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ORG

Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety DADSS

Transportation Research Board 90th Annual Meeting January 25, 2011 Washington, DC Bud Zaouk, D.Sc. QinetiQ North America

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Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety

WHY DO WE NEED DADSS AND HOW WE GOT HERE

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Why do we need DADSS

150,000+ Ignition Interlocks Installed 1 Million DWI Convictions Annually 94 Million

1.5 Million DWI Arrests Annually

.00-.049 BAC 77%
.05-.079 12% .08+ 11%

906 Million driving trips within two hours of consuming alcohol

233 Billion Trips Annually by Car and Light Truck

FHWA/NHTS 2009

NHTSA - 2001

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Why do we need DADSS

Distribution of BAC Levels for Drivers involved in Fatal Crashes With a BAC of .01 or Higher, 2007
800 700
Number of Drivers

600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0.01 0.04 0.07 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.37 0.43 0.1 0.4

BAC

NHTSA, 2008

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Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety

COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT

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Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety

The Automotive Coalition for Traffic Safety and NHTSA entered into a cooperative agreement in February 2008 to explore the feasibility, the potential benefits of, and the public policy challenges associated with a more widespread use of unobtrusive technology to prevent drunk driving Goal is to develop non-invasive, seamless technologies to measure driver BAC and reduce the incidence of drunk driving Systems need to measure alcohol accurately, precisely, reliably, and in a very short time so the sober driver is not inconvenienced Five-year program to develop and test prototypes that may be considered for vehicle integration thereafter Devices intended to prevent alcohol impaired drivers (BAC 0.08) from driving their vehicles

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Participating Manufacturers

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DADSS Blue Ribbon Panel

BRP appointed by ACTS and works in an advisory capacity Comprised of experts from various disciplines, including Auto manufacturers Research scientists Suppliers MADD Alcohol toxicology IIHS Impairment NHTSA Ignition interlocks Foreign governments Human factors BRP assigned working groups to assist in effort Technical Working Group Public Acceptance and Public Policy Working Group

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DADSS Program Process

2008 2009
Q2

2010
Q3
Phase II Subsystem Development
Implement DADSS Subsystem(s) in Vehicle Interior Mockup

2013

Assess Current State of Technology

Patents and Literature Review

Phase I Prototype Development

Develop DADSS Subsystem Prototype(s)

Perform Interior Mockup Testing Interior Mockup Tests Develop DADSS Research Vehicle Human Subjects Tests

Performance Specifications

Phase I Funding

Perform Technology Verification

Phase II Funding

Request for Information

Perform Prototype(s) Lab Testing

Request for Proposals

Perform DADSS Research Vehicle Testing Vehicle Tests Human Subjects Tests

Bench Tests

Human Subjects Tests

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Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety

PROGRAM TIMELINE

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Program Timeline
CRA Signed RFI Responses RFI Evaluation and on-site visits Task 3 Report

2008 H1
RFI Released PMP Approved PS Draft7 Released

2008 H2
RFP Released

Offerors Presentations

Task 4 Report

Phase I Awards

2009 H1
RFP Responses RFP Evaluation SCD Development

2009 H2
PS Draft8 Released

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Program Timeline

Human Subjects Test Protocol

Phase I Breath SCD

Phase II RFP

2010 H1
Phase I Touch SCD Research Vehicle Integration Requirements

2010 H2
Prototypes Evaluation

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Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety

UNDERSTANDING ALCOHOL ABSORPTION AND ELIMINATION

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Alcohol Absorption and Elimination

Stomach Lungs Breath Alcohol Concentration

Intestines Portal Vein Hepatic Artery Urine Alcohol Conc. Waste Inferior Vena Cava Venous BAC

Arterial Blood

Liver

Heart
Venous Blood

Arterial BAC

Capillary Bed

Transdermal Alcohol Concentration

Sweat/Vapor

Tissue and Organs

Tissue Alcohol Concentration

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Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety

OVERVIEW OF PHASE I TECHNOLOGIES BEING FUNDED FOR DEVELOPMENT

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DADSS Technologies
Distant Spectrometry Breath-based system Close correlation between BrAC and arterial BAC Extensive real world experience
3 3 3.5 3.5 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9.4 10 9.4 10 15 20 15 20

Tissue Spectrometry Touch-based system Extensive human subjects testing done BAC measurements closer to capillary (arterial) blood than to breath
CAUCASIAN CAUCASIAN

% Transmittance

% Transmittance

TruTouch TruTouch

AFRICAN AMERICAN AFRICAN AMERICAN

Visible Visible

Near Infrared Near Infrared

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Autoliv Phase I Prototype

Reflecting Mirrors

Autoliv prototype uses

Alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide measured by Infrared spectroscopy sensor
Carbon dioxide allows measurement of breath dilution Unobtrusive sniffer to detect alcohol in the vehicle

Emitter

Optical Module

Sample Inlet Pump Filter

Sensors

Multiple sensors in-vehicle (steering wheel, A-Pillar, etc..)

