Copyright by Enrico Savazzi, 2009-2010 (www.savazzi.net). DoF equation originally published by Lefkowitz (1979, p.

258), equ
This spreadsheet is part of the additional materials of the book "Digital photography for science: Close-up photography, macropho
Table 1 (below): DoF and effective aperture (E) based on nominal aperture and magnification.
Green: optimal settings, resolution is limited by CoC (C Airy ). The best compromise between DoF and diffraction is the cell at
Yellow: use if higher-than-optimal DoF is required of if the image will be printed at a small absolute size. Resolution is slightly li
Red: avoid, resolution is visibly reduced by diffraction (2C < Airy ).
Nom. aperture
1
1.2
1.4
2
2.8
4
Magnification
DoF
E
DoF
E
DoF
E
DoF
E
DoF
E
DoF
E
0.1
4.2
1.1
5
1.3
5.9
1.5
8.4
2.2
12
3.1
17
4.4
0.2
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.7
2.3
2.4
3.2
3.4
4.6
4.8
0.3
0.55 1.3 0.66 1.6 0.77 1.8
1.1
2.6
1.5
3.6
2.2
5.2
0.4
0.33 1.4
0.4
1.7 0.47
2
0.67 2.8 0.93 3.9
1.3
5.6
0.5
0.23 1.5 0.27 1.8 0.32 2.1 0.46
3
0.64 4.2 0.91
6
0.75
0.12 1.8 0.14 2.1 0.17 2.5 0.24 3.5 0.33 4.9 0.47
7
1
0.076 2 0.091 2.4 0.11 2.8 0.15
4
0.21 5.6
0.3
8
1.5
0.042 2.5 0.051
3
0.059 3.5 0.084 5
0.12
7
0.17 10
2
0.029 3 0.034 3.6 0.04 4.2 0.057 6
0.08 8.4 0.11 12
2.5
0.021 3.5 0.026 4.2 0.03 4.9 0.043 7
0.06 9.8 0.085 14
3
0.017 4
0.02 4.8 0.024 5.6 0.034 8 0.047 11 0.068 16
4
0.012 5 0.014
6
0.017 7 0.024 10 0.033 14 0.048 20
5
0.0091 6 0.011 7.2 0.013 8.4 0.018 12 0.026 17 0.036 24
7.5
0.0057 8.5 0.0069 10 0.008 12 0.011 17 0.016 24 0.023 34
10
0.0042 11 0.005 13 0.0059 15 0.0084 22 0.012 31 0.017 44
15
0.0027 16 0.0032 19 0.0038 22 0.0054 32 0.0076 45 0.011 64
20
0.002 21 0.0024 25 0.0028 29 0.004 42 0.0056 59 0.008 84
30
0.0013 31 0.0016 37 0.0018 43 0.0026 62 0.0037 87 0.0052 120
40
0.001 41 0.0012 49 0.0014 57 0.0019 82 0.0027 110 0.0039 160
Table 2 (below): Diameter of Airy disk (in mm) for green-yellow light (550 nm) based on nominal aperture and magnification.
Light pink for Airy > CoC, dark pink for Airy > 1.5CoC, red for Airy > 2CoC.
Nom. aperture
1
1.2
1.4
2
2.8
4
Magnification
Airy
Airy
Airy
Airy
Airy
Airy
0.1
0.00147579 0.001770946 0.0020661 0.00295158 0.00413221 0.00590315
0.2
0.00160995 0.001931941 0.00225393 0.0032199 0.00450786 0.0064398
0.3
0.00174411 0.002092937 0.00244176 0.00348823 0.00488352 0.00697646
0.4
0.00187828 0.002253932 0.00262959 0.00375655 0.00525917 0.00751311
0.5
0.00201244 0.002414927 0.00281741 0.00402488 0.00563483 0.00804976
0.75
0.00234785 0.002817415 0.00328698 0.00469569 0.00657397 0.00939138
1
0.00268325 0.003219902 0.00375655 0.0053665 0.00751311 0.01073301
1.5
0.00335407 0.004024878 0.00469569 0.00670813 0.00939138 0.01341626
2
0.00402488 0.004829854 0.00563483 0.00804976 0.01126966 0.01609951
2.5
0.00469569 0.005634829 0.00657397 0.00939138 0.01314793 0.01878276
3
0.0053665 0.006439805 0.00751311 0.01073301 0.01502621 0.02146602
4
0.00670813 0.008049756 0.00939138 0.01341626 0.01878276 0.02683252
5
0.00804976 0.009659707 0.01126966 0.01609951 0.02253932 0.03219902
7.5
0.01140382 0.013684585 0.01596535 0.02280764 0.0319307 0.04561528
10
0.01475789 0.017709463 0.02066104 0.02951577 0.04132208 0.05903154
15
0.02146602 0.025759219 0.03005242 0.04293203 0.06010484 0.08586406
20
0.02817415 0.033808975 0.0394438 0.05634829 0.07888761 0.11269658
30
0.04159041 0.049908487 0.05822657 0.08318081 0.11645314 0.16636162

