TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN

B MN VT L NG DNG
K THUT PHN TCH VT LIU RN
NG DNG CCH ON NHN & NG DNG CCH ON NHN
GVHD: GS.TS. L Khc Bnh
HVTH: Phan Trung Vnh
NI DUNG TRNH BY
IU KIN NHIU X BRAGG BIU DIN DI
DNG HNH HC
1. XC NH S NH HNG CA TINH TH
2. XC NH S I XNG CA TINH TH
NI DUNG TRNH BY
iu kin c nhiu x:
d
2
2. .sin . d n
NH LUT BRAGG
Trong :
NH LUT BRAGG
d: khong cch gia 2 mt mng song
song ln cn
2: gc hp bi tia X ti v tia nhiu x
: bc sng tia X
n: bc nhiu x
Tia X,
Biu din di dng hnh hc
CU EWALD
MNG O
Mi nt mng o Mt h
mt mng v d
hkl
mng thun
S
0

MNG O
Mt im nt S
0
c
chn lm gc.
Mt mt cu tm O,
bn knh OS
0
= 1/
S
0

O
CU EWALD
Chm tia X ti
S
0

MNG O
S
0

Chm tia X ti
CU EWALD Mi nt mng o Mt h
mt mng v d
hkl
mng thun
Gi s, c 1 nt mng
o khc S
0
nm trn
cu Ewald
Nt mng o nm
trn cu Ewald
P
I
Mt phng
trung trc (Q)
O
Gi (Q) l mt phng
trung trc ca S
0
P.
(Q) S
0
P ti I.
2
0 0
2. S P S I
0 0
.sin S I S O
1
d
1

1 1
2. .sin
d

2. .sin d
iu kin nhiu x Bragg iu kin nhiu x Bragg
Thay i bn knh cu
Ewald Thay i
S
0

P
Nh vy, nhng nt mng o no nm trn cu Ewald s tha mn
iu kin Bragg, tc l cho vt nhiu x trn phim.
Thay i nh hng
mng o Thay i

PHNG PHP LAUE PHNG PHP LAUE PHNG PHP DEBYE PHNG PHP DEBYE
` Trn cu Ewald, c rt nhiu nt mng o tha mn iu kin Bragg.
S
0

CU EWALD
P
O
Nhng nt ng phng l nhng nt thuc cng mt vng tinh th.
ng phng Cc nt mng o thuc cng mt
vng to thnh mt ng trn
S
0

P
S
0

P
P
O
2
S
0

` T tm O, ni di cc nt ng
phng ct mn phim ti cc im
to thnh ng ellipse, y l
cc vt nhiu x trn phim.
M

n

p
h
i
m

S
1

OS
1
P l mt nn trn xoay
Gc S
1
P = 2
NHN XT
: 2 < 90: ng ca
vt nhiu x ellipse
NHN XT
O
2 = 90
0

M

n

p
h
i
m

~ 2 = 90
0
: ng ca vt
nhiu x ng parabol
O
2 > 90
0

M

n

p
h
i
m

~ 2 > 90
0
: ng ca vt
nhiu x ng hyperbol
Vt nhiu x Laue ca
mt tinh th Al (FCC)
2 < 90
0
2 > 90
0

ng ellipse ng ellipse ng hyperbol ng hyperbol
Phn tch cc vt nhiu x
S nh hng tinh th
S i xng ca tinh th
Xc nh s nh hng ca tinh th
i vi tinh th lp phng: c bit
nh nhiu x Laue c
trc i xng bc 4
x
y
z
[100]
x
y
z
[100]
Phng [100] c nh
hng // vi tia X ti
nh nhiu x Laue c
trc i xng bc 3
[111]
x
y
z
x
y
z
Phng [111] c nh
hng // vi tia X ti
Tia X
Tia X
i vi tinh th bt k: Thc hin theo cc bc
O Dng giy can in li cc
vt nhiu x trn phim.
Xc nh vt ca tia ti S
0

(Vt ca tia ti c kch thc
ln nht v sng nht)
O nh s cc vt nhiu x
S
0

1
2
11
10
12
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
13
15
14
18
17
19
16
24
23
22
21
20
O o khong cch l
i
gia S
0

n vt nhiu x th i (i = 124)
Ngun tia X
a sc
Mu tinh th
Mn
phim
D
l
15S0

2
S
0

15 8
Gc nhiu x ng vi tng vt:
2
i
i
l
tg
D

Vi D l khong cch t
mu tinh th n phim
O Dng hnh chiu gnomo-
stereo t nh nhiu x Laue:
t li Wulf di giy can,
tm S
0
trng vi tm li Wulf.
S
0

