% Chapter 4: Hormonal Control of Reproductive Cycle

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) E1: Chapter 4
Question Bank Multiple-choice questions
% Chapter 4 Hormonal control of

reproductive cycle
Multiple-choice questions
[10169577]
* Luteinising hormone is used to treat some types of infertility in women because
it can stimulate
(1) the development of follicles.
(2) implantation.
(3) ovulation.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (3) only
D (1) and (3) only
C
---------------------------------------------------
[10169588]
* Which of the following statements about progesterone is/are correct?
(1) Follicle stimulating hormone stimulates the secretion of progesterone.
(2) Synthetic progesterone can be used as a contraceptive.
(3) In in vitro fertilization, women need to be treated with injections that
contain synthetic progesterone to stimulate ovulation.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (3) only
D (1) and (3) only
B
---------------------------------------------------
© Oxford University Press (E1) 4-1

[10169597]
**Directions: The following two questions refer to the graph below, which shows
the levels of two hormones in the blood of a woman within a month.
During which period of this month did menstruation occur?

A the 1st to the 5th
B the 11th to the 15th
C the 19th to the 23rd
D the 26th to the 30th
C
---------------------------------------------------
[10169627]
**If the ovum released by the ovary this month was fertilized, the level of oestrogen
and progesterone would remain high. Which of the following cause the high
levels of oestrogen and progesterone?
(1) Human chorionic gonadotrophin prevents the degeneration of the yellow
body.
(2) Placenta secretes oestrogen and progesterone.
(3) A high level of follicle stimulating hormone stimulates oestrogen and
progesterone secretion.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
A
---------------------------------------------------

[10169640]
* The diagram below shows the interaction of two hormones which are involved in
the control of the development of follicles.
The two hormones involved are

A follicle stimulating hormone and oestrogen.
B follicle stimulating hormone and progesterone.
C luteinising hormone and oestrogen.
D luteinising hormone and progesterone.
A
---------------------------------------------------
[10169665]
* A woman has difficulty in getting pregnant because her uterine lining is not thick
enough. Which of the following is/are the possible treatment(s) for her?
(1) taking pills containing human chorionic gonadotrophin
(2) taking pills containing synthetic progesterone
(3) undergoing in vitro fertilization
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (3) only
D (2) and (3) only
B
---------------------------------------------------
[10169667]
* How do the levels of oestrogen and progesterone change during the first few
days of the menstrual cycle?
Oestrogen Progesterone
A decreases increases
B decreases remains at low level
C increases increases
D increases remains at low level
D
---------------------------------------------------

[10169687]
**Directions: The following two questions refer to the graph below, which shows
the levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) in
the blood of a woman within a month.
Which of the following combinations of period and the event of the menstrual
cycle is correct?
Period Event in menstrual cycle
A the 1st to the 5th menstruation
B the 6th to the 10th development of follicles
C the 21st to the 25th degeneration of yellow body
D the 30th ovulation
D
---------------------------------------------------
[10169695]
**The menstrual cycle of this woman lasts
A 15 days.
B 20 days.
C 28 days.
D 30 days.
D
---------------------------------------------------

[10169696]
* Which of the following actions of synthetic oestrogen and progesterone allow
them to be used as contraceptives?
(1) They inhibit ovulation.
(2) They inhibit follicle development.
(3) They inhibit the thickening of the uterine lining.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
A
---------------------------------------------------
[10169752]
 Directions: The following two questions refer to the major steps of in vitro
fertilization below.
(1) fertilization of ova
(2) collection of ova and sperms
(3) transfer of embryos to the uterus
(4) stimulating the development of follicles
Which of the following shows the correct sequence of the steps?

