Analysis of Shaped Beam Dielectric Lens Antennas for Mobile broadband applications.

S Ravishadcar .
Department o Electronics ond Communication Engineering, f RV College of Engineering, s"k M l ,Mysore R O Q ~ ie Bangalore - 560059, India Email : ravishnnkflr2CI01@yahoo.co.in dr

ABSTRACT
Dielectric lens antennas are inherently broadband and cost effective at producing highly shaped beams critical to Mobile broadband applications (MBS). In this paper an accurate analytical formulation based on spherical modal expansion (SME) of the near fields of small apertures radiating in the presence of a shaped Dielectric lens is presented. The analysis treats the lens as a scatterer. It utilizes techniques for radial translation and coordinate rotation of the small aperture spherical modal coefficients to align them to the phase center of the Dielectric Lens. The spherical modal coefficients of the scattered fields due to the lens are then obtained by application of boundary conditions. A sample computation is performed to demonstrate the approach and supported by an experimental result. The analysis is flexible enough to accommodate different types of small radiating apertures and different shapes orthe dielectric lenses.

INTRODUCTION
New frequency bands were opened up in 5 & 1 I GHz, to suppon WLAN applications, and in m m wave sub bands between at 40 to 65 GHz to support MBS. To achieve a high rate goal, 'Smart Antennas' were proposed at the base stations. An adaptive multibeam antenna (Smart Antenna) has the ability to cope with a rapidly changing environment by distributing the limited power of solid state amplifiers in the best possible way within the cell, as to ensure sufficient signal to noise ratio at a receiver to sustain the desired high data rates. This requires extensive real time signal processing to estimate direction of arrival and perform an adaptive beam formation. However a cost effective implementation of a 'Smart Antenna' is limited due to high cost of RF array elements, RF distribution and phasing. it is for this reason that fixed shaped beam antennas offer an excellent compromise between cost and system performance especially id an urban scenario where dense traffic occurs in specified directions only. Shaped Dielectric Lenses perform the task of coltimation and shaping along with physically small feed antennas, to obtain multiple and shaped beams in a fixed set of directions 11-21. Lenses are inherently broadband, easy to fabricate, have lower dimensional tolerances, cost effective and provide a covering radome for the primary radiators that are embedded inside or placed behind the lens. The draw back thus far has primarily been an accurate analysis, apart from reducing internal reflections, dielectric losses and eventually the size of the dielectric lens. A technique for analysis of shaped dielectric lenses, used in a pioneering effort for MBS is described in [l-21. This employs classical ray tracing methods of GO and PO that are valid only in the far field of a primary p i n t source type of radiator. Here the dielectric lens is in the near field of a primary finite sized aperture radiators oriented at different angtes and at different distances form Lens center. These do not figure when applying GO and PO to the problem.
In this paper we propose a new accurate analytical procedure for the radiation pattern of multiple primary radiators in the near field of a dielectric lens using a spherical modal expansion approach (SME). Earlier SME approaches to solve for the field scattered by a dielectric sphere described in [3-41 approximated the primary radiator as far field Huygens sources. A systematic effort using SME for near field is described in [SI, wherein the field scattered by a single plane wave impinging on two conducting spheres is obtained. This paper's author in [9] has then employed SME with modal translation theorems [6] to evolve a solution 10 the problem of a finite sized aperture placed in the near field of dielectric lenses. In this effort we address the problem of a finite sized aperture oriented in any direction and radiating in the near field of a shaped dielectric lens without any approximation stated earlier.

ANALYSIS
Consider a set of primary feeds radiating in the presence of dielectric sphere with the coordinate system as shown in Fig la, while the coordinate system native to the primary feed is shown in Fig Ib. The phase center of the sphere coincides with the origin and no assumptions are made on the distance of the primary feeds from the phase centre or their relative orientation.

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IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology

X

4
4
I

Figure l a Figure lb The near fields Ei and Hi raaiarea oy me pnmary feed at any point P in its own coorainare system is given by E, (R ,Q,#) Z ( anM m n + b n NmJ = (1) Hi (R,O,@)= (-jYo) C, ( a, Nmn+ b, M,,,,,) (2) Here Mmn and Nmn are the mutually orthogonal TE and TM spherical vector wave functions respectively, defined in [ 101 with an dattime variation. The TE and TM spherical modal complex coefficients (SMCC) are denoted by an and bn respectively. Here n is the spherical modal index and m is the azimuthal index. The azimuthal index m = +/- 1 for variation of the primary radiator. The maximum value of the running index n is ax = ceil [k * lens dial.

e#

Characterizationof the Primary Radiator

Compute the fields over an endosing sphere centered at the aperture centre, by aperture field integration described in [ I l l . The fieIds over an enclosing sphere may also be obtained by an accurate measurement for any one primary radiator in an anechoic chamber. Using the orthogonality of the spherical vector wave functions the spherical modal coefficients a, and b, of the primary radiator are obtained. These are valid anywhere in space.

