Quantitative Analysis of Salts

Tests for anions

Reagent / Condition 2 cm3 the unknown solution + dilute hydrochloric acid / nitric acid / sulphuric acid pour into a test tube gas liberated is immediately bubbled through lime water. 2 cm3 of nitric acid + 2 cm3 of the unknown solution pour into a test tube + 2 cm3 silver nitrate solution 2 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid / nitric acid + 2 cm3 of the unknown solution pour into a test tube + 2 cm3 of barium chloride / barium nitrate solution shake well 2 cm3 of the unknown solution pour into a test tube 2 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid + 2 cm3 of iron(II) sulphate solution shake well. Then drop carefully and slowly a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid along the side of a slanting test tube into the mixture without shaking it. Observation Effervescence. Colourless gas turns lime water milky. Anion CO32- ion Ionic Equation (if any) CO32- + 2H+ CO2 + H2O

White precipitate is formed.

Cl- ion

Ag+ + Cl- AgCl

White precipitate is formed.

SO42- ion

Ba2+ + SO42 - BaSO4

Brown ring is formed at the boundary between the concentrated H2SO4 (top layer) and aqueous solution of the mixture (bottom layer)

NO3- ion

Practical Book Activity 8.12 page 132

Confirmatory Test for Fe2+, Fe3+, Pb2+, NH4+ Ions

Confirmatory Test for Fe2+ Reagent Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) solution Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution Potassium thiocyanate solution Observation Pale blue precipitate Dark blue precipitate Dark blue precipitate Greenish-brown solution Pale red colouration Blood red colouration

Practical Book Activity 8.14 page 137

Conclusion Fe2+ ion is present Fe3+ ion is present Fe2+ ion is present Fe3+ ion is present Fe2+ ion is present Fe3+ ion is present

Confirmatory Test for Pb2+ Method Using aqueous solution of chloride - 2 cm3 of any solution of Cl- + 2 cm3 of any solution of Pb2+ dilute with 5 cm3 of distilled water heat until no further change occurs allow the content to cool to room temperature using running water from the tap Observation - A white precipitate is formed When heated dissolve in water to form colourless solution When cooled white precipitate reappear - A yellow precipitate is formed When heated dissolve in water to form colourless solution When cooled yellow precipitate reappear Pb2+ + 2I- PbI2 Ionic Equation Pb2+ + 2Cl- PbCl2

Using aqueous solution of iodide - 2 cm3 of any solution of I- + 2 cm3 of any solution of Pb2+ dilute with 5 cm3 of distilled water heat until no further change occurs allow the content to cool to room temperature using running water from the tap

Confirmatory Test for NH4+ Method Observation - Moist red litmus paper turns blue

2 cm3 of any solution of NH4+ + 2 cm3 of NaOH / KOH / Ca(OH)2 heat put a piece of moist red litmus paper at the mouth of the test tube

Reaction with Nesslers Reagent 2 cm3 of any solution of NH4+ + 2 cm3 of Nesslers Reagent shake well

- A brown precipitate is formed

To Identify the Anions and Cations in Unknown Salts

Practical Book Activity 8.15 page 139

Do It Yourself !
Describe chemical tests that can be carried out in the laboratory to differentiate between (a) lead(II) nitrate solution and aluminium nitrate solution Sodium sulphate solution is added slowly into 2 cm3 of the solution to be tested in a test tube. If a white precipitate is formed, then the solution tested is lead(II) nitrate. If no change occurs, then the solution tested is aluminium nitrate. (b) aluminium nitrate solution and zinc nitrate solution Aqueous ammonia solution is poured slowly into 2 cm3 of the solution to be tested in a test tube until in excess. If a white precipitate that dissolves in excess aqueous ammonia solution is formed, than the solution tested is zinc nitrate. If a white precipitate that is insoluble in excess aqueous ammonia solution is formed, than the solution tested is aluminium nitrate. (c) ammonium chloride solution and potassium chloride solution Nesslers Reagent is added to 2 cm3 of the solution to be tested in a test tube. If a brown precipitate is formed, then the solution tested is ammonium chloride. If no change occurs, then the solution tested is potassium chloride (d) iron(II) sulphate solution and iron(III) sulphate solution Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) solution is poured into 2 cm3 of the solution to be tested in a test tube. If a dark blue precipitate is formed, then the solution tested is iron(III) chloride. If no change occurs, then the solution tested is iron(II) chloride. Or Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution is poured into 2 cm3 of the solution to be tested in a test tube. If a greenish-brown solution is formed, then the solution tested is iron(III) chloride. If no change occurs, then the solution tested is iron(II) chloride. Or Potassium thiocyanate solution is poured into 2 cm3 of the solution to be tested in a test tube. If a blood red colouration is formed, then the solution tested is iron(III) chloride. If no change occurs, then the solution tested is iron(II) chloride. (e) sodium chloride and sodium sulphate Silver nitrate solution is poured into 2 cm3 of the solution to be tested in a test tube. If a white precipitate is formed, then the solution tested is sodium chloride. If no change occurs, then the solution tested is sodium sulphate. Or Barium chloride solution is poured into 2 cm3 of the solution to be tested in a test tube. If a white precipitate is formed, then the solution tested is sodium sulphate. If no change occurs, then the solution tested is sodium chloride.