To obtain necessary accuracy and resolution

Driver may have to deliver a forced expiration towards the sensor Would be needed in less than 1 percent of cases to ascertain whether above or below legal limit

Breathing Cup

L=6.25 in. W=3.25 in. H=3.75 in.

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Autoliv In-Vehicle Sensing

In-vehicle expired breath aerodynamics

Estimate carbon dioxide levels at various positions Ventilation on and off Windows opened or closed
Vehicle unlocking OFF Door1 opening Door1 closing ACTIVE STDBY VEHICLE DISABLED VEHICLE DISABLED YELLOW ZONE VEHICLE ENABLED STDBY ZERO

In-Vehicle Signal Pattern In-Vehicle Signal Pattern

CO2 EtOH

5 sec

TIME

Door closing Door closing

<5 sec after door closure for sensors on <5 sec after steering wheeldoor closure for sensors on steering wheel

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Alcohol Countermeasure Systems

ACS prototype uses mid infrared detection methodology

Broadly tunable Daylight Solutions External Cavity Quantum Cascade Laser (ECqcL)

ECqcL
Ability to capture entire ethanol spectrum Allows detection of interferents Carbon dioxide allows measurement of breath dilution

Measurement Conditions 100 sweeps 10 sec. acquisition time

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TruTouch Technologies

TruTouch uses near infrared to measure tissue alcohol concentration (TAC) in the Dermis Outside of index finger used
Palmar side of fingers will be used in Phase II
Interferometer Engine

stratum corneum

epidermis

dermis

subcutaneous

Optical Touchpad

Processing Electronics

Light Source

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Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety

PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARD CALIBRATION DEVICES

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DADSS Phase I Requirements

Phase I POP Prototypes evaluated against the following performance specifications: Measure from 0.01% to 0.12% BAC Measurement time = 325 milliseconds Accuracy and Precision 0.07%-0.09% BAC 0.0003% BAC High accuracy but low precision Requires Standard Calibration Devices (SCD) Breath-based systems Tissue-based systems
% BAC DADSS Accuracy 0.0010 0.0007 0.0003 0.0010 Evidential Accuracy 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050 DADSS Precision 0.0010 0.0007 0.0003 0.0010 Evidential Precision 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 DADSS Performance Specifications DRAFT08 available at http://www.dadss.org
High precision but low accuracy

0.010 - 0.050 0.050 - 0.070 0.070 - 0.090 Greater than 0.090

More accurate calibration source required for DADSS program

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Standard Calibration Devices (SCD)

Objective Assess and document the accuracy and precision of the Phase I Proofof-Principal (PoP) prototypes Approach Provide sample sources of breath or tissue (SCD) to PoP sensor
Known and consistent alcohol content

Wet Gas Breath Alcohol Simulator

Dry Gas 0.5 ppm (0.0002 %BAC)

Challenge Develop process to assure the SCD performance

Delivers targeted samples to PoP sensor Has to exceed accuracy and precision requirements

Tissue SCD Tissue SCD Delivery System

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Wet Gas Breath Simulator

Gas Blender Environmental Chamber Temp. controlled at 45C Humidifier 100% RH MFC 2 MFC 1

Models human breath volume and pressure profile Uses pressurized vessel with humidified gases Adjustable level of humidity (80-100% RH) Adjustable alcohol concentration (gas blender) Process heated to prevent condensation Ethanol introduced post humidification Ability to meet DADSS Specification

Hygrometer to measure humidity

6%CO2 / 16% O2 / 78% N2

3000 ppm EtOH And N2 Mix

5L ec s 1. 5

Pressure Vessel

34 C

Vacuum Pump
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SCD Tissue-Based Systems

Electromechanical fluidic system to introduce samples to sensor Mimic average optical scattering properties of human skin
Incorporates NIR reflective polymer beads (microspheres) Simulates collagen in tissue (invitro scattering samples)

Compound Name Albumin Creatinine Ethanol Saline Triton Urea Water Microspheres

Base Reagent Bovine Serum Albumin Creatinine

Reagent Function Simulator of blood density Component within blood

Varied over range of concentrations Potential to meet DADSS Specs

Bead Solution Compared to Finger Spectra Bead Solution Compared to Finger Spectra -5
-5
-5.5 2% Bead Solution HumanBead Solution 2% Finger

200 proof HPLC Grade Phosphate Buffered Adds salt and adjusts pH Saline Prevent microspheres Triton X-100 from clumping Urea ACS Reagent Water Components within blood Mixing agent Simulate collagen NIR reflectance and scattering