A (2) → (1) → (3) → (4)
B (2) → (4) → (1) → (3)
C (4) → (1) → (3) → (2)
D (4) → (2) → (1) → (3)
D
---------------------------------------------------
[10169756]
 Which of the following hormones is used in step (4)?
A synthetic follicle stimulating hormone
B synthetic luteinising hormone
C synthetic oestrogen
D synthetic progesterone
A
---------------------------------------------------

[10169760]
 Directions: The following two questions refer to the diagram below, which
shows two structures in the ovary.
Which of the following shows the hormones that stimulate their development?
X Y
A follicle stimulating hormone luteinising hormone
B luteinising hormone follicle stimulating hormone
C oestrogen progesterone
D progesterone oestrogen
A
---------------------------------------------------
[10169771]
 Which of the following hormones are secreted by Y?
(1) luteinising hormone
(2) oestrogen
(3) progesterone
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
C
---------------------------------------------------
[10169774]
* Which of the following statements describes the effect of follicle stimulating
hormone in the menstrual cycle?
A It causes ovulation.
B It stimulates oestrogen secretion.
C It stimulates progesterone secretion.
D It causes the uterine lining to thicken.
B
---------------------------------------------------

Question Bank Short questions
Short questions
[10169919]
* Look at the graphs.
They show changes in the levels of oestrogen and progesterone and the thickness
of the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle.
a Why is it important that the uterine lining becomes thicker during the
menstrual cycle? (1 mark)
b How does oestrogen affect the thickness of the uterine lining? (1 mark)
c At the end of the menstrual cycle, the level of progesterone decreases.
However, during pregnancy, the level of progesterone remains high.
Suggest why the level of progesterone needs to remain high. (2 marks)
OCR GCSE Biology B Higher Tier Unit 2 Jun 2008 Q8
-- answer --
a It is to prepare for the implantation of an embryo. 1m
b Oestrogen increases the thickness of the uterine lining. 1m
c A high level of progesterone maintains the thickness of the uterine lining, 1m
so that the embryo can grow / develop. 1m
---------------------------------------------------

[10169927]
* The standard in vitro fertilization (IVF) technique involves inducing
superovulation (the release of more than the normal number of ova from the
ovary at the same time), removing ova from the woman’s ovaries and letting
sperms fertilize them in a fluid medium. Embryos are then transferred to the
patient’s uterus for implantation and thereby pregnancy.
The chance of an individual couple having a baby following IVF treatment
depends on two main factors, one of which is the couple’s age. The table below
shows the pregnancy success rate, following one complete cycle of IVF
treatment, in relation to the age of the couple. The table also shows the results
achieved by treatment clinics over three successive years.
Age of couple 1996 1997 1998
Less than 35 28.4% 30.7% 32.2%
35–37 23.4% 25.4% 26.1%
38–40 16.0% 17.0% 17.9%
Over 40 6.4% 7.3% 8.3%
a The table shows that older couples have a reduced chance of a successful
pregnancy following IVF treatment. Suggest one explanation for this.
(1 mark)
b Using the information in the table above, suggest what evidence there is that
the second factor determining the success rate of IVF treatment might be the
expertise developed by treatment clinics. (1 mark)
c Suggest two ethical issues that have been raised about IVF and associated
developments. (2 marks)
CCEA GCE (A) Biology Module 5 May 2008 Q4a, b, e
-- answer --
a The older couples may have fewer ova. /
The older couples may have fewer viable sperms. /
More chromosomal abnormality may be present in the resulting embryos. /
The chance of implantation of the embryo may be lower. /
The risk of miscarriage may be greater. 1m
b The overall pregnancy success rate per treatment cycle is rising steadily by
approximately 1% a year in different age groups. 1m

c By IVF, lives are created in the laboratory. /

More embryos are produced than needed when performing IVF. /
IVF creates problems like discarding of excess embryos. /
IVF may not be affordable for many people. /
IVF may lead to misallocation of medical resources. /
Some embryos are destroyed during research. /
Scientists may create embryos for medical research. /
Scientists may modify embryos. /
Financial rewards for the doctors performing IVF may dissuade them from
recommending other methods to the couples.
(any 2 or other reasonable answers) 1m x 2
---------------------------------------------------
[10169935]
* The table below shows four hormones involved in the human menstrual cycle. If
the statement correctly describes the hormone, put a ‘’ in the box. If the
statement is incorrect, put a ‘’ in the box. (4 marks)
Secreted by Its level in blood is the
ovaries highest just before ovulation
Follicle stimulating
hormone
Luteinising hormone
Oestrogen
Progesterone
-- answer --
Secreted by Its level in blood is the
ovaries highest just before ovulation
Follicle stimulating
 
hormone
Luteinising hormone  
Oestrogen  
Progesterone  
1m x 4
---------------------------------------------------

