UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

Academic Unit IV
Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Science & Engineering)
Biology For Engineers
21SZT148

By
Dr. Devinder Kaur

DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

 INTRODUCTION

Course Objective

• This subject is designed to impart

fundamental knowledge on basic of
genetics and emerging fields of
biology like biomedical recording
system and medical instrumentation.
• It is designed to impart knowledge that
how to apply basics of biology in
engineering.
https://www.uic.es/sites/default/files/uic-grau-
bioenginyeria-hero-header_1.jpg

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 INTRODUCTION
• Space for visual (size 24)
Course Outcome
CO Title Level
Number

CO1 Identify the biological concepts from an Knowledge

engineering perspective.  
CO2 Development of artificial systems mimicking Understand
human action.  
CO3 Explain the basic of genetics that helps to Analyze
identify and formulate problems

CO4 Apply knowledge of measurement system, Apply

biomedical recording system and biosensors to   Will be covered in this
excel in areas such as entrepreneurship, lecture
medicine, government, and education.

CO5 Integrate biological principles for developing Create https://specials-images.forbesimg.com/

next generation technologies,
imageserve/1034901762/960x0.jpg?fit=scale
 SYLLABUS

Unit-1 Importance of Biology In Engineering Contact Hours: 15

Introduction: Fundamental Differences between Science and engineering by drawing a
comparison between eye and camera, Bird flying and aircraft. Significance of Biology in
Chapter 1 Engineering, Discuss how biological observations of 18 th Century that lead to major
discoveries, Examples from Brownian motion and the origin of thermodynamics by
Significance of Biology referring to the original observation of Robert and Julius Mayor.
in Engineering
Genetics: Mendel’s laws, Concept of segregation and independent assortment,
  concept of allele, gene mapping, Gene interaction, Epitasis, Meiosis and Mitosis as a
Chapter 2 part of genetics. Mechanism of how genetic material passes from parent to offspring.
Concepts of recessiveness and dominance. Concept of mapping of phenotype to
Genetics Genes, single gene disorders in humans, concept of complementation using human
  genetics.
 

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 BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MENDEL’S
LAWS
• Mendel’s laws of Inheritance provided the reason for variation
in offspring transferred from parents to the offspring in the
form of gene (factors) present in chromosome of gamete.
• Mendel’s most important discovery is his law of segregation.
• Segregation is the essence of Mendelism and a fundamental
rule of genetics.
• He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct
units, one from each parent.
• Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their
appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits.
• By the discovery of meiosis, this notion was confirmed.

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 Mendel and Heredity
• Mendel drew three important conclusions:
1. Traits are inherited as discrete units.
2. Organisms inherit two copies of each gene, one from each
parent.
3. The two copies segregate during gamete formation.

The last two conclusions are called the law of segregation

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 Concept of Traits, Genes, and Alleles

• What is a Trait?
• A trait is a specific characteristic that is unique.
• Traits affect the way we look
• Traits affect how our bodies function
• Traits are inherited
• Examples are hair color, eye color, handedness, etc.
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 Concept of Traits, Genes, and Alleles
• The same gene can have many
versions:
• A gene is a piece of DNA that
directs a cell to make a certain
protein.
• Each gene has a locus, a specific
position on a pair of homologous
chromosomes.

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 Concept of Traits, Genes, and Alleles
• An allele is any alternative form
of a gene occurring at a specific
locus on a chromosome
• Each parent donates one allele for
every gene.
• Homozygous describes two alleles
that are the same at a specific
locus.
• Heterozygous describes two alleles
that are different at a specific
locus.

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 Concept of Traits, Genes, and Alleles
• Genes influence the
development of traits
• All of an organism’s genetic
material is called the genome.
• A genotype refers to the makeup
of a specific set of genes.
• A phenotype is the physical
expression of a trait.