Translationof Radiator coefficients

The SMCC of the primary radiator are translated to the phase center of the dielectric sphere. This accomplished by translation addition theorems [6] and a recursion method of computation described in 151. Note that the translated origin would coincide with the phase center and coordinate origin of the dielectric lens, but not yet spatially aligned to it. The translated SMCC would have the following expressions in (3) and (4).

Ei (R,Q>#) Z ( At, M,, + Bin Njm) = , (3) H , ( R , e,#) (-jYo) Z;, ( A, A,,,,, + BinM,,,,) = () 4 In Equations (3) and (4)the symbol is used to represent a radiator coordinate system that has been translated to the
lens phase centre but not spatially aligned to it yet. The translated SMCC Atn and Bin are computed for a distance d between the primary radiator aperture centre and the Lens phase centre using the expressions below (modd index n).

Am = & I a, A,, + b n &tl Bm = -& ( a, B, + b n Avn)

The running index v is ax. The translation coefficients A,, and B , in ( 5 ) and ( 6 ) are given by, ,
(-j)-[ ( 2 v + l ~ / ( 2 v ( v + l ) ~ ] (-j)

(5) (4)
(7)

A,

&

. [ n(n+l]+ v(v+l) . a(m,n,-m,v,p)1 Zp(kdJ

B, = (-l}2mn*v+i /(Zv+lj/(Zv(v+l))] (-jJP.1 (Zjmkd) a(m,n,-m,v,pJI Zp(kd) (-j) (81 Here Z (kd) = Hn (2) (kd) the outward Hankel function when R < = d as in our case; else Zp is j,(kd). The values of , : a (m,n,-m,v,p) are computed by a recursion relation in [ 5 ] . The sum over p runs as n+v, wv-2, ..Mod (n-v).
Rotation of Radiator Coefficients
The translated coefficients are now referred to the lens phase center coordinate system by performing a spatial rotation. If R represents the mathematical rotation group, then as described in [7], the symbol D,,(R)would be the matrix of

&

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rotation coefficients for one element of the Rotation group defined by a set of three Eulerian angles (Q, 0, that Y), would align the translated primary radiator coordinate system with the lens phase center coordinate system. The primary radiator's translated and rotated coefficients is computed using Atn and B w in ( 5 ) and (6) and substituting in the following expressions [8,9]

A,,

Am

(9)

Brim = Z; Btn ~ " m u ( R ~

D*,,(R) = (e'mo)+ & ) ( @ ,

in (9). (lo), (11) 'U' is the polarization index and 'm' the azimuthal index. In our case the primary radiators chosen always have U =m = 1. The rotation factors &,() are computed from the recursion relations for Jacobi Polynomials ',e for small values of 'n' as described in [7]. For large values of 'n' it is computationally more efficient to compute the rotation factors by employing complex FFT and a data reduction technique described in [PI. Since we are dealing with "x a of less than 50 we preferred to use the recursion relation.

(e

y ,

(10) (11)

Scattering Coefficients
Here we apply the bounday conditions on the surface of the dielectric lens for the total field viz; continuity of the tangential E and H fields on the surface. Represented Mathematically (on the lens surface) E, + E, = E d ana! Hi + H,= H d (13) In (13), Ei is the known incident field of the primary radiator, E, is the scattered field outside the dielectric lens and E is the scattered field inside the dielectric lens. The incident field Ei is now characterized by its SMCC [A,,, En,] d as in (9) and (IO), referred to the lens phase center. The unknown scattered fields E, and E are represented by their d unknown SMCC [A,,, B,,] and [And,B,d] respectively. Their expression in terms of SMCC would be similar in form to ( I ) and (2) now in the unprimed lens phase center coordinate system. Substituting the Spherical modal expressions for Ei, E, and E d in terms of their SMCCs into (13) we find that there are two known coefficients and four unknown coefficients for each modal index 'n'. Thus there are 4*Nmax complex spherical modal coefficients to be determined. In the case of a sphericaI dielectric lens of radius r,, the orthogonality conditions of Spherical vector wave functions [lo] can be invoked on the surface of the sphere by integrating over I$ and applying orthogonality of the Associated n. Legendre functions in 9, to obtain four linearly independent equations for each spherical modal index '' Thus all the 4*Nmax unknowns are easily solved as closed form expressions and given below for a spherical lens.
~ n d Anm

A,,.r = An, * I @ d ~ ~ o ~ J n ( k( dY ~ ~o&(kiro)JdkrO)l W I - r ~ ) B d = B , * [jdkrd &,,%ro) - 4,,(krO) hn2fkr0)l W2 1 Bn, = Brim * [&~kdro)jn~kro) - (Ydyo)jn(kdro)&(krO)l/ W2 Where 6 is the differential operator expanded typically as & = (I/kr)d[t+.jn(kr)]/dra d

