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Comparison of Series Hybrid Active Power Filters Based on Experimental

Tests
Juha Turunen, Mika Salo and Heikki Tuusa TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY P. 0. Box 692, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland Tel.: +358 3 3115 3684. Fax: +358 3 3115 2088. E-mail: juha.turunen@tut.fi URL: http://www.tut.fi

Keywords
(diarmonics>, ((Measuremenb>, Active filten>, <<Power quality>

Abstract
conductor switches. Because of current harmonics, voltage harnonics are produced. The presence of voltage harmonics in the power network is harmful, because additional losses are caused and in the worst case malfunctioning of the network components may occur. Because of these harmful effects, national and international standards have been created to limit current harmonics. The curret harmonics can be reduced by using current filters, which can be divided into passive power filters, active power filters and hybrid power filters. In this paper, a comparison of three series hybrid active power filters is presented. After a short introduction to the topic the operating principles of the main circuits and control systems of these filters are presented. The rest of the paper presents the experimental tests, where the current filtering performance of each filter is tested. Tests are performed for each filter topology in the same operation conditions using filter prototypes. The performance of the filters is tested in cases where harmonics producing loads are 5 kVA three-phase diode rectifiers with RL- and RC-loads. The current filtering performance of the series hybrid active power filters presented is compared based on the presented test results.

Current harmonics are the one of the problems associated with the power networks. They are caused by non-linear loads including e.g. saturated transformers, arc furmaces and equipment including semi-

Introduction
One of the power quality problems associated with power networks is current harmonics caused by nonlinear loads including e.g. saturated transformers, arc fumaces and equipment including semiconductor switches, such as AC-DC converters, UPS-devices and cycloconverters. In weak networks current harmonics cause voltage harmonics, which may lead to malfunctioning of network components. Because of the harmful effects of current harmonics, national and international standards intended to limit power network harmonics have been created.

The amount of current harmonics can be reduced by using current filters. Current filters used in power networks can be divided into three categories: passive power filters, active power filters and hybrid power filters. Passive power filters can be divided into two categories based on the type of connection with the main circuit. These categories are parallel passive power filters and series passive power filters. The advantages of the passive power filters are low price, simplicity and ability to compensate reactive power at fundamental frequency simultaneously with harmonic filtermg. On the other hand, passive power filters also have drawbacks, such as bulkiness, fixed filtering characteristics and a possibility of resonance.

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Active power filters can be divided into parallel active power filters (PAPFs) and series active power filters (SAPFs) [1],[2]. Unlike passive power filters, active power filters are not susceptible to resonances, they are compact and their filtering characteristics are adjustable. The problems of PAPFs emerge in high power applications because of lack of high-power semiconductor components. In these applications stepdown transformer, multilevel converter or cascade-connected converters have to be used to match voltage ratings of the power network and PAPF [3]. The drawback of using SAPF in current filtering is its inability to filter current harmonics in applications where the load is a so-called current source type load, i.e. the impedance of the load is high [4].

Hybrid filters are combinations of active and passive filters, and they are categorised in parallel hybrid active power filters and series hybrid active filters (SHAPFs) based on the used active filter type [4],[5]. The aim in the hybrid active power filter design is to complement or enhance the performance of the active power filter or passive power filter by adding passive or active components to its structure. For example, the current filtering characteristics of SAPF can be improved by adding passive power filters in the system, because in this case the load current harmonics have low impedance path due to passive power filters. This paper concentrates on experimental tests of three different SHAPF topologies [6],[7],[8]. The experimental tests are carried out using SHAPF prototypes and 5 kVA three-phase diode rectifiers with RL- and RC-loads.

SHIAPF Topologies Compared

Supply Connected Topology The main circuit of the first SHAPF topology presented, so-called supply connected topology (SCT) is presented in Fig. 1 [6]. The main circuit of SCT consists of a SAPF, two LC shunt circuits and a high-pass filter. The tuning frequencies of the passive filters are 250 Hz, 350 Hz and 550 Hz (high-pass). The series active filter consists of a voltage source converter, a coupling transformer and an LC filter. The purpose of
the LC filter is to filter high frequency ripple caused by the converter switching.

The control system of SCT is presented in Fig. 2, where LPF refers to low-pass filtering and HPF to highpass filtering. In addition to this, A, B and C refer to phase quantities, a and P respectively refer to real and imaginary space vector components in stationary reference frame, and d and q to real and imaginary space vector components in the synchronous reference frame. The angular speed of the synchronous reference frame corresponds to fundamental frequency.

supply

e a:

loa t

active filter

11

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+

Fig. 1: Main circuit of supply connected topology.

