The living world 1.

Life :it is unique complex organization of molecules that expresses itself


through chemical reaction which leads to
Growth

Development

Responsiveness

Adaptation

Reproduction

Characteristics of living beings
Definite shape and size
Organisation
Growth and development
Metabolism
Reproduction
Homeostasis
Consciousness
Adaptation
Evolution
Repair and regeneration
Ageing
Death
 Definite shape and size
Living organisation have definite shape and size which may change
with in a narrow range
Due to this property the living organism are called morphous
they those who has fixed morphological shape .
Non-living matter who has not fixed morphological shape termed as
amorphous
organisation

 Itis differentiation of body into smaller units and

sub units which are arranged in an orderly
manner
 Due to presence of organisation a living being is
called organism.
Growth and development
 Growth is permanent and irreversible change in size of cell an organ or
whole organism usually accompanied by increase in
 Dry weight.
 Mass.
 Number.
 Development it is the sum of total of change that occur in our in an
organ or organism during its life time.
 In plants growth continues throughout life as they have meristematic
areas where cell division occur regularly.
 In animals growth occur upto a certain age after which cell divide only
to replace worn out nd lost cell.
 3 process are involved in growth:
 Cell division,cell enlargement , secretion of apoplasmic substances.
Growth and development

 Intussusception:living organism show internal growth due to addition of

materials nd formation of cell inside their body.
 Accretion : non living articlrs increase in size due to addition of similar
materials on their outer surface.
 E.g:stones,crystals ,mountains.
Growth producing substances

 Protoplasmic:these are components of living matter like cytoplasm and

nucleus.
 Apopplasmic: these are non livingmaterials formed by cell. Like cell wall,bone
matrix, fibers.
Metabolism
it is sum totyal of various biochemicalreactions
occurring in cell.nd it is defining property of all
living organism
 Anabolism:it also called constructive metabolism.
 It include all the building up reactions.
 Involve synthesis of complex substances.
 E.g,photosynthesis.
 CATABOLISM:also called destructive metabolism. Include all the break down reaction.
 Involve break down of complex substances.
 E.g,respiration , digestion.
Reproduction.

 It is the formation of new individuals of similar kind life arises from pre
existing life
 It is not essential for survival of individuals
 It distinguishes living from non living but defining feature of life
 To main strategies of reproduction asexual sexual reproduction
 HOMEOSTASIS it is maintenances of constant and favourable internal
environmental condition suitable for functioning of body ogans
Consciousness
 It is awareness of surrounding and response to external stimuli
 Stimuli are perceived by sense organs and this can be physical ,chemical,biological
 The visible change or reaction which an organism produces as result of applied stimulus is called
reponse
 Plants do not have sophisticated sense organs they responed to external factor like light temp .
Moisture , pollutants , touch etc.
 E.G. folding of leaves in mimosa pudica (lajwanti or chhuimui)occur due to external stimulus of
touch .
 Human beings have self consciousness awareness of self.
adaptation
 Useful ,inheritable changes in the form ,and function behaviourwhich enables an organism to
adjust well and successfully in its environment.
 An organism is considered best adapted to an environment when it possesses inherited traits
that enhance itssurvivaland breeding in that environment
Short term adaptation:most of ambhibians,reptiles and
some mammals hibernate duringunfavourable
conditions.the metabolism is slowed down and they
utilizestored nutrients to obtain energy.

 Long term adaptations

 Claws of different birds are well adapted to suits their perching habits.
 Clinging and climbing :woodpecker
 Striking and catching :hawk.
 Perching pigeon.
 Running ostrich.
 Swimming duck
adaptatiom
Short term
 These appear for a short period to
overcome specific stress or in
response to a particular season.
 These disappear as soon as the
stress period is over.
 These are either heritable to
acquired and have little role in
evolution.
Long term
 These develop in response to
struggle for existance in ordered to
survive
 These are lyf long nd remain
present all the time.
 These are alwaysheritable and
have a major role in evolution.
evolution

 It means to un roll unfold or reveal hidden potential.

 Darwindefined evolution as desent with modification.
 Repair and regeneration
It is ability to repair or renew damaged/lost bogy parts in the post embryonic life of an organism.
All living organism heal their wounds or repair the damaged parts.
 ageing
it is progressive decline/deterioration in structure and function of an organism.
Study of ageing is called Gerontology
Ageing starts before birth(biological ageing)
Death.

 It is most important termination of functional life.

 Study of death is thanatology.
 It is imp. Regulatory process which prevent over crowding and bring recycling
of materials.
death

clinical biological
 Heartbeat stop.
 It refer to stoppage of functioning of
 Pulse stop. brain.
 Breathing stops.  Pallor mortis it is paleness which
happen after death .
 Pupils dilate.
 Livor mortis settling of blood in lower
portion of body .
 Algor mortis reduction of body
temperature following death.
 Rigor mortis muscles enter of clinical
and biological death,internal organ can
be transplanted(liver,kidneys etc .)
Byeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.

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