40

0.05500667 0.066007999 0.07700933 0.11001333 0.15401866 0.22002666

Table 3 (below): Same data as Table 2, but rounded to two significant digits. Rounding may slightly affect the color-coding, com
Nom. aperture
1
1.2
1.4
2
2.8
4
Magnification
Airy
Airy
Airy
Airy
Airy
Airy
0.1
0.0015
0.0018
0.0021
0.003
0.0041
0.0059
0.2
0.0016
0.0019
0.0023
0.0032
0.0045
0.0064
0.3
0.0017
0.0021
0.0024
0.0035
0.0049
0.007
0.4
0.0019
0.0023
0.0026
0.0038
0.0053
0.0075
0.5
0.002
0.0024
0.0028
0.004
0.0056
0.008
0.75
0.0023
0.0028
0.0033
0.0047
0.0066
0.0094
1
0.0027
0.0032
0.0038
0.0054
0.0075
0.011
1.5
0.0034
0.004
0.0047
0.0067
0.0094
0.013
2
0.004
0.0048
0.0056
0.008
0.011
0.016
2.5
0.0047
0.0056
0.0066
0.0094
0.013
0.019
3
0.0054
0.0064
0.0075
0.011
0.015
0.021
4
0.0067
0.008
0.0094
0.013
0.019
0.027
5
0.008
0.0097
0.011
0.016
0.023
0.032
7.5
0.011
0.014
0.016
0.023
0.032
0.046
10
0.015
0.018
0.021
0.03
0.041
0.059
15
0.021
0.026
0.03
0.043
0.06
0.086
20
0.028
0.034
0.039
0.056
0.079
0.11
30
0.042
0.05
0.058
0.083
0.12
0.17
40
0.055
0.066
0.077
0.11
0.15
0.22