Fig. 2: Control system of supply connected topology.

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The operating principle of the SHAPF in the case of SCT is to produce compensation voltage ui that creates so-called active resistance R. in the supply branch at harmonic frequencies. Because the resistance of the supply branch increases at harmonic frequencies, the harmonic components of the load current are forced to flow more effectively in the passive filters. This working principle is analysed e.g. in [9],[10]. The compensation voltage ua is proportional to the harmonic components of the supply current i4,,:
Ua,ref,aml =KEibh,
h- 2

(1)

where uj is a space vector of the converter output voltage, coefficient K = (NMN2)Ra, where N1/N2 is a transformation ratio of the coupling transformer, defines the amount of active resistance Ra, subscript ref refers to the reference value, subscript harm to the harmonic components, subscript A to the ordinal number of the harmonic frequency and superscript k to the synchronous reference frame. The working principle of the control system presented in Fig. 2 is based on space vector calculation in the synchronous reference frame. The active resistance Ra produced by SAPF is calculated in the middle branch of the control system. First, phase quantities of the measured supply currents is,A, ts,B and iy,c are transformed into space vector components in synchronous reference frame using following equations.
FiSl2 1
-

0 /2 t

12

-1/2

2'L B I
tI sI

iA

(2)

and

coswlj liFidlrL-sinm
=

kt cosw,

sin,tiJ

(3

where 6., is the angular speed of the synchronous reference frame, t is time and superscript s refers to stationary reference frame. In this reference frame the fumdamental current component can be seen as a dcquantity, which can be removed using high-pass filter. As a result of high-pass filtering, only the harmonic components of the supply current are left and the compensation voltage reference is achieved by multiplying this signal by the coefficient K that defines the desired active resistance R,. The lowest branch in the control system is used to control the dc-link voltage of the converter. The measured dc-link voltage is compared to its reference value and the error signal is fed into the Pcontroller. The resulting signal is added to the d-component of the compensation voltage reference. The uppermost branch in the control system controls active filter phase current dc-levels. Dc-levels have to be controlled, because otherwise small dc-voltages produced by converter may create remarkable dccurrents on the primary side (converter side) of the coupling transformer, which may lead to saturation of the transformer, causing its operation to be non-linear. The functioning principle of the dc-level control is as follows: First active filter phase currents ia,,A i,,B and ia,c are measured. After this the dc-level of each phase is found using third-order low-pass filters. These dc-levels are compared to the reference value (zero) and then fed into the P-controller. Phase quantities are transformed into space vector components in synchronous reference frame and added with the outputs of other calculation branches. The active filter reference voltage vector u is achieved by summning the outputs of all three calculation &,f branches. After this the voltage reference is ready to be fed into the modulator.

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Filter Connected Topology The main circuit of the second SHAPF topology presented, so-called filter connected topology (FCT) is shown in Fig. 3 [7]. The main circuit consists of the same components as the main circuit of SCT, i.e. SAPF and three passive filters. However, the placement of SAPF is different. In this topology, it is connected in series with all passive filters instead of supply. The tuning frequencies of passive filters are also similar to those used with SCT. The operating principle of this hybrid filter is actually similar to the operating principle of SCT. SAPF produces a compensation voltage ti, defined by (1), which makes the harmonic components of the load current to flow more effectively into the passive filters. The control system of FCT is presented in Fig. 4.
LiL, L

