Wireless Communication

Wireless Communication
Wireless communications is the transmission of voice and data without
cable or wires. In place of a physical connection, data travels through
electromagnetic signals broadcast from sending facilities to intermediate
and end-user devices.

What is a wireless network?

A wireless network is a grouping, or network, of multiple devices where
data is sent and received over radio frequencies.

Advantages of wireless communication

• Cost-effectiveness: Since it is easy to install and doesn’t require
cables, the wireless network is relatively cheaper.

• Flexibility: Wireless network is more flexible and adaptable

compared to a wired network.
 • Data transmission is fast: In wireless network data transmission is
fast.

• Easy to setup: Wireless network is easy to expand and setup

• Mobile and portable: Wireless network is easy to carry and re-install

in another place.

• Expandable: Wireless networks can serve a large number of client

without resorting the new hardware.

Q- List out the various design issues for a wireless network

• Limited bandwidth: Wireless networks typically have lower bandwidth than

wired networks. This is because the radio spectrum is a shared resource, and
multiple devices can interfere with each other's transmissions.
• Limited range: Wireless signals can be attenuated by obstacles and
distance. This means that wireless networks typically have a shorter range
than wired networks.
• Vulnerability to interference: Wireless signals can be interfered with by
other wireless signals, as well as by environmental factors such as weather
and buildings.
• Security: Wireless networks can be more vulnerable to security attacks than
wired networks. This is because wireless signals can be intercepted by
attackers.
• Network Topology

FDD is better than TDD.

• FDD is used when there is paired spectrum i.e download and
upload on two different frequency.
• TDD is used when there is impaired specturm i.e download and
upload on one frequency.
Classification on the basis of modes of transmission

Simplex Mode:
In simplex mode, Sender can send the data but the sender can’t receive the
data. It is a type of unidirectional communication in which communication
happens in only one direction.
Half-Duplex Mode:
In half-duplex mode, Sender can send the data and also receive the data one
at a time. It is a type of two-way directional communication but restricted to
only one at a time.
Full Duplex Mode:
In Full-duplex mode, Sender can send the data and also can receive the data
simultaneously. It is two-way directional communication simultaneously
Paging System

Paging systems are unidirectional wireless communication systems that send brief messages to a
subscriber. Depending on the type of service, the message may be either a numeric message, an
alphanumeric message, or a voice message.

In modern paging systems, news headlines, stock quotations, and faxes may be sent.

A message is sent to a paging subscriber via the paging system access number (usually a toll-free
telephone number) with a telephone keypad or modem. The issued message is called a page.
Users which are far away are used to connect via satellite
PSTN is “Public switched Telephone Network”. Public Switched Telephone Network
is a Telecommunication network which is used for voice communication.

Cordless Telephone System

• Cordless Telephone Systems are full duplex communication systems that use radio
to connect a portable handset to a dedicated base station, which is also connected
to a dedicated telephone line with a specific telephone number on PSTN.
• The communication between the base unit and the handset is wireless and the
range is limited to 50 meters.
• In the base unit all call processing circuits like amplifiers and also ring circuit is
present. In addition a transceiver is also present which is used for communication
with the handset.
• In handset also the transceiver along with an antenna, amplifier, microphone and
loud speaker are present.
• 1st generation cordless telephone systems could cover only distance of a few ten
meters(approximately 50m)and can be operated solely as extension telephones to
a transceiver connected to a subscriber line on the PSTN and are primarily for in-
home use.
• 2nd generation cordless telephone systems could cover distance of a few hundred
meters which allows subscribers to use their handsets at many outdoor locations
within urban centres.

DECT-Digital European cordless telephone CT2-Cordless Version-2

PHS- Personal Handy Phone System PACS- Picture archiving and
communication system
Cellular Systems
In a cellular structure, a MS (mobile station) needs to communicate with the BS of the cell
where the MS is currently located and the BS acts as a gateway to the rest of the world.
Therefore, to provide a link, the MS needs to be in the area of one of the cells (and hence a
BS) so that mobility of the MS can be supported. Several base stations are connected
through hard-wires and are controlled by a BS controller (BSC), which in turn is connected to
a mobile switching centre (MSC).

Generation of Cellular Systems

1G (1st Generation):
• First-time calling was introduced in mobile systems.
• It used Analog signals.
• It used an FDD scheme and typically allocated a bandwidth of 25
Mhz.
• The coverage area was small.
• No roaming support between various operators.
• Low sound quality.
• Speed:- 2.4 kbps.
2G (2nd Generation) :
• Shifted from Analog to digital.
• It supported voice and SMS both.
• Supported all 4 sectors of the wireless industry namely Digital
cellular, Mobile Data, PCS, WLAN,
• Moderate mobile data service.
• 2G WLAN provided a high data rate & large area coverage.
• Speed:- 64 kbps.
2.5G came after 2G which used the concept of GPRS. Streaming was also
introduced and mail services too. Then came 2.75G or EDGE which was
faster in providing services than 2.5G. It gave faster internet speed up to
128kbps and also used edge connection.

3G (3rd Generation) :
• The Internet system was improved.
• Better system and capacity.
• Offers high-speed wireless internet.
• The connection used was UMTS and WCMA.
• Speed:- 2mbps.
4G (4th Generation) :
• IP-based protocols.
• LTE (Long term evaluation) was mainly for the internet.
• Vo-LTE (Voice over LTE) is for both voice and the internet.
• Freedom and flexibility to select any desired service with
reasonable QoS.
• High usability.
• Supports multimedia service at a low transmission cost.
• HD Quality Streaming.
• Speed:-100mbps.
PCS Architecture

PCS stands for Personal Communication System. The objective of PCS is to

enable communication with a person at any time, at any place & in any form. It
also manages their individual call services according to their service by
providing unlimited reachability & accessibility.

The PCS Network is divided into two sections as shown below figure:

• Wireline Transport Network

• Radio Network

Wireline Transport Network

The Base Station Controller (BSC) in the Radio Network interfaces with the Mobile Switching
Centre (MSC) in the Wireline Transport Network.

To provide wireline customers with communication services, MSC connects to the Public
Switch Telephone Network (PSTN).

MSC also communicates with a mobility database, which keeps track of where moving
devices are in the architecture.
Radio Network

The radio network connects Mobile Stations (MS) and other network components via a
wireless network.

MS connect with one another via the radio network's Base Stations (BS).

The radio link protocols are handled by the BS in a radio network during communication.

Components of PCS Architecture

1.Mobile Stations (MS) - MS refers to moveable devices in the radio network, such as cell
phones, handsets, or portable devices installed on cars.

2. Base Station Subsystem (BSS) –

The BSS communicates with the MS and the Network Switching Subsystem (NSS).
The BSS is divided into two components, as shown below.

• Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

• Base Station Controller (BSC)

3. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

The BTS consists of transceivers (transmitters and receivers) and signaling equipment, such
as antennas in a cell.

Each BTS is positioned in the cell's center.

• Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)

• Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)

4.Base Station Controller (BSC)

BSC is in charge of a group of BTSs and is co-located with one of them.

BSC administers the radio resources within the group of BTS and performs handovers, radio
channel setup, exchange function, control radio frequency power level, and frequency
hopping.
5.Mobile Services Switching Centre (MSC)
MSC serves as a PSTN or ISDN switching node.

MSC handles mobile subscribers by switching services based on their unique identifiers, such
as IMEI, by registering MS, authenticating MS, calling MS location, handover, and call routing.

6. Visitor Location Register (VLR)

A record is made in the VLR database whenever an MS visits a PCS network other than his or
her home network