-5.5

Pseudo-Absorbance Pseudo-Absorbance

-6

Human Finger -6

-6.5

-6.5
-7

-7

-7.5

-7.5
-8

-8 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 (cm-1) 4500 8000 (m) -12.22 2.00 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.4 1.33 1.25 (cm ) 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7500 8000 Wavenumber (cm-1) 7000 (m) 2.22 2.00 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.4 1.33 1.25

Electromagnetic Spectrum Wavenumber (cm 1) Electromagnetic Spectrum

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DADSS Program Review

POP PROTOTYPES BENCH TESTS EVALUATION

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Bench Test Evaluations

Bench Test Objectives

Independent evaluations of delivered PoP Prototypes Measurement of system performance based upon
Time to present alcohol reading Accuracy of reading Precision of reading

Bench Test Protocols developed for

Breath based Tissue based

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Touch-Based Bench Test Results

At 0.08 %BAC prototype exceeded DADSS accuracy at the longer measurement times At shorter measurement times estimated accuracy somewhat higher than specifications Precision estimates fell short of the DADSS specifications at all sampling periods Represents significant progress compared with specifications for existing evidential breath-test devices

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TruTouch Bench Test Results at 0.080 % BAC

0.0060 0.0060
Evidential SE = 0.0050 % BAC

Ethanol concentration (% BAC) Ethanol concentration (% BAC)

0.0050 0.0050 0.0043 0.0043

0.0040 0.0040
Evidential SD = 0.0042 % BAC

0.0030 0.0030 0.0021 0.0021 DADSS SE & SD = DADSS SE & SD = 0.0003 % BAC 0.0003 % BAC 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0005 0.0013 0.0013 0.0016 0.0016 0.0011 0.0011

0.0020 0.0020

0.0010 0.0010

60 sec. 30 sec. 15 sec. 5 sec. 60 sec. 30 sec. 15 sec. 5 sec. SE Accuracy SE

60 sec. 30 sec. 15 sec. 5 sec. 60 sec. 30 sec. 15 sec. 5 sec. SD Precision SD

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Autoliv Bench Test Results

Measurement time of 5 seconds used in all tests

Dry gas released for 10 Seconds Data collected for 5 Seconds

Source directly connected to sensor with length tube Accuracy estimates were close to or below the DADSS specifications Precision estimates exceeded the specifications, but were still lower (better) than evidential standards

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Autoliv Direct Dry Gas Bench Test Results

0.0060 0.0060
Evidential SE = 0.0050 % BAC

Accuracy Accuracy Precision Precision

Ethanol Concentration (% BrAC) Ethanol Concentration (% BrAC)

0.0050 0.0050

0.0040 0.0040
Evidential SD = 0.0042 % BAC

0.0030 0.0030 0.0022 0.0022 0.0017 0.0017 DADSS SE & SD = DADSS SE & SD = 0.0003 % BAC 0.0003 % BAC 0.0002 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.020 % BrAC 0.020 % BrAC 0.080 % BrAC 0.080 % BrAC 0.0004 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000

0.0027 0.0027

0.0020 0.0020

0.0010 0.0010

0.120 % BrAC 0.120 % BrAC

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ACS Bench Test Results

Results of ACS prototype yielded ambiguous results

Prototype sensor, hardware, and software extremely cumbersome to work with More difficult and time consuming to operate so very few tests completed with high variability

Prototype failed to meet the DADSS specifications for accuracy and precision at all BrAC concentrations
Was not able to meet the current evidential standards

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ACS Bench Test Results

0.100 0.100 0.090 0.090

Ethanol concentration (% BrAC) Ethanol concentration (% BrAC)

0.080 0.080 0.070 0.070 Evidential SE = 0.060 0.060 0.050 0.050 0.040 0.040 0.030 Evidential SD = 0.030
0.0042 % BAC 0.0050 % BAC

Accuracy Accuracy Precision Precision

0.0719 0.0719 0.0676 0.0676 0.0573 0.0573

0.020 0.020 0.010 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.020 % BrAC 0.020 % BrAC 0.0045 0.0045 0.0085 0.0085

0.0193 0.0193

0.080 % BrAC 0.080 % BrAC

0.12 % BrAC 0.12 % BrAC

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DADSS Program Review

HUMAN SUBJECT TESTS

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Human Subject Testing

Subjects dosed to reach a BAC of 0.12 g/dL Test procedures

Blood is drawn at a rate of 1 ml/min Samples taken every 2.5 minutes

Every 5 minutes subjects provide

Evidential breath sample Short puff of breath into Autoliv Prototype Presses finger on touch pad of TruTouch prototype
DADSS Phase I Human Subject Test 5 (ASQ009) I Human Subject Test 5 DADSS PhaseAugust 26, 2010
0.200 0.200 0.180 0.180 0.160 0.160 0.140