_~~~~~~~~~~~
supply
lch

_
L P A

=5

LICK

Fig. 4: Control system of filter connected topology. Fig. 3: Main circuit of filter connected topology. The operating principle of FCT is similar to the operating principle of SCT as the purpose is to create active resistance R, in the supply branch at harmonic frequencies using SAPF. This is done by applying the output voltage defined by (1) with the SAPF in the passive filter branch as shown in Fig. 3. As is proven in [10] this has the same effect as creating this same voltage in the supply branch. Because of their similar functioning principles the control systems are nearly identical. The control system of FCT also consists of three calculation branches, which are similar to the calculation branches of the control system of SCT. The only difference between the control systems of SCT and FCT can be found in the lowest calculation branch. In FCT the error signal from the dc-link voltage controller is added to the q-component of the compensation voltage reference as in SCT it was added to the d-component. This is because the current of the LC shunt circuits is capacitive at the fundamental frequency and thus it can be seen as a qcomponent in the synchronous reference frame [7]. Electrically Controllable Topology Fig. 5 shows a third SHAPF topology, so-called electrically controllable topology (ECT) [8]. The control system of ECT is presented in Fig. 6. Besides SAPF, the main circuit of this topology consists of one LC shunt circuit. In this topology, the resonance frequency of the LC shunt circuit does not need to be precisely timed for any harmonic frequency as it is the task of SAPF to electrically tune the resonance frequency of the LC shunt circuit. Besides this, it is also possible to simultaneously apply an active resistance R. in the supply branch just as described in the case of FCT.
As was already mentioned, the operating principle of this hybrid filter is to tune the resonance frequency of the LC shunt circuit electrically for individual harmonic components. This is done by generating an active inductance L,,h into the system by the SAPF at these frequencies. The resonance frequency of the passive filter f,h can be tuned by controlling this active inductance at each harmonic frequency as presented in (4).

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Fig. 5: Main circuit of electrically controllable Fig. 6: Control system of electrically controllable topology. topology.

fr.!=h

27 Cf (Lf +L,1)

(4)

where Cf and Lf are the capacitance and inductance of the LC shunt circuit. Active inductances for each harmonic can be realised by producing output voltage defmed by the inductance voltage equation at corresponding frequency. The output voltage reference is a sum of these voltages.

a,refJth=

h2

a8t,ref,hK

N,

LKih +ecjfoie dt
Af/

(5)
5

where if is the current of the passive filter and col, is a angular speed of the reference frame rotating at h harmonic frequency.
Active inductances are calculated in calculation branches in the middle of the control system. Passive filter phase currents ifA, ifB and if,c are first transformed into space vector components in rotating reference frame. The rotating frequency of the frame is the same as the harmonic frequency that is to be filtered. These signals are low-pass filtered to obtain the hdl harmonic of the original signal, which is a dcquantity in the given reference frame. After this, the signal is multiplied by the coefficient Kh that defines the desired active inductance L,,h. The coefficient K4, can be calculated from (5) by solving quadratic components of the presented space vector and by noticing that dl"fXJdt is equal to zero in steady-state operation due to low-pass filtering.

Uttrelfd4h =-N, achob h =-Khi"

a.ref;q,h
-

h and

(6)
(7)

NIL AT' L A,hohifd,h! = Khi,fd.h

a T2'

where K1, = (N1/N2)L ,,110,. After this u''f,h and uh%, h are transformed into synchronous reference frame and summed with outputs of other calculation branches. The lowest and the uppermost branches, used for dc-link voltage control and to control active filter current dc-levels are similar as in control system of SCT presented in Fig. 2 and thus their finctioning is not presented here. The active filter reference voltage vector uk t-ef is fmally achieved by summing the outputs

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of all calculation branches. After this the voltage reference is ready to be fed into the modulator.

Experimental tests
Experimental setups The filtering performance of all SHAPF topologies was tested experimentally by using filter prototypes. The performance of each filter was tested in two cases where the harmonics to be compensated were produced by using 5 kVA three-phase diode rectifier with RL- and RC-loads. The utility supply voltage was 230/400V. The combined VA-rating of the passive power filters was in the case of SCT and FCT 2.8 kVAr and in the case of ECT 1.2 kVAr. The VA-rating of the SAPF was in the cases of SCT and FCT 300 VA and in the case of ECT 150 VA.
The control system of the prototype of SHAPF was realised using Motorola MPC-555 microcontroller. The main circuit was based on Semikron SKM 40 GD 123 IGBT bridge. SAPF consisted of the same converter and coupling transformer in the case of all SHAPF topologies. The main circuit parameters of the prototypes are presented in Table I. Table I Prototype parameters
Parameter Coupling transfonner transfonnation rafio N1/A2 DC-lhik capacitance Cd,
Value 9.5:1i 1.65 4.4
0.3 3.9

Quality mF iF mnH

High-pass filter capacitance, Cl,, High-pass filter inlductance, Lh, High-pass filter resistance, RI,, LC filter capacitance, C; LC filter inductance, L, (SCT,FCT) LC filter hiductance, 4, (ECT) LC shunt circuit capacitance, 5' harmonic C,
LC shunt circiit induietance, 5 'hamiiolc L5

