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In this unit, you will study ways that living things regulate themselves. Two methods of regulation
are the nervous system and the hormones. The goal a relatively balanced environment in the
body is called homeostasis.
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The __________________ of the neurone is covered by the myelin sheath, which protects the nerve
fibres. Fibres with a myelin sheath are said to be myelinated.
A synapse is ___________________________________________________________________
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Bundles of nervous fibres in your peripheral nervous system are called nerves. These nerves work to
recognize stimuli and carry that information to your brain.
A stimulus is _______________________________________________________________________
Most information goes all the way to your brain for integration. Some responses are automatic
these are called reflexes.
The reflex arc goes ________________________________________________________________
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HORMONES
Hormones are another way the body regulates itself.
Hormones are relatively long-lasting, and the travel through the body at the speed of ____________.
Here are some endocrine glands, and the hormones they produce:
Oxytocin: ___________________________________________________________________
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Cortisol _____________________________________________________________________
Insulin _____________________________________________________________________
Testosterone ________________________________________________________________
Oestrogen __________________________________________________________________
One important function of hormones is to regulate reproduction. For males, this involves
production of sperm cells. For females, this involves production of egg cells, the menstrual cycle,
and maintenance of pregnancy.
The menstrual cycle has four stages:
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These stages line up with the ovarian cycle, which releases a mature egg cell from the ovary.
Note the hormones involved in the menstrual and ovarian cycles: FSH, LH, oestrogen, and
progesterone. These hormones can be used to control a womans fertility.
How can oestrogen and progesterone limit fertility? ________________________________
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Hormones can also increase fertility. If women have low FSH and LH, these hormones can be
injected to stimulate eggs to mature.
Pros: _______________________________________________________________________
Cons: ______________________________________________________________________
PLANT HORMONES
We have been talking about hormones in humans (and other animals), but plants use hormones for
regulation, too.
They ______________ growth in the shoot but ______________ growth in the roots
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If you have more auxins on one side of a structure, that side will grow faster. So, to grow toward the
light, a plant will produce more auxins on the shady side so the plant bends toward the light.
We can make use of plant hormones, by either extracting natural ones or making artificial ones.
Weedkillers: ______________________________________________________________
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HOMEOSTASIS
What is homeostasis? ________________________________________________________________
Your body maintains homeostasis with the help of feedback mechanisms (or feedback loops). There
are negative feedback and positive feedback mechanisms.
Receptor: ___________________________________________________________________
Effector: ____________________________________________________________________
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What are some things that the body needs to remain constant?
Temperature
The optimal body temperature is about ______________
Blood sugar
You gain sugars by eating foods with ______________________
A hormone called _________________ maintains the right level of sugar in your blood
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