UNIT 1 – LIFE SCIENCE BIOLOGY

BIOLOGY AND THE NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE

What is biology?
The word biology is derived from the greek words
bios=life + logos=study and is defined as the science of
life and living organisms.
An organism is a living entity consisting of one cell e.g.
bacteria, or multi cells e.g. animals, plants and fungi.
Aspects of biological science range from the study of
molecular mechanisms in cells, to the classification and
behaviour of organisms, how species evolve and
interaction between ecosystems.
 THEMES IN THE STUDY
OF BIOLOGY

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1.1 ALL FORMS OF LIFE SHARE COMMON PROPERTIES

⚫ Defining Biology as the scientific study of life raises the

obvious questions..

⚫ What is life?

⚫ How would you describe what distinguishes living thing

from non-living things?

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How can we decide whether
something
is alive or not?
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1. Having cellular structure

Organisms are made of cells

Cells are the structural and functional units of life
•UNICELLULAR
Composed of one cell like amoeba ,bacteria paramecium

•MULTICELLULAR
Composed of many cells like a cat ,dog, plant
1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life

⚫ A cell can
⚫ regulate its internal environment,
⚫ take in and use energy,
⚫ respond to its environment,
⚫ develop and maintain its complex organization, and
give rise to new cells.

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1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life

⚫ All cells
⚫ are enclosed by a membrane that regulates the
passage of materials between the cell and its
surroundings and
⚫ use DNA as their genetic information.

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1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life

⚫ There are two basic types of cells.

1. Prokaryotic cells
⚫ were the first to evolve,
⚫ are simpler, and
⚫ are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells.
⚫ organisms with prokaryotic cells are;
Bacteria and Archea
2. Eukaryotic cells
⚫ contain membrane-enclosed organelles
including a nucleus containing DNA, and
⚫ Organisms with eukaryotic cells are;
Protista, Fungi, Plants and Animals

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2.Nutrition – (Feeding)
All organisms take in nutrients from their surroundings
to maintain their existence. Nutrition is needed for
metabolic activities and as a source of energy

Nutriets : Substances that an organism needs for

energy, growth,repair…..
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ORGANISMS ACCORDING TO THEIR NUTRITION
a. Autotrophs (Producer): Autotrophic organisms produce their
own nutrients, e.g., some bacteria, algae and plants.
Being producer is the ability of converting the energy (light or
chemical) into the food.

However, some of them use inorganic compounds as an energy

source and carry out chemosynthesis, e.g., some bacteria.
AUTOTROPHS AND HETEROTHROPHS
AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS
1.1 ALL FORMS OF LİFE SHARE COMMON PROPERTİES
2.Feeding

AUTOTROPHS
Photosynthetic Autotrophs
- cells have chlorophll to produce glucose
- use light energy
- green plants,algea,euglena,some bacteria

Chemosynthetic Autotrophs
- cells don’t have chloroplast
- use chemical energy
- only some bacteria
2.Feeding
HETEROTROPHS
1. Symbiosis : the relationship between two different
kinds of living things that live together
1st species 2nd species

☺ benefits ☺ benefits MUTUALISM

☺ benefits neither benefits COMMENSALIZM

nor harmed

☺ benefits ☹ harmed PARASITISM

2. Sapropyhtes: obtain nutrients from dead organic
matter.(bacteria and fungi)
3.Holozoic nutrition: these organisms take in the
complex substances and converting them into simpler
forms. They have digestive system.
- carnivores : feed on with other animals
-herbivores: feed on with plant materials
-omnivores: feed on with both plants and animals
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3.Respiration-Energy processing
Energy processing—the use of chemical energy to power
an organism’s activities and chemical reactions,
All the life processes require a constant supply of energy.
They obtain this energy from cellular respiration
In cellular respiration the chemical bond energy in food
materials are converted in to a form that organisms can
use which is the ATP molecule
1.1 ALL FORMS OF LİFE SHARE COMMON PROPERTİES
3.Respiration-Energy processing

ANAEROBIC AEROBIC RESPIRATION

RESPIRATION A FACULTATİVE ANAEROBE
(fermentation) Happen in organisms
•

living in oxygen rich •Happen only in some

Happen in bacteria and places
•
bacteria that makes
fungi living in oxygen Food is burned with
•
ATP by aerobic respiration if
poor places oxygen and ATP is oxygen is present, but is
Very little amount of
• produced capable of switching to
ATP is obtained (2ATP) Large amounts of ATP is anaerobic respiration if
•

Does not require

• obtained (32 ATP) oxygen is absent
Oxygen Require Oxygen
•

Take place in the

• Take place in cytoplasm
•

cytoplasm and mitochondrion

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4. Metabolism and Regulation:
•Chemical reactions, which take place within the cell of
an organism, are called the metabolic activities or the
metabolism.
• Metabolism of an organism is regulated by its
enzymes and hormones. Metabolic reactions
can be divided into two groups; anabolic reactions
and catabolic reactions.

