho 1
mu
Thng lung
kbit/s
Dung lng /
pht (kbyte)
Lnh vc
48 16 768 11520 Ghi m chuyn
nghip
44,1 16 705,6 10584 CD Audio
32 16 512 7680 Radio FM
22 8 264 3960 Radio AM
8 8 64 960 in thoi
49
3. 3. M ho ting ni M ho ting ni
Lng t u
Lng t u

Tng qut, bc lng t l hm ca bin

tn hiu x (lng t khng u)
n gin nht l lng t u.

Mc lng t c chn gia 2 mc tn

hiu
y(i) = (1/2)[x(i-1)+x(i)]

Lut lng t u v i xng c tr

ng bi:
- cc mc bo ho t x
s
- mc lng t L hoc (L+1) = 2
b
.
Bc lng t = 2x
s
/L
50
3. 3. M ho ting ni M ho ting ni
Lng t u
Lng t u
L = 9
51
3. 3. M ho ting ni M ho ting ni
Lng t u
Lng t u
L = ?
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
52
3. 3. M ho ting ni M ho ting ni
Lng t u
Lng t u
L = 16
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
53
3. 3. M ho ting ni M ho ting ni
Lng t u
Lng t u
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-1
0
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-1
0
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-1
0
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-0.2
0
0.2
Quantification Error
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-1
0
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-1
0
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-1
0
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-0. 2
0
0. 2
Quant ificat ion Error
54
3. 3. M ho ting ni M ho ting ni
Cc tnh cht lng t u
Cc tnh cht lng t u

Mt xc sut sai s lng t

phn b u gia -/2 v + -/2

Trung bnh tp m lng t = 0

Phng sai
( ) ( ), ( 1) / 2
e x
i
p p i L

l
l
l
/ 2
2 2 2
/ 2
/ d /12
e

( ) ( ), ( 1) / 2
e x
i
p p i L

l
l
l
( ) 1/ , / 2
0, / 2
e
p


>
55
3. 3. M ho ting ni M ho ting ni
Cc tnh cht lng t u
Cc tnh cht lng t u

T s tn hiu trn nhiu

2
2
10lg (dB) 6, 02 4, 77 20lg
x s
x e
x
SN b

_ _
+

, ,
max
4 (dB) 6 7, 3 Nu
s
x SN b
Vi b 6, tng 6 dB mi khi tng 1 bit lng
t
c cht lng thch hp cn c b 11
56
3. 3. M ho ting ni M ho ting ni
s
n
dB 10
W N
SN
N W
SN 10log SN
ng l ng tn hiu
ng l ng nhiu

dB 10
Bi
SN 20log
Bi
n tn hiu
n nhiu

Hoc
57
3. 3. M ho ting ni M ho ting ni
Nng lng SN (dB)
Tn hiu = Nhiu 0
Tn hiu = 2 Nhiu 2
Tn hiu = 10 Nhiu 10
Tn hiu = 100 Nhiu 20
Tn hiu = 1000 Nhiu 30
Tn hiu = 10
N
Nhiu N x 10
58
3. 3. M ho ting ni M ho ting ni
Lng t logarit
Lng t logarit

Sau khi ly logarit bin tn hiu s m

ho tuyn tnh
log[]
log[]
Q[]
Q[]
M ho
M ho
signe[]
signe[]
x(n) c(n)
y(n)

y'(n)
exp[]
exp[]
Gii m
Gii m
signe[x(n)]
c(n)

x'(n)

x'(n)
59
3. 3. M ho ting ni M ho ting ni
Lng t logarit
Lng t logarit

Hai gii php dng cho in

Hai gii php dng cho in
thoi
thoi

Lut
Lut

(dng M)
(dng M)
log(1 )
log(1 )
x
y

Lut A (dng
Lut A (dng
chu u)
chu u)
1 log
1 log
A x
y
A
+

+
255 87, 56 A :

8 bit logarit ~ 12 bit lng t 8 bit logarit ~ 12 bit lng t

u u
60
3. 3. M ho ting ni M ho ting ni
Lng t thch nghi
Lng t thch nghi

Bc lng t tu thuc vo bin

Bc lng t tu thuc vo bin
tn hiu
tn hiu

Thch nghi trc

Thch nghi trc
y(n) y(n)
Q[]
Q[]
M ho
M ho
x(n) x(n)
c(n) c(n)
Thch
nghi
k.i
Thch
nghi
k.i
G(n) G(n)

G(n) G(n)

y(n)

y'(n)
Gii m
Gii m
c(n) c(n)
: :

y'(n)
x'(n)=
G'(n)
G(n) G(n)
61
3. 3. M ho ting ni M ho ting ni
Lng t thch nghi
Lng t thch nghi

Thch nghi sau

Thch nghi sau
Q[]
Q[]
M ho
M ho
x(n) x(n)
c(n) c(n)
y(n) y(n)
Thch
nghi
k.i
Thch
nghi
k.i
G(n) G(n)

y(n)

y'(n)
Gii m
Gii m
c(n) c(n)
: :

y'(n)
x'(n)=
G'(n)
G(n) G(n)
Thch
nghi
k.i
Thch
nghi
k.i
62
3. 3. M ho ting ni M ho ting ni
M ho vi sai (DPCM)
M ho vi sai (DPCM)

Lng t ho
Lng t ho
63
3. 3. M ho ting ni M ho ting ni
M t s chu n m ho
m thanh/ti ng ni

G.721 : ADPCM, 32 kbps, 4bits, 8kHz

G.722 : ~ADPCM, 48 n 64 kbps,

G.723 : ~ADPCM, 24 kbps, 3 bits, 8kHz

G.728 : 16 Kbps

GSM : in thoi di ng, 13 kbps

Linear Predictive Encoding (Xerox), 5 kbps

Code Excited Linear Prediction (CELP)

Digital Video Interactive : ~ADPCM, 4 n 8 bits

VoIP: G723.1 (6.4kbits/s), G728, G729 (8kbits/s)