Table 4 (below): Slice thickness for focus stacking at the given magnification and nominal aperture. Slice thickness (ST, in mm) is
Nom. aperture
1
1.2
1.4
2
2.8
4
Magnification
ST
E
ST
E
ST
E
ST
E
ST
E
ST
E
0.1
3.15 1.1 3.75 1.3 4.425 1.5
6.3
2.2
9
3.1 12.75 4.4
0.2
0.825 1.2 1.05 1.4
1.2
1.7 1.725 2.4
2.4
3.4 3.45 4.8
0.3
0.413 1.3 0.495 1.6 0.578 1.8 0.825 2.6 1.125 3.6 1.65 5.2
0.4
0.248 1.4
0.3
1.7 0.353 2.0 0.503 2.8 0.698 3.9 0.975 5.6
0.5
0.173 1.5 0.203 1.8 0.24 2.1 0.345 3.0 0.48 4.2 0.683 6.0
0.75
0.09 1.8 0.105 2.1 0.128 2.5 0.18 3.5 0.248 4.9 0.353 7.0
1
0.057 2.0 0.068 2.4 0.083 2.8 0.113 4.0 0.158 5.6 0.225 8.0
1.5
0.032 2.5 0.038 3.0 0.044 3.5 0.063 5.0 0.09 7.0 0.128 10
2
0.022 3.0 0.026 3.6 0.03 4.2 0.043 6.0 0.06 8.4 0.083 12
2.5
0.016 3.5 0.02 4.2 0.023 4.9 0.032 7.0 0.045 9.8 0.064 14
3
0.013 4.0 0.015 4.8 0.018 5.6 0.026 8.0 0.035 11 0.051 16
4
0.009 5.0 0.011 6.0 0.013 7.0 0.018 10 0.025 14 0.036 20
5
0.007 6.0 0.008 7.2 0.01 8.4 0.014 12 0.02 17 0.027 24
7.5
0.0043 8.5 0.005 10 0.006 12 0.008 17 0.012 24 0.017 34
10
0.0032 11 0.004 13 0.0044 15 0.006 22 0.009 31 0.013 44
15
0.002 16 0.002 19 0.0029 22 0.0041 32 0.006 45 0.008 64
20
0.0015 21 0.002 25 0.0021 29 0.003 42 0.0042 59 0.006 84
30
0.001 31 0.001 37 0.0014 43 0.002 62 0.0028 87 0.0039 120
40
0.0007 41 0.0012 49 0.0011 57 0.0014 82 0.002 110 0.0029 160

ly published by Lefkowitz (1979, p. 258), equation used in this sheet is an equivalent form.
for science: Close-up photography, macrophotography and photomacrography" by Enrico Savazzi.

se between DoF and diffraction is the cell at the bottom of each green column.
a small absolute size. Resolution is slightly limited by diffraction (C < Airy < 2C ).
5.6
DoF
E
23 6.2
6.4 6.7
3.1 7.3
1.9 7.8
1.3 8.4
0.66 9.8
0.43 11
0.24 14
0.16 17
0.12 20
0.095 22
0.067 28
0.051 34
0.032 48
0.023 62
0.015 90
0.011 120
0.007 170
0.006 230

8
DoF
33
9.1
4.4
2.7
1.8
0.95
0.61
0.34
0.23
0.17
0.14
0.095
0.073
0.046
0.033
0.022
0.016
0.01
0.008

E
8.8
9.6
10
11
12
14
16
20
24
28
32
40
48
68
88
130
170
250
330

11
DoF
E
46
12
13
13
6
14
3.7 15
2.5 17
1.3 19
0.84 22
0.46 28
0.31 33
0.23 39
0.19 44
0.13 55
0.1 66
0.063 94
0.046 120
0.03 180
0.022 230
0.014 340
0.011 450

16
DoF
E
67
18
18
19
8.8 21
5.3 22
3.6 24
1.9 28
1.2 32
0.68 40
0.46 48
0.34 56
0.27 64
0.19 80
0.15 96
0.092 140
0.067 180
0.043 260
0.032 340
0.021 500
0.016 660

22
DoF
E
92
24
25
26
12
29
7.3 31
5
33
2.6 39
1.7 44
0.93 55
0.63 66
0.47 77
0.37 88
0.26 110
0.2 130
0.13 190
0.092 240
0.059 350
0.044 460
0.029 680
0.021 900

32
DoF
E
130
35
36
38
18
42
11
45
7.3
48
3.8
56
2.4
64
1.4
80
0.91 96
0.68 110
0.54 130
0.38 160
0.29 190
0.18 270
0.13 350
0.086 510
0.064 670
0.042 990
0.031 1300

11
Airy
0.0162337
0.0177095
0.0191853
0.020661
0.0221368
0.0258263
0.0295158
0.0368947
0.0442737
0.0516526
0.0590315
0.0737894
0.0885473
0.125442
0.1623367
0.2361262
0.3099156
0.4574945