[10169938]
* Oestrogen is a hormone having a wide variety of functions. Describe briefly how
oestrogen
a is involved in the control of the menstrual cycle. (3 marks)
b is used to prevent pregnancy. (2 marks)
-- answer --
a Oestrogen causes the uterine lining to thicken after menstruation to prepare for a
possible implantation of an embryo. 1m
A low level of oestrogen inhibits the secretion of follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH) by the pituitary gland to ensure only one follicle matures in one menstrual
cycle.
1m
A high level of oestrogen stimulates the secretion of FSH and luteinising hormone
(LH) by the pituitary gland. The high level of LH triggers ovulation. 1m
b Synthetic oestrogen is used in contraceptive pills together with synthetic
progesterone. 1m
High levels of these hormones inhibit FSH and LH secretion, so that follicle
development and ovulation stop. 1m
---------------------------------------------------
[10169942]
 Different hormones interact to maintain the cyclic changes in the menstrual
cycle. State two functions of each of the following hormones in the control of the
menstrual cycle.
a Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (2 marks)
b Luteinising hormone (LH) (2 marks)
-- answer --
a FSH stimulates the development of follicles in the ovary. 1m
FSH stimulates the secretion of oestrogen by the follicle cells. 1m
b LH triggers ovulation. /
LH stimulates the formation of yellow body. /
LH stimulates the secretion of oestrogen and progesterone by the yellow body.
(any 2) 1m x 2
---------------------------------------------------

[10169944]
 Complete the following paragraph with suitable words. (4 marks)
Hormones can be used to treat infertility. For women who cannot produce mature
ova, drugs containing synthetic a can be taken to stimulate follicle
development. For women who cannot release ova from the ovaries, drugs
containing synthetic b can be taken to stimulate ovulation. If the
conditions in uterus do not allow the
c of an embryo, drugs containing synthetic
d can be taken to stimulate the thickening of the uterine lining.
-- answer --
a follicle stimulating hormone / FSH 1m
b luteinising hormone / LH 1m
c implantation 1m
d progesterone 1m
---------------------------------------------------

Question Bank Structured questions
Structured questions
[10170023]
**Throughout their life, women will experience significant changes in their
reproductive system that will affect their fertility.
a The graph below shows the percentage occurrence of three different types
of menstrual cycle depending on the age of the women.
i Using the data in the graph, describe the differences in the type of
menstrual cycles in 35-year-old women and 50-year-old women.
(4 marks)
ii Explain the change in normal ovulatory cycles between 35-year-old
and 50-year-old women. (4 marks)
iii Suggest the likely effect of a short luteal phase. (3 marks)
b It may be possible to extend the reproductive life of a woman by treating
her with reproductive hormones. Suggest two possible risks of treating an
older woman with reproductive hormones. (2 marks)
OCR GCE (A) Human Biology Genetics, Homeostasis and Ageing Jun 2009
Q7a i, ii, iii, c
-- answer --

a i 35-year-old women have a large number of normal cycles and a small

number of incomplete cycles or cycles with no ovulation. 1m
50-year-old women have more incomplete cycles than normal cycles. 1m
35-year-old women have a larger number of normal cycles than 50-year-old
women. 1m
35-year-old women have a smaller number of incomplete cycles / cycles
with no ovulation than 50-year-old women.
1m
(or other correct answers)
ii The change is due to menopause. 1m
At 50 years old, the ovaries are less sensitive to follicle stimulating hormone.
1m
Follicles do not mature and less oestrogen is secreted. 1m
As there is no oestrogen surge, ovulation does not occur. 1m
iii Less progesterone is secreted. 1m
The thickness of the uterine lining cannot be maintained. 1m
The conditions in uterus are not suitable for the implantation of an embryo.
1m
b The risks associated with pregnancy are higher in older women. 1m
The chance of having harmful mutations in the gametes increases in older
women. These mutations may affect the foetus.
1m
(or other reasonable answers)
---------------------------------------------------
[10170026]
* There are four hormones involved in the menstrual cycle. The graph below
shows the levels of these hormones in the blood of a woman in a menstrual
cycle.

