Wireless Communication Systems

Lecture 1 Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems

Course Information

Instructor: Asad Khan Office: 101, (Floor 1, EE building) E-mail: asadkhan542@gmail.com Pre-requisites: EEE314 Data Communications and Computer Networks EEE463 Antennas and Radio Wave Propagation Class Homepage: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/wirelesscomsys/

Recommended Books
Course material about most of the topics can be found in the following text books.

Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Theodore S. Rappaport, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, 2002

Wireless Communications, Andrea Goldsmith, Cambridge University Press, 2005

Course Content
Lecture # Topics covered

1
24

Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems.

Cellular Concepts. Frequency Reuse. Channel Assignment Strategies. Handoff Strategies. Interference and System Capacity. Trunking and Grade of Service. Improving Coverage and Capacity in Cellular Systems. Mobile Radio Propagation: Large-scale Path Loss. Free-space Propagation Model. Reflection, Diffraction and Scattering Mechanisms. Two-ray Propagation Model. Practical Link Budget Design using Path Loss Models. Outdoor Propagation Models: Okumara Model, Hata Model, Walfisch and Betroni Model. Indoor Propagation Models: Wall and Floor Factor Model, ITU-R Model, COST 231 Multiwall Model; COST 231 LOS Model, COST 231 NLOS Model, Floor Gain Model, Physical Model, Double Diffraction Paths, Path Loss vs. No. of Floors. Ray Tracing and Site Specific Modeling.

57

Course Content (cont.)

Lecture # Topics covered

8 10

Mobile Radio Propagation: Small-scale Fading and Multipath. Doppler Shift and Power Delay Profile. Flat Fading. Frequency Selective Fading. Fast and Slow Fading. Rayleigh and Rician Distributions. Shadowing. Doppler Spread. Average Fade Duration and Level Crossing Rate.
Modulation Techniques for Wireless Communications. Analog Modulation Techniques: Amplitude Modulation, Angle Modulation. Digital Modulation Techniques: BPSK, QPSK, GMSK. OFDM and other spread spectrum modulation techniques. Channel Equalization and Diversity Techniques. Linear and Non-linear Equalizers. Algorithms for Adaptive Equalization. Diversity Techniques. Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communications. TDMA FDMA CDMA

11 14

15 17

18 19

Course Content (cont.)

Lecture # Topics covered Mobile Cellular Systems. GSM IS-95 UMTS Packet Radio Networks. GPRS EDGE Wireless Local Area Networks. IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n standard Wireless Personal Area Networks. Bluetooth / IEEE 802.15.1 MIMO Systems.

20 21

22

23

24 25 27 28 29 30 32

Ad Hoc Wireless Networks.

Seminar Series and Course Review.

6

What is wireless communication?

Any form of communication that does not require the transmitter and receiver to be in physical contact. Mode of transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical wires. The term wireless should not be confused with the term cordless, which is a subclass of wireless.

Why wireless communication?

User mobility tetherless connectivity Reduced infrastructure cost reduced cabling Flexibility stay connected anywhere anytime Portable devices small volume, light enough to be carried

History of Wireless Communications 1896: Marconi (cont.)

first demonstration of wireless telegraphy transmission of radio waves to a ship at sea 29km away long wave transmission, high power req. (200kW and +) 1901: Marconi Telegraph across the Atlantic ocean close to 3000km hop 1907: Commercial transatlantic connections huge ground stations (30 x 100 m antennas) 1915: Wireless telephony established NY San Francisco Virginia and Paris 1920: Marconi discovery of short waves (<100m) reflection at the ionosphere inexpensive and smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the vacuum tube. 1920s: radio broadcasting became popular 1928: many TV broadcast trials

History of Wireless Communications (cont.)

1930s: TV broadcasting deployment 1946: first public mobile telephone service in US
single cell system brought mobile telephony to masses

1960s: Bell Labs developed cellular concept 1960s: communications satellites launched Late 1970s: technology advances enable affordable cellular telephony
development of highly reliable, miniature, solid-state radio frequency hardware entering the modern cellular era AMPS, Chicago Analog signals (AMPS, NMT, FDMA, FM)

1974-1978: first field trial for cellular system

1983: 1st generation systems were deployed Early 1990s: 2nd generation systems were deployed
Digital signals (GSM, IS-136, IS-95, TDMA)

2000-01: 3rd generation systems were deployed

Korea and Japan (IMT2000 standard, UMTS, CDMA2000)

200?: 4G (LTE, UMB)

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History of Wireless Communications (cont.)

cellular phones
1981: NMT 450 1983: AMPS

satellites

cordless phones
1980: CT0

wireless LAN

1982: Inmarsat-A 1984: CT1

1986: NMT 900 1988: Inmarsat-C

1987: CT1+ 1989: CT 2 1992: Inmarsat-B Inmarsat-M 1998: Iridium 1991: DECT 199x: proprietary 1997: IEEE 802.11 1999: 802.11b, Bluetooth 2000: IEEE 802.11a

1992: GSM 1994: DCS 1800

1991: CDMA

1991: D-AMPS

1993: PDC

analogue

2000: GPRS

2001: IMT-2000 200?: Fourth Generation

digital

4G fourth generation: when and how?

