Organismal Biology

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Simple Reminders in Sir Elvs’s Class

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The Learners Should have...

Function of Animals
Structure and
Topic1: Body
Intended
Intended

outcome
outcome
learning
learning
1. Discuss sexual and asexual reproduction;
2. Explain the process of digestion and absorption;
3. Explain the role of the musculoskeletal system;
4. Discuss the different body processes such as
nutrition and energy, production, blood
circulation, gas exchange, and immunity
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Digestive System
 Body Support and Movement

The skeletal system works as a support

structure for your body. It gives the body its
shape, allows movement, makes blood
cells, provides protection for organs and
stores minerals. The skeletal system is also
called the musculoskeletal system.
 Body Support and Movement
The skeletal system is necessary to
support the body, protect internal
organs, and allow for the movement
of an organism. There are three
different skeleton designs that fulfill
these functions:
• Hydrostatic skeleton
• Exoskeleton
• Endoskeleton
Hydrostatic skeleton

A skeleton formed by a
fluid-filled compartment
within the body, called the
coelom. This
compartment is under
hydrostatic pressure
because of the fluid and
supports the organs of the
organism.
 Exoskeleton

An external skeleton that

consist of a hard
encasement on the surface
of an organism. This
skeleton provides defense
against predators, supports
the body, and allows for
movement through the
contraction of attached
muscles.
 Endoskeleton

A skeleton that consist

of hard, mineralized
structures located
within the soft tissue of
organisms.
 Muscular System
Muscle cells are
specialized for
contraction. Muscles
allow for motions such as
walking, and they do also
facilitate bodily processes
such as respiration and
digestion
 Nutrition and Energy Production

Animals obtain their nutrition from the

consumption of other organisms.
The nutrients and macromolecules present
in food are not immediately accessible to
the cells. There are number of processes
that modify food within the animal body in
order to make the nutrients and organic
molecules accessible for cellular function.
Types of Animals based on their Dietary needs

• Herbivores
• Carnivores
• Omnivores
 Herbivore
Are animals whose primary food source is plant-based.
 Carnivores
Are animals who eat other animals .
 Omnivores
Are animals who eat both plant and animal derived foods.
 Digestion and Absorption

A mechanical and chemical break down of

food into small organic fragments. It is
important to breakdown macromolecules
into smaller fragments that are of suitable
size for absorption across the digestive
epithelium.
 Vitamins
Vitamins can be either
water soluble or lipid
soluble.
 Elimination
• The final step of the
digestion process the
elimination of
undigested food and
waste products.
 Th e primary function of the
respiratory system is to deliver
oxygen to the cells of the
body’s tissues and remove
carbon dioxide, a cell waste
product. The main structure of
the human respiratory system
are the nasal cavity, the
trachea, and lungs.
Different types of Respiration
•Direct Diffusion
•Skin and Gills
•Tracheal System
•Mammalian System
Direct Diffusion-Gas exchange takes place directly
between the cells and the outer membrane of the
organism.
Skin and Gills
Tracheal System
Mammalian
System
 Immunity
The environment is consist of numerous potential pathogens:
viruses bacteria, fungi, and other infectious organisms. We are
constantly exposed to pathogens in food, water, on surfaces, and
in the air.
 Roles of the
Respiratory System

• Identification
• Specific response
• Amplification
• Retreat
• Remembrance
 Innate Immune Response

Occurs naturally because of genetic factors or

physiology; it is not induced by infection or
vaccination but works to reduce the workload
for the adaptive immune response.
 Adaptive Immune Response

Adaptive or acquired immune response takes days

or even weeks to become established much longer
than the innate response; however, adaptive
immunity is more specific to pathogens and has
memory. Adaptive immunity is an immunity that
occurs after exposure to an antigen either from a
pathogen or a vaccination.
 Adaptive Immune Response

There are two types of adaptive responses:

• Cell mediated immune response carried out by the
T cells
• Humoral immune response, which is controlled by
activated B cells and antibodies.