a Name hormones W and X. (2 marks)

b Give one evidence from the graph to support that ovulation occurs on
day 14 in this menstrual cycle. (1 mark)
c Describe the roles of different hormones in the control of the menstrual
cycle and their interaction between days 0 and 14. (5 marks)
d Draw a line on the graph above to show the level of Z from days 25 to 28 if
fertilization occurs on day 14. (1 mark)
e i Z is present in some contraceptive pills. Explain how Z is used as a
contraceptive. (2 marks)
ii Apart from Z, which of the hormones shown in the graph may be
present in contraceptive pills? (1 mark)
-- answer --
a W: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 1m
X: luteinising hormone (LH) 1m
b X reaches a peak on day 14. 1m
c FSH stimulates the development of follicles. /
The follicle cells are stimulated by FSH to secrete oestrogen. /
Oestrogen causes the uterine lining to thicken to prepare for a possible
implantation of an embryo. /
The low level of oestrogen inhibits further secretion of FSH to prevent another
follicle from maturation. /
A high level of oestrogen just before day 14 causes a sudden release of FSH and
LH. /
The high level of LH triggers ovulation. (any 5) 1m x 5
d
1m

e i Z (progesterone) inhibits FSH and LH secretion by the pituitary gland.

1m
Follicle development and ovulation stop. Therefore, no ova are released into
the oviducts for fertilization. 1m
ii Y (oestrogen) 1m
---------------------------------------------------
[10170036]
**The table below shows the concentrations of two hormones in the blood of a
woman in a 28-day period.
Concentration of hormone (arbitrary unit)
Day
Oestrogen Progesterone
0 18 2
2 18 4
4 10 8
6 10 15
8 10 15
10 10 8
12 10 2
14 4 2
16 3 2
18 5 2
20 8 2
22 18 2
24 18 4
26 10 8
28 10 15
The hormone levels change in cyclic manner.

a Using the data in the above table, estimate the length of the menstrual cycle
of this woman. Explain how you arrived at your answer. (2 marks)
Events in the uterus also occur cyclically.
b Describe the state of uterine lining from days 6 to 8. Explain in terms of the
function of oestrogen and progesterone. (3 marks)
c State how maintaining this cyclic pattern of events in the uterus facilitates

the successful reproduction of humans. (4 marks)
-- answer --
a 22 days 1m
The levels of oestrogen and progesterone return to the same levels as those on
day 0 on day 22. 1m
b The uterine lining is thickened from days 6 to 8. 1m
The levels of oestrogen and progesterone are high during this period. 1m
High levels of these hormones maintain the thickness of the uterine lining. 1m
c Uterine lining thickens after ovulation. 1m
This is to prepare for a possible implantation of an embryo. 1m
Uterine lining breaks down if the ovum is not fertilized. 1m
This saves energy and resources required to maintain the thickness of uterine
lining. 1m
---------------------------------------------------
[10170051]
* Read the following article and answer the questions.
Scientists are developing a new type of contraceptive called the
contraceptive gel. This gel contains hormones which are similar to those
present in contraceptive pills. Rubbing a small amount of the gel on the skin of
the abdomen, thighs, arms or shoulders once a day can effectively suppress the
production of mature ova. It is claimed that the gel causes fewer side effects
than the contraceptive pills.
a Suggest two hormones that may be present in the contraceptive gel.
(2 marks)
b Explain how the contraceptive gel helps prevent pregnancy. (4 marks)
c List two side effects caused by the use of contraceptive pills. (2 marks)
d Apart from causing side effects, state two other possible problems that may
result from the use of hormones as contraceptives. (2 marks)
-- answer --
a Synthetic oestrogen 1m
Synthetic progesterone 1m
b Oestrogen and progesterone in the gel pass through the skin and enter the
bloodstream. 1m
High levels of oestrogen and progesterone in blood inhibit the secretion of follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) by the pituitary gland.