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Challenges in Wireless Communications

Wireless channel is an unpredictable and difficult communications medium. Radio spectrum is a scarce resource, and can be very expensive. It must be used extremely efficiently. Security is difficult to implement. Wireless networking issue. Interfacing between wireless and wired networks with different performance capabilities is a difficult task.

Design Challenges
Wireless channels are a difficult and capacity-limited broadcast communications medium Traffic patterns, user locations, and network conditions are constantly changing Applications are heterogeneous with hard constraints that must be met by the network Energy and delay constraints change design principles across all layers of the protocol stack

Wireless networks in comparison to fixed networks

Higher loss-rates due to interference Emissions of, e.g., engines, lightning, congested spectrum Restrictive regulations of frequencies Frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost all occupied Low transmission rates Local some Mbit/s, regional currently, e.g., 9.6kbit/s with GSM Higher delays, higher jitter Lower security, simpler active attacking Radio interface accessible for everyone, base station can be simulated, thus attracting calls from mobile phones Always shared medium Secure access mechanisms important

Wireless Communication System Definition

Base Station: A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio communication with mobile stations. Base stations are located at the center or on the edge of a coverage region and consist of radio channels and transmitter and receiver. Control Channel: Radio channel used for call setup, call initiation, call request and other beacon or control purposes. Forward Channel: Radio channel used for transmission of information from the base station to the mobile Full Duplex Systems: Communication systems which allow simultaneous twoway communication. Half Duplex Systems: Communication systems which allow two-way communication by using the same radio channel for both transmission and reception. At any given time, the user can only either transmit or receive information. Handoff: The process of transferring a mobile station from one channel or base station to another. Mobile Station: A station in the cellular radio service intended for use while in motion in unspecified locations. Mobile stations may be hand-held personal units(portables) or installed in vehicles(mobiles).

Wireless Communication System Definition

Mobile Switching Center: Switching center which coordinates the routing of calls in large service area. In a cellular radio system, the MSC connects the cellular base stations and the mobiles to the PSTN. An MSC is also called a mobile telephone switching office (MTSO). Reverse Channel: Radio channel used for transmission if information from the mobile to base station. Roamer: A mobile station which operates in service area(market) other than that from which service has been subscribed . Simplex Systems: Communication systems which provide only one way communication. Subscriber: A user who pays subscription charges for using a mobile communication system. Transceiver: A device capable of simultaneously transmitting and receiving radio signals.

Electromagnetic Spectrum
104 102 100 10-2 10-4 10-6 10-8 10-10 10-12 10-14 10-16

Radio Spectrum
104 106 108

Micro wave
1010 1012

IR

UV

X-Rays

Cosmic Rays
1022 1024

1014

1016

1018

1020

1MHz ==100m 100MHz ==1m 10GHz ==1cm

Visible light

< 30 KHz 30-300KHz 300KHz 3MHz 3 MHz 30MHz 30MHz 300MHz 300 MHz 3GHz 3-30GHz > 30 GHz

VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF

Wireless Communication Spectrum

Wireless Communication Spectrum

In Pakistan!!!
Zong GSM (Global Systems for Mobile Communication ) Uplink: 882.5 MHz 890.1 MHz = 7.6MHz Downlink: 927.5 MHz 925.1 MHz = 2.4 MHz DCS (Digital Cellular Services) Uplink : 1729.7 MHz - 1745.7 MHz Downlink: 1834.7 MHz - 1840.7 MHz Warid GSM (Global Systems for Mobile Communication ) Uplink: 890.5 Mhz 894.9 Mhz = 40.6Mhz Downlink: 935.1 Mhz 939.9 Mhz = 4.8Mhz DCS (Digital Cellular Services) Uplink : 1710.1Mhz 1718.9 Mhz Downlink : 1805.1 Mhz -- 1813.9 Mhz

Ufone: GSM ( Global Systems for Mobile Communication) Uplink: 894.9 Mhz 902.5 Mhz = 7.6 Mhz Downlink: 939.5 Mhz - 947.5 Mhz = 8Mhz DCS (Digital Cellular Services) Uplink: 1718.9 Mhz 1724.9 Mhz Downlink: 1813.9 Mhz 1819.9 Mhz Mobilink GSM(Global Systems for Mobile Communication) Uplink: 902.5 Mhz 907.3 Mhz Downlink: 947.5 Mhz 952.3 Mhz DCS (Digital Cellular Services) Uplink: 1724.9 Mhz 1733.7 Mhz Downlink: 1819.9 Mhz 1828 Mhz

Examples of Wireless Communication Systems

Amateur radio Cellular systems Wireless LANs Satellite Systems Paging Systems Bluetooth headsets Ultra-wide band radios Land-sea communication systems, etc...

Figure. Structure of a cellular network

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Examples of Wireless Communication Systems (cont.)

Satellite Network Wireless Wide Area Networks Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks Wireless Local Area Networks Wireless Personal Area Networks
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