19.1

10.0

Q uF
ini

20.4
17.3

10.4

LC shullt circuit capacitance, 7 harmonic C7

LC shunt circuit inductance Lf Modulation frequency (SCT,FCT)

19.9

nITl uF

niH

LC shunt circuit inductance, 7h hannonic L7 LC shullt circuit capacitance Cf

Modulation frequency (ECT) Supply inductance, L,

24.3 13.7 8.3

4.3

12.0

uF niH iF niH
%

5.5

kHz

kHz

The aim of the tests was to define the best possible current filtering result of each SHAPF topology. In the cases of SCT and FCT the best possible filtering result is achieved by choosing as large a value of active resistance R. as is possible. This situation is achieved when the active filter output voltage is at its maximum, which is defined by the dc-link voltage of the converter. In this case where space vector modulation was used, the maximum output voltage per phase is 1.15 .(uJ2), where ud, is a dc-link voltage of the converter. With ECT, however, the filtering result is best in the case where the values of active inductances produced tune the resonance frequency of the LC shunt circuit precisely correct at each harmonic frequency. This goal is achieved by tuning the LC shunt circuit resonance frequency correct at 5th and 7h harmonic frequency by producing active filter output voltage defined by (4) and (5). These two frequencies were chosen because they are the largest harmonic components produced by the diode rectifier, which was used as a load. The number of tuning frequencies was limited to two by the calculation capacity of the microcontroller that was used for converter control. This is because every harmonic frequency for which

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Comparison of Series Hybrid Active Pow er Filters Based on Experimental Tests

TURUNEN JLdla,

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active inductance is to be created requires its own calculation branch, which needs a lot of calculation and thus the sampling time has to be reduced as the number of calculation branches increases. Therefore, to obtain sufficient switching frequency, the number of tuning frequencies was limited to two.

As was previously mentioned, the filtering performance of ECT can be enhanced by applying active resistance Ra simultaneously with active inductances La,h. Thus ECT was also tested in the second case, where both active inductance and active resistance controls were used by combining the control systems presented in Figs. 4 and 6. In this test, active inductances for the 5th and 7h harmonic frequencies were first applied, and after this the maximum possible value of active resistance was applied considering the same request of the linear operation as in the case of SCT and FCT tests.

Test results The testing parameters are presented in Table II. The test results are presented in Figs. 7 to 16 and in Tables III and IV. The waveforms of the phase-A load current and the phase-A supply currents in the cases where SHAPFs were used for current filtering and where diode bridge with RL-load was used are presented in Figs. 7 to 11. Likewise Figs. 12 to 16 present the currents in the case where diode bridge with RC-load was used. The harmonic content of each waveform up to 2.5 kHz is presented in Tables III and IV using RL- and RC-loads respectively. Table II Testing parameters
Filter Load DC-link voltage (V) Coefficient K Active inductance La (mH), 5th hanlloic Active inductance La (mnH), 7th hannonic Modulation Index
16 8 0 -8 -16 16

Ind. 674 370

1.05

SCT Cap. 676 410

Ind. 674 200

1.14
16 0

FCT Cap. 674 100

Ind. 680
2.9 -5.2 0.63

ECT Cap 682

1.09

1.10

2.9 -5.2 0.64

ECT+Ra Ind. Cap. 676 675 60 40 2.9 2.9 -5.2 -5.2 1.06 1.05

.8 i8

0)

;
0 10 20 30 Time [ms] 40

16 <8 0

-8-8 -16 0 10 20 30 Time [ms]

;
40

-16

10 20 30 Time [ms]

40

-8 -16

10 20 30 Time [ms]

40

Fig. 7: Phase-A load

current il,A.
16

Fig. 8: Phase-A supply current is,A using SCT.

16 8
0)

Fig. 9: Phase-A supply current is,A using FCT.

Fig. 10: Phase-A supply current is,A using ECT.

16
T
:
8 0 -8

~:

8: 1 0 -8 -16 0

:
:

16
8 0

0 -8

-8

10 20 30 Time [ms]

40

-16 0

; 10 20 30 Time [ms]

40

-16

10 20 30 Time [ms]

40

-16

10 20 30 Time [ms]

40

Fig. l1: Phase-A supply Fig. 12: Phase-A load current is,A using ECT current il,A. with active resistance control.

Fig. 13: Phase-A supply Fig. 14: Phase-A supply current is,A using SCT. current is,A using FCT.