16
Airy
0.0236126
0.0257592
0.0279058
0.0300524
0.032199
0.0375655
0.042932
0.053665
0.064398
0.0751311
0.0858641
0.1073301
0.1287961
0.1824611
0.2361262
0.3434563
0.4507863
0.6654465

22
Airy
0.0324673
0.0354189
0.0383705
0.0413221
0.0442737
0.0516526
0.0590315
0.0737894
0.0885473
0.1033052
0.1180631
0.1475789
0.1770946
0.2508841
0.3246735
0.4722524
0.6198312
0.9149889

32
Airy
0.04722524
0.05151844
0.05581164
0.06010484
0.06439805
0.07513106
0.08586406
0.10733008
0.1287961
0.15026211
0.17172813
0.21466016
0.25759219
0.36492227
0.47225235
0.68691251
0.90157267
1.33089299

d on nominal aperture and magnification.

5.6
Airy
0.0082644
0.0090157
0.009767
0.0105183
0.0112697
0.0131479
0.0150262
0.0187828
0.0225393
0.0262959
0.0300524
0.0375655
0.0450786
0.0638614
0.0826442
0.1202097
0.1577752
0.2329063

8
Airy
0.0118063
0.0128796
0.0139529
0.0150262
0.0160995
0.0187828
0.021466
0.0268325
0.032199
0.0375655
0.042932
0.053665
0.064398
0.0912306
0.1180631
0.1717281
0.2253932
0.3327232

Input values, set by user

C =
C is 0.034 for a 12 Mpixel APS-C sensor
C is 0.0375 for a 10 Mpixel APS-C sensor
C is 0.050 for a 10 Mpixel full-frame sens
C is 0.024 for a 10 Mpixel Four Thirds sen
Pin =
Pout =
Leave both values at 1 if actual values not
P =

=
Use 550 nm (not mm!) for medium green

Notes:
If you change C in order to model the eff
you should change the magnification acco
The result is that DoF is not affected by s
at the same absolute size.

Non-rounded values of DoF are displayed

You may change the values of N (nomina
N
M
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.75
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
7.5
10
15
20
30
40

0.3080373 0.4400533 0.6050733 0.8801067 1.2101467 1.76021331

ing may slightly affect the color-coding, compared to Table 2.

5.6
8
11
16
Airy
Airy
Airy
Airy
0.0083
0.012
0.016
0.024
0.009
0.013
0.018
0.026
0.0098
0.014
0.019
0.028
0.011
0.015
0.021
0.03
0.011
0.016
0.022
0.032
0.013
0.019
0.026
0.038
0.015
0.021
0.03
0.043
0.019
0.027
0.037
0.054
0.023
0.032
0.044
0.064
0.026
0.038
0.052
0.075
0.03
0.043
0.059
0.086
0.038
0.054
0.074
0.11
0.045
0.064
0.089
0.13
0.064
0.091
0.13
0.18
0.083
0.12
0.16
0.24
0.12
0.17
0.24
0.34
0.16
0.23
0.31
0.45
0.23
0.33
0.46
0.67
0.31
0.44
0.61
0.88

minal aperture. Slice thickness (ST, in mm) is 75% of the DoF.

5.6
8
11
16
ST
E
ST
E
ST
E
ST
E
17.25 6.2 24.75 8.8 34.5 12 50.25 18
4.8 6.7 6.825 9.6 9.75 13 13.5 19
2.325 7.3 3.3 10 4.5 14 6.6 21
1.425 7.8 2.025 11 2.775 15 3.975 22
0.975 8.4 1.35 12 1.875 17 2.7 24
0.495 9.8 0.713 14 0.975 19 1.425 28
0.323 11 0.458 16 0.63 22 0.9 32
0.18 14 0.255 20 0.345 28 0.51 40
0.12 17 0.173 24 0.233 33 0.345 48
0.09 20 0.128 28 0.173 39 0.255 56
0.071 22 0.105 32 0.143 44 0.203 64
0.05 28 0.071 40 0.098 55 0.143 80
0.038 34 0.055 48 0.075 66 0.113 96
0.024 48 0.035 68 0.047 94 0.069 140
0.017 62 0.025 88 0.035 120 0.05 180
0.011 90 0.017 130 0.023 180 0.032 260
0.008 120 0.012 170 0.017 230 0.024 340
0.005 170 0.008 250 0.011 340 0.016 500
0.004 230 0.006 330 0.008 450 0.012 660

