BIOENERGETICS

VALIANT GROUP
 OBJECTIVES
FOR YOU TO LEARN WHAT IS:

ENERGY FLOW CELLULAR

CHARACTERISTICS
IN THE RESPIRATION
OF LIFE.
ECOSYSTEM
Introduction Of

BIOENERGETICS
 Bioenergetics

The term “Bioenergetics“ is made up of two The goal of bioenergetics is

words: to describe how living
- Bio means Life or Living organisms acquire,
- Energetics mean study of energy transform and utilize energy
in order to perform
So, basically Bioenergetics is “the study of energy
biological work. The study of
changes in biological reactions”.
metabolic pathways is thus
Bioenergetics is the field of biochemistry essential to bioenergetics.
concerned with the transformation and use of energy
by living cells. Catabolic reactions involve
the breakdown of chemical
molecules.

Anabolic reactions involve

the synthesis of compounds.
 Introduction Of

CHARACTERISTICS
OF LIFE
What do you think makes
something alive?
 Cell Reproduction

7
What living things are Procreation of living
made of. things.

Growth and Metabolism

Development Living things’ ability to
Refers to Biological and obtain and use materials
Behavioral Changes. and energy.

Characteristics Response to Stimuli

Living things responding
Homeostasis
Living things maintain a
to the environment. stable and internal

of Life environment.

Adaptation
Taken as a Group, Living
things change over time.
 Cell
Living things are made up of tiny building
blocks.

Basic structural and functional unit of all

living organisms, where essential life
processes occur.

Unicellular and Multicellular

Unicellular - made up of ONE cell.
Multicellular - made up of MORE than one
cell.
 REPRODUCTION
Living things can produce another living
thing/life.
2 types of reproduction:
Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction - requires TWO
living things.
Asexual Reproduction - requires ONE
living thing.

DNA is the genetic code found in every

cell. DNA is inherited from parents and
controls your traits.
 Growth and Development

These are the changes from when

we were born to the present or
future.

Through our lifespan living things

grow and develop.
 Metabolism
Refers to all the chemical
reactions that occur within
an organism to maintain life.

Living things need a constant

supply of materials and
energy.
 Response to Stimuli
Living organisms can respond to stimuli from their
environment. This can be as simple as a plant bending
towards sunlight or as complex as an animal’s response to a
threat.
Internal Stimuli and External Stimuli

Internal Stimuli - signal comes from the inside of an

organism.
External Stimuli - signal comes from outside of an organism.
 Homeostasis
The ability of an organism to
maintain a stable/balanced
internal environment despite the
changes happening around
them.
 Adaptation
Over time, through the process of
evolution, organisms can adapt to their
environment through genetic changes
that enchances their chances of survival
and reproduction. This can result in
new traits or behaviors that better suit
the environment.
Introduction Of

ENERGY FLOW IN
THE ECOSYSTEM
 The ecosystem is where organisms are found, where each living
thing has its role to play. But with all these living things present in
an ecosystem, you might ask, what is the primary requirement
for an ecosystem to be sustained and not collapse? For all living
things present to survive? This all leads to one answer,
ENERGY
All living organism require a source of energy to live, the
chemical energy which is found in foods is the main source of
energy in the ecosystem, this source is found in the different
trophic levels of the food chain where organisms eat others and
vice versa.
 What is the food chain and food web?
The food chain is essentially
the order or sequence of what
each animal and organism
eat, from single-celled
organism to those as big as
the blue whale that needs
food to survive. The food
chain explains which
organism eats another
organism and the energy
transferred by doing so.
The food web is a collection of
several food chains therefore it is
on a larger scale than a simple
food chain. While in the food chain,
a single organism is consumed by a
predator or it consumes an
organism, in the food web, a single
organism is consumed by many
predators or it consumes several
other organisms. Food webs are
more complex and lead to a more
sustainable ecosystem.
 Energy Flow in the Ecosystem
The energy flow in an ecosystem is one of the greatest factors that
supports the survival of a great number of organisms. Almost all
organisms on Earth use the sun as their primary source of energy,
they absorb sunlight to get the energy from it and use it in different
ways, plants absorb a specific type of solar radiation known as
Photosynthetically active radiation for Photosynthesis.
 Energy Flow in the Ecosystem

All living organisms can be classified as

producers or consumers, and those producers
and consumers can be classified as part of a
food chain. Energy flows within ecosystems
because the organisms in those ecosystems are
highly interdependent.
 Also known as the feeding
level, the Trophic levels
consists of multiple producers
What are the and consumers forming
several layers, where the
trophic levels of the organisms of a chain are
classified into different levels
energy flow? based on their feeding
behavior. This is illustrated by
a pyramid consisting of four
main layers, these are:
 Eats primary and secondary consumers, This means that
4th Layer:
meat is the main source of their energy and is what they
Tertriary need to meet their food requirements.
Consumers

3rd Layer: Consists of carnivores, they consume other living

Secondary organisms or animals to meet their food requirements.
Consumers

2nd Layer: Consists of herbivores, animals and organisms that

requires autotrophs to fulfill their food requirements.
Primary Consumers

1st Layer: Consists of Autotrophs, these are the green algae and
plants, primarily utilizing solar energy using
Primary Producers photosynthesis other than relying on other animals.