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 Nucleus Chromosome

DNA is the “instruction

code” that the genes use to
form traits. Cell
• DNA is long threads of
material found in all cells.
• DNA contains the “master
code” that instructs all cells
in their daily jobs. Nucleotides
Genes are short pieces of DNA Genes
that make up our chromosomes.
Each piece of DNA that is related DNA
to a gene makes up one trait.
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 Concept of Traits, Genes, and Alleles
• Alleles can be represented using letters
• A dominant allele is expressed as a phenotype
when at least one allele is dominant. r R
• A recessive allele is expressed as a phenotype
only when two copies are present.
• Dominant alleles are represented by
uppercase letters; recessive alleles by
lowercase letters.
• Both homozygous dominant and heterozygous
genotypes yield a dominant phenotype. r r
• Most traits occur in a range and do not follow
simple dominant-recessive patterns.
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 Beyond Mendelian Inheritance
• When similar hybridization experiments HUH?

were conducted in other plants, it was

found that in some plants F1 generation
had phenotypes that did not resemble
either of two parents.
• For example Antirrhinum majus
(Snapdragon/Dog flower)

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 Non-Mendelian Genetics
Mendelian Genetics describes inheritance patterns
based on Complete Dominance or Recessiveness.
There are other types of inheritance that Mendel never
considered:

Incomplete Inheritance
Co-dominance NON-MENDELIAN
Multiple Alleles GENETICS
Polygenic Traits
Sex-linked
 Antirrhinum majus

Incomplete Dominance
• Incomplete dominance is a partial
expression of alleles in
heterozygous condition
• Hybrid show a intermediate
phenotype instead of one of the
parents
• In F2 generation genotypic ratio is
1:2:1 but phenotypic ratio is also
1:2:1

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 Incomplete Dominance
• Incomplete dominance is when neither gene that determines
a trait dominates, so the recessive trait is not fully hidden.
• The result is a “mixed” genetic trait that is neither dominant
nor recessive.
• Example: Red (RR) x White (WW) flowers yield Pink (RW)

RR = red WW = white RW = pink

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 Incomplete Dominance

• Neither allele is completely

dominant over the other allele.
• A heterozygous phenotype
• A mixture or blending of the two
• Offspring have a phenotype in
between that of the parents
• 2 or more alleles influence
phenotype (get an intermediate
phenotype)

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Problem: Incomplete Dominance
Show the cross between a red and a white flower.

GENOTYPES: R R
-%
- ratio
W

W
PHENOTYPES:
-%
- ratio
 Problem: Incomplete Dominance
Show the cross between a pink and a white flower.

GENOTYPES: R W
-%
- ratio
W

W
PHENOTYPES:
-%
- ratio
Incomplete Inheritance Problem
What is the probability of white flowers if pink flowers are bred with
pink flowers?

R W
R
W
 CODOMINANCE
• It is simultaneous and equal
expression of alleles in
heterozygous condition, so that
hybrids have phenotype different
from homozygous parents.
• Both the dominant alleles are
expressed in the heterozygous
individual
• Both traits are dominant, and show
up in the phenotype together. Co
means “together”

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Codominance Example: Rhodedendron
R = allele for red flowers
W = allele for white flowers
Cross a homozygous red flower with a
homozygous white flower.
Example: Roan colored horses
R= red
R’=white
Individual that is RR’ will have
both white and red hairs in coat.
Roan Horse

http://search.vadlo.com/b/q?rel=2&keys=Dominance+Incomplete+Dominance+Codominance+PPT
 MULTIPLE ALLELES
• When there is more than 2
alleles possible for a given
gene.
• Allows for a larger number of
genetic and phenotypic
possibilities.
• Several dominant alleles and/or
recessive alleles can be
combined to create multiple
phenotypes.

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 Blood Type
• Blood type consists of two dominant
and one recessive allele in humans
• Blood types are A, B, O, and AB.
• AB blood is a co-dominant trait.
• There is a recessive allele for type O.
• Type A and B show regular
dominance over this recessive allele.
• Thus, the only way to be type O is to
be homozygous recessive.

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 Blood type displays both Co-dominance and
Complete dominance
Red Blood cells can either have a carbohydrate on
their surface or not.
The presence of a carbohydrate (I) is dominant to the
absence of a carbohydrate (i).
Additionally, there are two types of carbs that may
exist on the surface of RBCs called A (IA) and B (IB).
Cell surface carbs A and B are codominant, which means
they could also show up at the same time on a RBC.
http://www.pennmedicine.org/health_info/images/19450.jpg
 Blood Type Inheritance Rules:
Cells Genotypes Blood types
1. A person with the IA allele will
have A carbohydrates. I i, I I
A A A Type A
blood
2. A person with the IB allele will
have B carbohydrates. I i, I I
B B B Type B
blood
3. A person with the recessive i
allele will have no carbohydrates.
II
A B Type AB
blood
4. Or a person with both IA and IB
alleles will have both A and B
carbohydrates on their cells. ii Type O
blood
Blood Type Problems
If a woman with AB blood has children
with a man who has type O, what will be
the possible genotypes of their children?