22
Airy
0.032
0.035
0.038
0.041
0.044
0.052
0.059
0.074
0.089
0.1
0.12
0.15
0.18
0.25
0.32
0.47
0.62
0.91
1.2

32
Airy
0.047
0.052
0.056
0.06
0.064
0.075
0.086
0.11
0.13
0.15
0.17
0.21
0.26
0.36
0.47
0.69
0.9
1.3
1.8

22

32

ST
69
18.75
9
5.475
3.75
1.95
1.275
0.698
0.473
0.353
0.278
0.195
0.15
0.098
0.069
0.044
0.033
0.022
0.016

E
24
26
29
31
33
39
44
55
66
77
88
110
130
190
240
350
460
680
900

ST
97.5
27
13.5
8.25
5.475
2.85
1.8
1.05
0.683
0.51
0.405
0.285
0.218
0.135
0.098
0.065
0.048
0.032
0.023

E
35
38
42
45
48
56
64
80
96
110
130
160
190
270
350
510
670
990
1300

Input values, set by user

0.019 mm
C is 0.034 for a 12 Mpixel APS-C sensor
C is 0.0375 for a 10 Mpixel APS-C sensor
C is 0.050 for a 10 Mpixel full-frame sensor
C is 0.024 for a 10 Mpixel Four Thirds sensor
1 mm
1 mm
Leave both values at 1 if actual values not available.
1

Airy = size of Airy disk, mm

C = largest allowed CoC (circle of confusion), mm
DoF = depth of field, mm
E = effective aperture, f/ratio
M = magnification
N = nominal aperture, f/ratio
P = pupil ratio
Pin = entrance pupil diameter, mm
Pout = exit pupil diameter, mm
= wavelength, nm

Airy 2.43932 E

D = (2CE )/(M ^2)

E = N (M /P +1)
P = Pf / Pr

550 nm (note: not mm!)

Use 550 nm (not mm!) for medium green light.

If you change C in order to model the effects of different sensor sizes,

you should change the magnification accordingly, to keep the same field of view.
The result is that DoF is not affected by sensor size if the final pictures are observed
at the same absolute size.

Non-rounded values of DoF are displayed below. This table is used to store intermediate results used in other tables.
You may change the values of N (nominal aperture) in the row below, and/or M (magnification) in the leftmost column. These changes are automatica
1
1.2
1.4
2
2.8
DoF
E
DoF
E
DoF
E
DoF
E
DoF
E
4.18
1.1
5.016
1.3
5.852
1.5
8.36
2.2
11.704
3.1
1.14
1.2
1.368
1.4
1.596
1.7
2.28
2.4
3.192
3.4
0.548888889 1.3 0.658666667 1.6 0.768444444 1.8 1.097777778 2.6 1.536888889 3.6
0.3325
1.4
0.399
1.7
0.4655
2.0
0.665
2.8
0.931
3.9
0.228
1.5
0.2736
1.8
0.3192
2.1
0.456
3.0
0.6384
4.2
0.118222222 1.8 0.141866667 2.1 0.165511111 2.5 0.236444444 3.5 0.331022222 4.9
0.076
2.0
0.0912
2.4
0.1064
2.8
0.152
4.0
0.2128
5.6
0.042222222 2.5 0.050666667 3.0 0.059111111 3.5 0.084444444 5.0 0.118222222 7.0
0.0285
3.0
0.0342
3.6
0.0399
4.2
0.057
6.0
0.0798
8.4
0.02128
3.5
0.025536 4.2 0.029792
4.9
0.04256
7.0
0.059584
9.8
0.016888889 4.0 0.020266667 4.8 0.023644444 5.6 0.033777778 8.0 0.047288889 11
0.011875
5.0
0.01425
6.0 0.016625
7.0
0.02375
10
0.03325
14
0.00912
6.0
0.010944 7.2 0.012768
8.4
0.01824
12
0.025536
17
0.005742222 8.5 0.006890667 10 0.008039111 12 0.011484444 17 0.016078222 24
0.00418
11
0.005016
13
0.005852
15
0.00836
22
0.011704
31
0.002702222 16 0.003242667 19 0.003783111 22 0.005404444 32 0.007566222 45
0.001995
21
0.002394
25
0.002793
29
0.00399
42
0.005586
59
0.001308889 31 0.001570667 37 0.001832444 43 0.002617778 62 0.003664889 87
0.00097375 41
0.0011685 49 0.00136325 57 0.0019475 82 0.0027265 115