In nearly all layers of the trophic levels, 10% of the energy is lost. In an
ecosystem, energy flows in a unidirectional pattern, this is due to the fact
that the energy that is lost during energy flow cannot be reused in later
stages of the energy flow.
 Direction of Energy Flow
1st Production of Primary producers utilize solar energy to
produce organic material through
Step Energy photosynthesis at the first trophic level.

2nd Consumption of
Plants are used as food by herbivores at the second trophic
level of energy flow in the ecosystem, which provides them
Step Primary Producers with energy. Metabolic operations have considerable effect on
the energy transfer as it consumes a large portion of energy.

Carnivores will eat other herbivores to obtain energy for their

3rd Carnivores consume survival and growth. If giant predators are present, they

Step Herbivores represent a higher trophic level, and they get energy by feeding
on carnivores

4th Bacteria, fungi and insects are examples of decomposers, which

break down wastes and dead creatures and return nutrients to
The Decomposers
Step the soil. Then, the producers then take up this decomposed waste.
Decomposition does not recycle energy; instead, it releases it.
 Laws that support energy flow
in an ecosystem:
There are two primary laws that supports the energy flow in an
ecosystem, these are the first and second law of
thermodynamics where:

- The first law states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed,
energy can only be transferred from one state to another.

- The second law states that a chunk of energy is emitted to the

environment as heat during any conversion.
Introduction Of

CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
What is Cellular
Respiration?
Cellular Respiration is a
metabolic pathway that
uses glucose to produce
adenosine triphosphate
(ATP), an organic
compound the body can use
for energy. One molecule of
glucose can produce a net of
30-32 ATP.
What is the purpose of
Cellular Respiration?

Cellular Respiration is used

to generate usable ATP
energy in order to support
many other reactions in the
body. ATP is particularly
important for energetically
unfavorable reactions that
would otherwise not occur
without an energy input.
 Stages of Cellular
Respiration
The reactions of cellular respiration can be
grouped into three stages:

Stage 1 Glycolysis

The Krebs Cycle

Stage 2
also called the citric acid cycle

Stage 3 The Electron

Transport
 Stages of Cellular
Respiration
The reactions of cellular respiration can be
grouped into three stages:

Stage 1 Glycolysis

The Krebs Cycle

Stage 2
also called the citric acid cycle

Stage 3 The Electron

Transport
 Cellular
The first stage of cellular respiration is glycolysis, which Respiration
happens in the cytosol of the cytoplasm. Stage 1: Glycolysis
Splitting Glucose, the word glycolysis literally means
“glucose splitting”, which is exactly what happens in
this stage. Enzymes split a molecule of glucose into
two molecules of pyruvate (also known as pyruvic
acid). This occurs in several steps, as summarized in
following dialogue.
In glycolysis, we start by using some energy
(2 ATP molecules) to split glucose into
pyruvate molecules. This is the investment
phase. As glycolysis continues, it releases Cellular
energy, and we gain 4 ATP molecules,
Respiration
making a net gain of 2 ATP. Additionally, we
transfer high-energy electrons to create 2 Stage I: Glycolysis
NADH molecules, which are important for
producing more ATP in the next stage of
cellular respiration.
In the second stage of cellular respiration, Cellular
we take the two pyruvate molecules from
glycolysis, convert them to acetyl CoA, and
Respiration
they enter the mitochondrion’s matrix. Stage II: The
Here, they kick off the Krebs cycle (also Krebs Cycle
called the Citric Acid Cycle), which is called
a cycle because it involves a molecule,
oxaloacetate, thats both the starting and
ending point and helps break down the
acetyl CoA molecules.
After glycolysis, transition reaction, and
the Krebs cycle, the glucose molecule has
been broken down completely. All six of its
carbon atoms have combined with oxygen
to form carbon dioxide. The energy from
its checmical bonds has been stored in a
Cellular
total of 16 energy-carrier molecules. Respiration
Stage II: The
4 ATP (2 from glycolysis, 2 from Krebs Cycle
Krebs Cycle)
12 NADH (2 from glycolysis, 2 from
transition reaction, and 8 from
Krebs Cycle)
2 FAH2 (both from the Krebs Cycle)
 Cellular
ETC, the final stage in cellular Respiration
respiration produces 32 ATP. The Stage III: Electron
Electron Transport Chain is the
Transport Chain
final stage of cellular respiration
in this stage, energy being
transported by NADH and FADH2
is transferred to ATP. In addition,
oxygen acts as the final proton
acceptor for the hydrogens
released from all the NADH and
FADH2, forming water.
In the third stage of cellular respiration,
Cellular
the Electron transport chain, high-energy Respiration
electrons are taken from NADH and
FADH2. These electrons then travel
Stage III: Electron
through a chain of molecules on the inner Transport Chain
membrane of the mitochondrion. This
chain acts like a relay, passing the
electrons along through chemical
reactions.
While this happens, some of the electron's
energy is used to move hydrogen ions
from the inner part to the space in
between the membranes. This movement
creates an electrical difference that
powers the creation of ATP.
SUMMARY
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