1m
Follicle development and ovulation stop. 1m
Therefore, no ova are released into the oviducts for fertilization. 1m
c Irregular menstruation / nausea / weight gain / headaches (any 2) 1m x 2
d Hormonal methods cannot provide protection against sexually transmitted
diseases (compared with the use of condoms). 1m
Hormones may cause pollution of the environment. 1m
(or other reasonable answers)
---------------------------------------------------
[10170059]
* The diagram below shows the levels of two hormones, follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), in the blood of a woman in a
menstrual cycle. The graph for LH is not complete.
a If ovulation occurs around day 14, complete the graph to show the level of
LH between days 10 and 16. (2 marks)
b i Name the structure developed in the ovary after ovulation. (1 mark)
ii Hence, explain why the level of FSH is low between days 16 and 28.
(2 marks)
c After menopause, the amounts of hormones secreted by the ovaries are
reduced. Explain why the level of FSH in blood is high after menopause.
(3 marks)
-- answer --
a The level of LH increases and reaches a peak around day 14. 1m
The level of LH drops after day 14. 1m
b i Yellow body 1m
ii The yellow body secretes large amounts of oestrogen and progesterone.

1m
The high levels of oestrogen and progesterone inhibit FSH secretion. 1m
c After menopause, the amounts of oestrogen and progesterone secreted by the

ovaries are reduced. 1m
The secretion of FSH is no longer inhibited by oestrogen and progesterone. 1m
As a result, more FSH is secreted by the pituitary gland. 1m
---------------------------------------------------
[10170077]
* The diagram below shows the events that occur in the ovary during a menstrual
cycle.
Different hormones are secreted by different structures in the ovary to control the
menstrual cycle.
a Name the hormones secreted by X. (2 marks)
b Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone secreted by the pituitary
gland. The level of FSH is affected by the levels of hormones secreted by X.
i Describe the level of FSH in the body when the levels of hormones
secreted by X are high. (1 mark)
ii In terms of the function of FSH, explain how high levels of these
hormones help maximize the chance of successful reproduction in
humans. (4 marks)
c Hormones secreted by X can be used as contraceptives. Explain the
biological basis of this contraceptive method. (3 marks)
-- answer --
a Oestrogen and progesterone 1m x 2
b i The level of FSH is low. 1m

ii FSH stimulates the development of follicles. 1m

After ovulation, high levels of oestrogen and progesterone inhibit FSH
secretion. 1m
This prevents the maturation of another follicle and ensures only one ovum
is released in each cycle. 1m
This allows a higher survival chance of the foetus if fertilization occurs.
1m
c High levels of oestrogen and progesterone inhibit FSH and luteinising hormone
(LH) secretion. 1m
Follicle development and ovulation stop. 1m
No ova are released into the oviducts for fertilization. 1m
---------------------------------------------------
[10170093]
* The graphs below show the levels of four hormones in the blood of a woman in a
menstrual cycle. W and X are secreted by the pituitary gland, while Y and Z are
secreted by the ovary.
a Identify W, X, Y and Z. (4 marks)

b With reference to the levels of hormones from days 12 to 15, deduce the
effect of Y on W and X. (2 marks)
c With reference to the levels of hormones from days 20 to 25, deduce the
effect of Y and Z on W and X. Hence explain why contraceptive pills
contain Y and Z. (4 marks)
-- answer --
a W: luteinising hormone / LH 1m
X: follicle stimulating hormone / FSH 1m
Y: oestrogen 1m
Z: progesterone 1m
b The levels of W and X reach a peak (day 14) just after the peak of Y (day 13).
1m
Y may stimulate the secretion of W and X. 1m
c From days 20 to 25, the levels of W and X are low, while the levels of Y and Z are
high. 1m
High levels of Y and Z may inhibit the secretion of W and X. 1m
X stimulates follicle development. / W triggers ovulation. 1m
Follicle development does not occur at a low level of X. / Ovulation does not occur
at a low level of W. Therefore, after taking contraceptive pills containing Y and Z,
no ova are released for fertilization. 1m
---------------------------------------------------
[10170095]
* There are various causes of infertility.
a Explain why infertility may result in each of the following situations.
i The level of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in blood is low.
(2 marks)
ii The level of luteinising hormone (LH) in blood is low. (2 marks)
b The ova released by a woman can be fertilized successfully, but the
resulting embryo cannot implant. Her doctor prescribed some pills for her.
Suggest what kind(s) of hormone(s) may be present in the pills and explain
how this/these hormone(s) can increase the chance of pregnancy.
(3 marks)
c Problems in the male reproductive system can also lead to infertility. State
two causes as examples. (2 marks)
-- answer --