(ASQ009) August 26, 2010

TruTouch (BAC) Evidenzer (BrAC) TruTouch (BAC) Autoliv R2 (BrAC) Evidenzer (BrAC) Whole Blood R2 (BrAC) Autoliv (BAC) Whole Blood (BAC)

DADSS Phase I Human Subject Test 11 (ASQ-016) DADSS PhaseNovember 04, 2010 I Human Subject Test 11
0.200 0.200 0.180 0.180 0.160 0.160 0.140

(ASQ-016) November 04, 2010

TruTouch (BAC) Evidenzer (BrAC) TruTouch (BAC) Autoliv R2 (BrAC) Evidenzer (BrAC) Whole Blood (BAC) Autoliv R2 (BrAC) Whole Blood (BAC)

Alcohol concentration (gm%)

0.140

Alcohol concentration (gm%)

Alcohol concentration (gm%)

0.140 0.120 0.120

0.120 0.120

Blood Clot Blood Clot

0.100 0.100

0.100 0.100

0.080 0.080

0.080 0.080

0.060 0.060 0.040 0.040 0.020 0.020 0.000 0:00 0.000 0:30 1:00 0:30 1:00 1:30 1:30 2:00 2:00 2:30 2:30 3:00 3:30 4:00 4:30 4:30 5:00 5:00 5:30 5:30 6:00 6:00 6:30 6:30 7:00 7:00

0.060 0.060 0.040 0.040 0.020 0.020 0.000 0:00 0.000 0:30 1:00 1:00 1:30 1:30 2:00 2:00 2:30 3:00 3:30 4:00 4:30 4:30 5:00 5:00 5:30 5:30 6:00 6:00 6:30 6:30 7:00 7:00

Alcohol concentration (gm%)

0:00

Dosing

Elapsed time (h:mm)4:00 3:00 3:30 Elapsed time (h:mm)

Dosing0:30 0:00 Dosing

2:30 Elapsed time (h:mm) 3:00 3:30 4:00

Dosing

Elapsed time (h:mm)

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Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety

PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE AND POLICY ISSUES

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Acceptance among the public and key leaders is critical

Technology will be effective only if the driving public welcomes and accepts it: 58 percent of the U.S. public say they support smart technology to prevent driver impairment including alcohol-impaired driving (MADD U.S survey, 2006) 64 percent of the U.S. public say they support advanced technology in all vehicles, if it is reliable, to prevent anyone with an illegal BAC from driving their car (IIHS, 2009)

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Public Acceptance Research Needs

Assess what technology solutions might prove the most acceptable and how they might best be implemented Assess current levels of consumer understanding of DADSS, and levels of acceptance Monitor public acceptance levels over time and willingness to adopt the technology on their vehicles Educate the public about potential technological solutions as it relates to the alcohol-impaired driving problem Have discussions about policy issues with relevant stakeholder groups

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Planned Public Acceptance Research

Focus Groups To be conducted February-April 2011

Gauge public perception of advanced in-vehicle alcohol detection technologies, and identify potential barriers to their introduction Provide input to technology design of the two approaches currently being taken Seek guidance on technology introduction strategy into the passenger vehicle fleet 4 locations within the U.S.
Boston, MA - Portland, OR - Albuquerque, NM - Milwaukee, WI

3 focus groups at each location

Non-drinkers, social drinkers, and heavy drinkers

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Planned Public Acceptance Research

Periodic national surveys

Gauge public understanding and attitudes towards DADSS systems in all vehicles, Assess the publics reactions to potential technology features to aid the technology development process, and Assess their state of knowledge regarding drinking and the relationship to impairment, drinking and driving and legal thresholds, etc

Stakeholder group discussions

Increase stakeholder understanding of and potential support for the integration of DADSS devices into the vehicle fleet Seek input among groups not currently included in BRP that could be used to inform the development of technology

Review and revise DADSS Performance Specifications, as may be indicated by the findings of the public acceptance research

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Communicating with the Public

A website has been launched to provide public information: Content A go to site to provide project details, Answer key questions about technology development and drinking and driving

www.dadss.org

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Summary

DADSS technologies have been identified, contracts awarded, and prototypes have completed bench and human subjects testing Preliminary phase I results indicate there are technologies showing sufficient promise to meet DADSS Performance Specifications with respect to measurement time, accuracy, and precision Technology developers have identified the work needed to meet the DADSS requirements (gap analysis) A public acceptance research plan has been developed and is underway the public must be knowledgeable about the system and see its benefit in their vehicles Dialogue continues with policy makers and other key stakeholders to ensure their support

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Next Steps

Phase II RFP

Awardees Selection

On-Site Progress Report

Begin Research Vehicle Development

2011 H1
RFP Evaluation Phase II KickOff-Meetings

2011 H2
On-Site Progress Report

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Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety

QUESTIONS? http://www.dadss.org Contact Information

Bud Zaouk bud.zaouk@qinetiq-na.com

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