Use the password "password" (without quotation marks) to unprotect this sheet.

Airy 2.43932 E

D = (2CE )/(M ^2)

E = N (M /P +1)
P = Pf / Pr

e leftmost column. These changes are automatically used in Tables 1-5.

4
5.6
8
DoF
E
DoF
E
DoF
16.72
4.4
23.408
6.2
33.44
4.56
4.8
6.384
6.7
9.12
2.195555556 5.2 3.073777778 7.3 4.391111111
1.33
5.6
1.862
7.8
2.66
0.912
6.0
1.2768
8.4
1.824
0.472888889 7.0 0.662044444 9.8 0.945777778
0.304
8.0
0.4256
11
0.608
0.168888889 10 0.236444444 14 0.337777778
0.114
12
0.1596
17
0.228
0.08512
14
0.119168
20
0.17024
0.067555556 16 0.094577778 22 0.135111111
0.0475
20
0.0665
28
0.095
0.03648
24
0.051072
34
0.07296
0.022968889 34 0.032156444 48 0.045937778
0.01672
44
0.023408
62
0.03344
0.010808889 64 0.015132444 90 0.021617778
0.00798
84
0.011172 118
0.01596
0.005235556 124 0.007329778 174 0.010471111
0.003895 164 0.005453 230
0.00779

E
8.8
9.6
10
11
12
14
16
20
24
28
32
40
48
68
88
128
168
248
328

11
DoF
45.98
12.54
6.037777778
3.6575
2.508
1.300444444
0.836
0.464444444
0.3135
0.23408
0.185777778
0.130625
0.10032
0.063164444
0.04598
0.029724444
0.021945
0.014397778
0.01071125

E
12
13
14
15
17
19
22
28
33
39
44
55
66
94
121
176
231
341
451

16
DoF
66.88
18.24
8.782222222
5.32
3.648
1.891555556
1.216
0.675555556
0.456
0.34048
0.270222222
0.19
0.14592
0.091875556
0.06688
0.043235556
0.03192
0.020942222
0.01558

E
18
19
21
22
24
28
32
40
48
56
64
80
96
136
176
256
336
496
656

o unprotect this sheet.

22
DoF
91.96
25.08
12.07555556
7.315
5.016
2.600888889
1.672
0.928888889
0.627
0.46816
0.371555556
0.26125
0.20064
0.126328889
0.09196
0.059448889
0.04389
0.028795556
0.0214225

E
24
26
29
31
33
39
44
55
66
77
88
110
132
187
242
352
462
682
902

32
DoF
133.76
36.48
17.56444444
10.64
7.296
3.783111111
2.432
1.351111111
0.912
0.68096
0.540444444
0.38
0.29184
0.183751111
0.13376
0.086471111
0.06384
0.041884444
0.03116

E
35
38
42
45
48
56
64
80
96
112
128
160
192
272
352
512
672
992
1312