1
2
11
10
12
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
13
15
14
18
17
19
16
24
23
22
21
20
Li Wulf
dng hnh chiu ca 1 vt no
(v d S
1
), quay giy can quanh S
0
n
khi S
1
nm trn ng xch o ca li.
S
1

n
g

x

c
h

o

T im A
bn kia mp
li, nh
du gc

2
trn
giy can
A
180
0

90
0

0
0

2
= 30
0

2

180
0
0
0

2
= 30
0

2

Hnh chiu ca vt S
1
trn giy can
2
O Ch chn ra nhng vt nhiu x m phn
b trn cng 1 ng ellipse dng hnh
chiu Gnomo-stereo.
Vt nhiu x nh Laue ca tm nhm mng
Hnh chiu Gnomo-stereo ca cc vt nhiu x
Nhng vt nhiu x nm trn ng
ellipse thuc cng 1 vng ca tinh th.
Nhng hnh chiu Gnomo-stereo ca cc
vt nhiu x thuc cng 1 vng s l
mt ng kinh tuyn ca li Wulf.
Xc nh trc vng v
gc gia hai trc vng
Xt cc vt
nhiu x ca
ellipse nh.
A
B
on thng
AB i qua
tm li Wulf.
A
B
ng chiu
Gnomo-stereo
A
B
O Quay on thng AB
quanh tm li cho n
khi phng ca AB
trng ax
A
B
a
x
O ng chiu Gromo
-stereo ct ng qu
o ca li ti L. nh
du L.
ng chiu
Gnomo-stereo
ng xch o
O T L, m hng v
trc ax mt gc 90
0

O Ta c im K. Ly
L lm gc, dng vector LK.
Li Wulf c nh
L
L
180
0

90
0

0
0

A
B
a
x
K
O Xoay on thng AB tr
li v tr ban u.
A
B
L
K
G LK chnh l phng ca
trc vng tinh th cn tm.
nh vt
nhiu
x Laue
ca tinh
th
Nh vy, trc vng ca cc vt nhiu x
trn ng ellipse nh chnh l vector
LK. Tng t cho ng ellipse ln.
Gi s ta c vector EF.
L
K
E
F
Gc (KL,EF) = Gc gia
2 trc vng
L
180
0

90
0

0
0

A
B
a
x
K
Xc nh trc vng v
gc gia hai trc vng
Xc nh ch s ca trc vng
S dng
GC
GIA
HAI
PH
-NG
TINH
TH
TRO
-NG
H
MNG
LP
PH
-NG
100 110 111 210 211
100
0
0
90
0

110
45
0

90
0

0
0

60
0
96
0

111
54,74
0
35,26
0

90
0

0
0

70,53
0

210
26,56
0

63,43
0
90
0

18,43
0

50,77
0

71,56
0

39,23
0

75,04
0

0
0
36,87
0
53,13
0

66,42
0

78,46
0
60
0

211
35,26
0

65,90
0

31
0
54,74
0
73,22
0
61
0

19,47
0
61,87
0
90
0

24,09
0

43,09
0

56,79
0

79,48
0

90
0

0
0
33,56
0

48,19
0
60
0

70,50
0

80,40
0

BNG TRA
L
K
E
F
63
0

[210]
[100]
Xc nh s i xng ca tinh th
T tnh i xng ca
cc vt nhiu x trn phim
nh nhiu x Laue phn
b i xng tng ng
Ngun tia X
a sc
Mu tinh th
Mn phim
D
l
15S0

2
S
0

nh nhiu x Laue thng
c tnh i xng qua tm S
0

CHM TIA X
Trc i xng Mt i xng
Song song
Tnh i xng ca tinh th
nh nhiu
x Laue
c trc
i xng
bc 3
[111]
x
y
z
V D
(100)
(001)
(010)
(100)
(001)
(010)
Chiu tia X theo phng
z
y
x
(001)
(100)
(001)
(010)
111
x
y
z
[001]
y
z
[001]
x
y
z
[001]
x
nh nhiu x Laue c
trc i xng bc 4
(111)
(111)
(111)
(111)
(111)
(111)
(111)
(111)
A
B
C
D
E
(111) :
(111) :
(111) :
(111) :
ABC
AEC
ADB
ADE

Chiu chm tia X theo

phng [001], nh nhiu
x thu c c trc i
xng bc 4 tng ng
vi tia X nhiu x trn
cc mt:
Tnh i
xng ca
tinh th
Tnh i
xng ca
nh Laue
cao hn
nh Laue lun c tm i xng
nh Laue c th c 10
kiu i xng khc nhau
Tinh th khng
c trc i xng
no (hay trc bc 1)
nh Laue khng
c tnh i xng
Lp 1
Tinh th c cc trc
i xng nm dc
theo tia X
nh Laue c trc
i xng bc 2, 3,
4, 6 nm phim
Lp 2, 3, 4, 6
Tinh th c mt phng i
xng m cha phng tia X
nh Laue i xng
qua ng thng phim
Lp m
Tinh th va
c trc i
xng, va
c mt i
xng
Lp 2m,
3m, 4m,
6m
Cc lp i xng Laue v c im i xng ca nh Laue
vi hng tia ti dc theo cc trc khc nhau ca tinh th
Vi tinh th lp phng, phn bit lp m3 v m3m, cn chp thm 1 phim vi chm
tia ti hng theo trc [111]
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. L Khc Bnh Bi ging Cao hc Vt l ng dng
hc phn K thut phn tch vt liu rn.
2. L Khc Bnh, Nguyn Nht Khanh Gio trnh Vt l
Cht rn, Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia, 2001.
3. L Cng Dng K thut phn tch cu trc bng tia
Rontgen, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, 1974.
CM N THY V CC BN
QUAN TM THEO DI
CM N THY V CC BN
QUAN TM THEO DI
Chng ti dch c mt s chng
ca mt s kha hc thuc chng trnh
hc liu m ca hai trng i hc ni
ting th gii MIT v Yale.
Chi tit xin xem ti:
http://mientayvn.com/OCW/MIT/Vat_li.html
http://mientayvn.com/OCW/YALE/Ki_thuat_y_sinh.html