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Comparison of Series Hybrid Active Power Filters Based on Experimental Tests

TURUNEN Juha

16 8
C

16 8
C

-8 -16

10 20 30 Time [ms]

40

-8 -16

10 20 30 Time [ms]

40

Fig. 15: Phase-A supply current 4s,A using ECT.

Table III Harmonic content of the load and supply currents with RL-load
SHALPF
l1.A [A] 8.33 1.96 0.67 0.50 0.29 0.18 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03

Fig. 16: Phase-A supply current &s,A using ECT with active resistance control. Table IV Harmonic content of the load and supply currents with RC-load
SHlALPF
n

SCT /7A /'I.A 113.5 15.2 10.9 34.8 37.9 36.0 42.5 33.1 28.8 17.8 32.0 28.2 29.9 98.3 74.0 27.1 37.1 4.1

FCT
ts.A

ECT
ts.A /117A

ECT *)
s lA

SCT
l.A
/ WA i l.A
ts.

FCT

ECT
ts.A

ECT*)

/1l7A

1 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49
THD

[%]

118.2 29.1 17.2 56.4 59.7 56.2 63.7 44.0 46.4 34.0 39.0 34.4 34.0 55.9 68.0 22.6 17.7 7.0

[%]

105.9 46.8 2.1 90.3 86.8 94.6 107.1 74.1 73.5 86.6 66.6 94.8 73.2 205.0 101.8 109.4 37.0

[%]

106.7 39.8 10.8 91.8 87.1 104.9 113.0 85.4 81.0 100.3 66.3 106.3 69.6 246.7 103.3 116.4 34.4 11.1

[%]

26.1

12.3

THD
o]

1 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49

[A] 8.18 2.84 0.80 0.47 0.27 0.17 0.14 0.09 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 36.1

114.5 13.8 6.1 29.4 19.3 38.4 23.4 35.0 30.4 20.0 11.4 26.2 91.7 60.7 87.3 43.4 258.7 4.7

[%]

115.9 47.7 50.0 65.0 59.6 70.0 38.4 47.4 30.7 37.9 44.3 28.9 45.1 30.9 14.0 13.5 18.3 15.5

14A [%]

/ /17A

105.0 61.1 70.0 90.1 63.4 85.5 76.1 84.6 81.3 79.5 73.6 64.9 71.8 133.5 57.9 77.8 59.0 22.1

[%]

is.A /i1A [%] 106.7

55.5 86.0 93.6 64.6 105.3 88.7 93.5 93.2 87.6 83.3 68.9 85.1 144.6 63.9 75.8 48.5 20.7

*) with added active resistance

Based on results, it can be stated that SCT is the most effective filter. If the experimental results in the case of three-phase diode rectifier with RL-load are first considered, it can be seen that the filtering performance of SCT is slightly better than that of FCT. The filtering result using ECT seems to be worse if THD is considered. However, it can be seen that ECT filters efficiently supply current at the 5h and 7h harmonic frequencies, which were the frequencies where active inductances were applied. In contrast to the filtering result of these frequencies, the filtering result of other frequencies is poor and thus the THD value is also poor. However, this poor filtering performance can be slightly improved by applying active resistance Rn simultaneously with active inductances L0,h as Table III shows.

The reason why the performance of SCT is better than that of FCT, can be seen in Table II. With SCT, the higher value of active resistance Ra could be applied using the same dc-link voltage and the modulation index. The reason for this is the dc-link voltage control. In the SAPFs presented the dc-link voltage of the converter is maintained by taking real power at fundamental frequency from the supply using dc-link voltage control. In SCT, a coupling transformer is connected in series with the supply and in FCT in series with passive filters. Because of this, the current at fundamental frequency flowing through the transformer and converter is smaller in the case of FCT. Thus the higher voltage component at the fundamental

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frequency has to be applied in the case of FCT than SCT to achieve the same real power flow. Because the fundamental frequency component of the compensation voltage reference in the case of FCT is higher than in the case of SCT, the harmonic frequency components have to be smaller to avoid overmodulation. Thus the value of active resistance R, has to be smaller in the case of FCT, which is also a cause of the poorer compensation result than in the case of SCT.
In the case of ECT the poorer filtering result can be explained by the working principle of the topology: its filtering is based only on distribution of harnonic currents of the load between the supply branch and the passive filter branch in the ratio of the impedances of these branches, whereas in SCT and FCT harmonic currents are forced to flow in LC shunt circuits by the active resistance R0. Besides, because of nonidealities, the tuning of the LC shunt circuit with the aid of active inductance is incomplete in the case of ECT.