• Metabolism=Anabolic reactions +Catabolic reaction

 Anabolic reactions Catabolic reactions

⚫ Synthesis of polymers, ⚫ Breaking down of polymers

photosynthetic and Respiration reactions (exothermic
chemosynthetic reactions, reactions)
synthesis of starch,
protein……….(endothermic
reactions)
Basal Metabolism:
A body at rest needs some energy for its physiological
functions. The metabolism of this body is called as basal
metabolism.
The basal metabolism is determined by measuring the amount
of oxygen used, and the amount of energy produced.

Factors that affect BMR and metabolism ;

Muscle mass
Age
Body size
Gender
Genetics
Drugs
Diet
Physical activity
Hormonal factors : Thyroid hormone (TH) levels. Thyroid function is crucial to the
maintenance of basal metabolism.
5.HOMEOSTASIS

The term ‘homeostasis’ is derived from two Greek words;

Homeo which means ‘unchanging’ and Stasis which means
‘standing’
In its simplest form it means ‘staying the same’
So, a better definition of ‘homeostasis’ is to maintain the
internal balance of body.
5.HOMEOSTASIS

What things in your body need to be kept

within a range?
⚫ Body Temperature
⚫ Blood pressure
⚫ Blood pH
⚫ O2 and CO2 concentration
⚫ Osmoregulation-Water balance
⚫ Blood glucose
1.1 ALL FORMS OF LİFE SHARE COMMON PROPERTİES
6.Excretion
To give out the waste materials produced as a result of
metabolic activities or excess substances like water or ions
•Paramecium use contractile vacuole to give out water

•Strawberry Plant get rid of excess water by guttation

1.1 ALL FORMS OF LİFE SHARE COMMON PROPERTİES
WHAT DO WE EXCRETE?

CARBONDIOXIDE Through ………..

UREA, AMONIA By urination (name of the
organ…………..)
WATER AND MINERALS Urination , through
………… and……………….

UNDIGESTED FOOD Feces throgh …………….

1.1 ALL FORMS OF LİFE SHARE COMMON PROPERTİES
7.Movement
All organisms move even plants move by growing.
They move
• To find food
• To escape from the enemies
• To find shelter (barınak)
• To mate

•Euglena and bacteria move by the help of flagellum

•Birds can fly
•Amoeba move by forming false feet
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PROPERTİES
8.Response to the environment
and sensibility—an ability to
respond to environmental stimuli,

•Organisms respond to the changes in

their environment
•The responses change according to
the stimulus
•Euglena move towards light
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eZFwUcEAmI

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9.Evolutionary adaptation—adaptations evolve over many
generations as individuals with traits best suited to their
environments have greater reproductive success and pass
their traits to offspring.
https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=kVaF-O0cVoo
1.1 All forms of life share common properties
Biology is the scientific study of life.
Properties of life include
10.Order (organization)—the highly ordered structure
that typifies life,
Whether organisms are unicellular or multicellular they have
an organization
In unicellular organisms in side the cell there are functional
organelles each doing their own job

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ALL FORMS OF LİFE SHARE COMMON PROPERTİES

• Cells
• Tissues(cells having same
functions)

• Organs(different tissues come

together to perform a function)

• Systems(different organs come

together to perform a function)

• Organism
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11.Reproduction—the ability of organisms to
reproduce their own kind,
Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction
Does not involve meiosis and
• Involve meiosis,formation
•

fertilization of gametes and fertilization

Only one parent is involved
• Two parents are involved
•

No new gene combinations

• Involve new genetic
•

Ex: Bacteria divide into two

• combinations
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12.Growth and development

⚫ All living things grow and develop.

⚫ Growth means increasing in size of cells or in both size and number
of cells (getting bigger).
⚫ Plants never stop growing but animals grow for a period of time.
⚫ Development is a lifelong process of getting complex and mature.
⚫ Growth and development controlled by inherited DNA,