a i FSH stimulates the development of follicles in the ovary. 1m

Follicle development does not occur at a low level of FSH. No ova are
released for fertilization. 1m
ii A high level of LH triggers ovulation. 1m
Ovulation does not occur at a low level of LH. No ova are released for
fertilization. 1m
b Synthetic progesterone may be present in the pills. 1m
The conditions in her uterus do not allow the implantation of an embryo.
1m
Synthetic progesterone helps maintain the thickness of the uterine lining. This
allows the implantation of an embryo. 1m
c Not enough sperms are produced. /
Sperms have low motility. /
Sperms have structural defects.
(any 2 or other reasonable answers) 1m x 2
---------------------------------------------------
[10170101]
* The graph below shows the levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and
luteinising hormone (LH) in the blood of a woman within a month. The two
hormones are involved in the control of the menstrual cycle.
a Name the structure that secretes FSH and LH. (1 mark)

b What are the effects of FSH and LH on the ovary? State two effects of each.
(4 marks)
c State the period during which there will be a high chance of pregnancy if

sexual intercourse occurs. Explain your answer. (4 marks)
-- answer --
a Pituitary gland 1m
b FSH:
FSH stimulates development of follicles in the ovary. 1m
FSH stimulates secretion of oestrogen by the follicle cells. 1m
LH:
LH triggers ovulation. /
LH stimulates formation of yellow body. /
LH stimulates secretion of oestrogen and progesterone by the yellow body.
(any 2) 1m x 2
c From the graph, LH reaches a peak on the 5th of the month. 1m
Ovulation occurs on this day. 1m
Sperms can remain alive for 3 days in the female reproductive tract while an
ovum can remain alive for 1 day after ovulation. 1m
The period during which there will be a high chance of pregnancy is the 2nd to the
6th of this month. 1m
---------------------------------------------------

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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) E1: Chapter 4

Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

% Chapter 4 Hormonal control of

© Oxford University Press (E1) 4-1

During which period of this month did menstruation occur?

© Oxford University Press (E1) 4-2

The two hormones involved are

© Oxford University Press (E1) 4-3

© Oxford University Press (E1) 4-4

Which of the following shows the correct sequence of the steps?

© Oxford University Press (E1) 4-5

© Oxford University Press (E1) 4-6

© Oxford University Press (E1) 4-7

© Oxford University Press (E1) 4-8

c By IVF, lives are created in the laboratory. /

© Oxford University Press (E1) 4-9

© Oxford University Press (E1) 4-10

© Oxford University Press (E1) 4-11

© Oxford University Press (E1) 4-12

a i 35-year-old women have a large number of normal cycles and a small

© Oxford University Press (E1) 4-13

a Name hormones W and X. (2 marks)

© Oxford University Press (E1) 4-14

e i Z (progesterone) inhibits FSH and LH secretion by the pituitary gland.

The hormone levels change in cyclic manner.

© Oxford University Press (E1) 4-15

the successful reproduction of humans. (4 marks)

© Oxford University Press (E1) 4-16

© Oxford University Press (E1) 4-17

c After menopause, the amounts of oestrogen and progesterone secreted by the

© Oxford University Press (E1) 4-18

ii FSH stimulates the development of follicles. 1m

a Identify W, X, Y and Z. (4 marks)

© Oxford University Press (E1) 4-19

© Oxford University Press (E1) 4-20

a i FSH stimulates the development of follicles in the ovary. 1m

a Name the structure that secretes FSH and LH. (1 mark)

© Oxford University Press (E1) 4-21

sexual intercourse occurs. Explain your answer. (4 marks)

© Oxford University Press (E1) 4-22

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