Considering test results achieved using three-phase diode rectifier with RC-load, similar conclusions can be drawn as in the case of three-phase diode rectifier with RL-load. As can be seen in Table IV, SCT is the most effective filter in this case, too. The filtering performance of FCT is also worse in this case. Compared to the case of three-phase diode rectifier with RL-load, the filtering result of FCT is considerably worse. This is a consequence of the fact that smaller active resistance R. can be applied in the case of three-phase diode rectifier with RC-load, as can be seen in Table II. The filtering performance of ECT is again worst if the performance of all SHAPF topologies is compared. However, in the comparison of these test results it has to be noted that the VA-ratings of SAPF and passive power filter were significantly smaller in the case of ECT than in the cases of SCT and FCT.

Conclusion
Current harmonics are produced in the power network because of non-linear loads. If current harmonics are not filtered, voltage harmonics are produced. Because of voltage harmonics, additional losses are caused and malfunctioning of network components may occur. The amount of current harmonics in the power network can be reduced by using current filters. These filters can be divided into passive power filters, active power filters and hybrid power filters.
This paper presented a comparison of three series hybrid active power filters. The operating principles of the main circuits and the control systems of the filters were first presented. After this, the experimental tests on the currnt filtering performance of these filters were reported. Tests were performed with SHAPF prototypes in the same operation conditions. The performance of the filters was tested using 5 kVA threephase diode rectifiers with RL- and RC-loads.

According to the test results the current filtering performance of SCT was the best in the case of threephase diode rectifier with RL-load. The filtering perfonnance of FCT was slightly poorer and the one of ECT was significantly poorer than the filtering performance of SCT. The filtering characteristics of ECT could be slightly improved by applying active resistance simultaneously with active inductances. In the case where the harmonics producing load was three-phase diode rectifier with RC-load the differences in current filtering performances between SHAPF topologies could be seen more clearly. The filtering performance of SCT was good in this case, too. In contrast to this, the THD values of supply currents in the cases where FCT or ECT was used in current filtering were significantly higher. Although the filtering performance of the ECT seemed to be worst, it was be observed that the VA-ratings of its passive power
filter and SAPF were also the smallest.

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References
1998, pp. 21-30. [2] H. Akagi, "New Trends in Active Filtels for Power Conditiolning". IEEE Trans. Indusay Applications, Vol. 32, No. 6, Nov. 1996, pp. 1312-3122. [3] A. M. Massoud, S. J. Finley and B.W. Williams, "Seven-Level Shunt Active Power Filter", IEEE Proc. International ConfPrrence on Harmonics and Quality of Power, Lake Placid, USA, 2004. [4] F. Z. Peng. "Application Issues of Active Power Filters", IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, Vol 4, pp. 21-30, 1998. [5] M. El-Habrouk, M. K. Darwish and P. Mehta, "Active power filters: A review", IEEE Proc. Electric Power Applications, Vol 147, No. 5, pp. 7-12, 2000. [6] F. Z. Peng, H. Akagi and A. Nabae, "Compensation Characterstics of the Combined System of Shunt Passive and Series Active Filters", IEEE Trans. Indusbty Applications, Vol 29, No. 1, pp. 144-152, 1993. [7] H. Fujita and H. Akagi, "A Practical Approach To Harmonic Compensation in Power Systems - a Series Connection of Passive and Active Filtels", IEEE Tranzs. Industry Applications, Vol. 27, pp. 1020-1025. 1991. [8] S. Bhattacharya, P. Cheng and D. M. Divan, "Hybrid Solutions for hnproNing Passive Filter Performance in High Power Applications", IEEE Trans. Industy Applications, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 732-747, 1997. [9] F. Z. Peng, "Compensation Characteristics of the Combined System of Shunt Passive and Series Active filters". IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, Vol. 29, No. 1, Jan. 1993, pp. 144 - 152. [10] J. Turunen, M. Salo and H.Tuusa, "Comparison of Three Series Hybrid Active Power Fitter Topologies", in IEEE Proc. International Conference on Harmonics and Quality' ofPower, Lake Placid, USA, 2004.

[1] F. Z. Peng, "Application Issues of Active Power Filters", =117 Industor Applications Magazine, Vol. 4, Sept.

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