* [&n(kro)

h:(kro) -jn(X.P.,)a,Z(kro)I

~1

(14)
(15)

(16)
(17)

w = l
w 2

! ( y f l o ) @n(kdro)h:(kro) -jdkdro) a?(kro)j

J,&ro}

= [(ydu,)

Sh:(krO) - &n(kdro) h?(krJl

(18) (19)

When the lens shape is not a spheroid then a closed form solution may not be feasible. In such a case we need to compute the compIex values of the TE and TM spherical vector wave functions at 4*Nmax points of type P(r,9,$) which lie on the surface of the non spherical shaped lens. These would form the complex valued entries of a 4*Nmax sized square matrix. A one-time complex matrix inversion would yield the unknown coefficients. The coefficients once computed can be utilized to obtain the field at any point in space and at any orientation. With all spherical modal coefficients for Ei as [An,, B,,] and E, as [A,,, E,,] now known, the total field at any point in space in the near or far field is computed from by addition of the incident and scattered fields using the expansion described in (1) and (2).

SAMPLE CALCULATION AND EXPERIMENT

A sample computation was performed to test the validity of the analysis. An open ended circular cylindrical waveguide with an aperture diameter equal to 2.3 cms was assumed to radiate at a frequency of 9.85GHz, in front of a Teflon dielectric sphere (&d=2.08) of diameter 8 cms. The distance of separation between the circular waveguide aperture and center of dielectric lens was kept at 5.6 cms. The numerical computations were made for the circular waveguide axis

positioned in line with z-axis of the lens i.e. (@,=Oo, waveguide axis at 30' to the z-axis of the lens i.e. (0,=30",

@=o,v=o) terms of Eulerian angles and also with circular in

@=o, v=o) terms of Eulerian angles. The values of in

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the fields obtained in the principal plane patterns for both cases were practically the same, distinguishable only from the units place onwards. Hence we have shown only one set of computed plots, and compared w t measured results in ih Figure 2 and Figure 3. To perform the measurement, the waveguide and dielectric sphere were embedded in polystyrene foam with Ed = 1.008, practically same as free space.
I

...

Calculated

Mearured

-36 WIAS

Anow

I HQ E O B E E ~

Fig: 3 E-Plane Pattern Fig: 2 H-Plane Pattern In conclusion we say that the validity of this theoretical procedure has been demonstrated for a typical case of a circular waveguide radiating in the presence of a Teflon spherical lens by comparing the results with an experimental program. The analysis is easily applied to any type of radiating aperture, and any shaped dielectric lens.

REFERENCES
[ 11 Carlos A Fernandes, Shaped dielectric lenses for Wireless Millimeter-Wave Communications, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Mugazirze, vol41, No 5, pp 141-150, October 1999.

[2] Carlos A ernandes, Jose G Femandes, Performance of Lens Antennas in Wireless Indoor Millimeter Wave
Applications, IEEE Transactions an Microwave theory and Techniques, vol47, No 6, pp 732-736, June 1999. [3] William F Croswell, Jnan S Chattejee, V Bradford Mason, Radiation from a homogeneous sphere mounted o n a waveguide aperture, IEEE Transactions on Anfennus and Propagation, vol AP-23, No 5, pp 647-656, Sept 1975. [4] H.S. Ho, C;.J.Hagan, M.R. Foster, Microwave irradiation design using dielectric lenses, lEEE Transactions on Microwave theory nnd Techniques, Vol MTT-23, pp 1058-1061, Dec 1975. [SI 5. H.Bruning and Y.T. Lo, Multiple scattering of EM waves by spheres: P r I Multipole expansions and Ray at optical soIutions,IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol AP-19, No 3, pp 378-390, May 1971. [6] O.R. Ctuzan, Translation addition theorems for spherical vector wave functions, Quarterly of Applied Marhemarics, Vol20, No 1, pp 15-24, 1961. [7] A.R. Edmonds, Angular Momentum in Quantum Mechanics, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1974. [SI Paul F Wacker, Non Planar Near field measurements- Spherical Scanning, Technical Report NBSIR 75-809, June1975. [9] S.Ravishankar and M.S. Narasimhan, Multiple Scattering of EM Waves by Dielectric Spheres located in the near field of a source of Radiation, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol AP-35, No 4 , p p 399-405, April 1987. [IO] Julius A d a m Stratton, Electranaagnctic Theory, New York, McGraw Hill Book Company, Chapter 7, 1941. [ l l ] Constantine A Balanis, Antenna Theory - Anulysis and Design, 2dEdn, Singapore: John Wiley and Sons: Chapter 12,2002.
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