What will be their blood types?

IA IB
i IA i IB i
i IA i IB i
Blood Type Problems
Blood Type Problem 2: A woman with
type B blood has a child with type O
blood. How is this possible if her
husband has type A blood?
 Over Dominance
• Over dominance is a condition in genetics where the
phenotype of the heterozygous lies outside of the phenotypical
range of both homozygous parents.

• Over dominance can also be described as heterozygote

advantage, where in heterozygous individuals have a higher
fitness than homozygous individuals.

• An example in humans is sickle cell anemia.

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 Sickle- Cell Anemia
• Caused by an abnormal Hemoglobin,
the protein that red blood cells use
to carry oxygen
• Normal hemoglobin is (RR)
• Sickle Cell shaped blood cells (SS)

• People who are carriers

(heterozygous) for the disease there
is a mixture of both normal and sickle
cell (RS)
 Problem: Codominance
• Show the cross between an individual with sickle-cell
anemia and another who is a carrier but not sick.

GENOTYPES: N S
- NS (2) SS (2) S
- ratio 1:1 NS SS

PHENOTYPES:
- carrier (2); sick (2) S NS SS
- ratio 1:1
 However,
• The law of independent assortment holds good only for
genes present in different homologous pairs of
chromosomes.
• Inheritance of genes, present in the same homologous pair
of chromosomes, is governed by the phenomenon of linkage
and crossing–over.
• Genes present in the sex chromosomes obey the rules of sex-
linked inheritance.

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 Polygenic Traits
• Most of your traits are controlled by the interaction of many
genes.
• Multiple genes working together produce a continuous
distribution in a “Bell Shape” curve of degrees.
• Individual genes of a polygenic trait follow Mendel's laws but
together do not produce Mendelian ratios.
36
 Polygenic Traits
• Require more than one gene
(allele) to determine trait.
• Skin tone is determined by 4-6
genes—that means that there
may be six different
chromosomes involved!
38
Examples of Polygenic Traits
• Body Type
• Height (5 pairs of genes)
• Skin Color (3 pairs of genes)
• Hair color
• Eye color
• Intelligence (25 pairs of gene)
• We often see the famous “Bell Curve”
 Sex-linked Inheritance
• Sex-linked traits are traits that are controlled by genes on the sex
chromosomes. The X and Y chromosomes
• Genes for some traits are found on the sex chromosomes (X or y)
• Most of these traits are recessive the normal gene is dominant
• Heterozygous Females (XXc) are carriers. They do not show the trait,
but carry a gene for the trait.
• Homozygous Females (XcXc) have the trait
• Males with the gene (XcY) have the trait.—They do not have another
X to counterbalance the affected gene
• Examples: red-green colorblindness, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy
 Are they controlled by both sex chromosomes?
• Most sex-linked traits are
controlled by genes on the X
chromosome.
• This is because an X chromosome
is much larger than a Y
chromosome.
• A few traits are suspected to be
controlled by genes on the Y
chromosome, however there is
less research about Y-linked traits.
 Sex-linked Inheritance
• These traits are more common in boys since girls have a
“back up” X.
• In males, there is no back up to cover a recessive gene.
• If they get an X with the disorder, they use it.
• Girls must inherit defective Xs from both parents to
have the disorder, otherwise their “back up” will kick in.

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Color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait.
The gene for this trait is inherited through the X chromosome.

If a woman with normal vision has

children with a man who is Xc Y
colorblind, what are the chances
that their children will be colorblind? X XXc XY
Will any children be carriers of the
trait? X XXc XY
44
Sex-Linked Traits
A: 29, B: 45, C: --, D: 26
 Normal vision

A: 70, B: --, C: 5, D: --
 Red-green color blind

A: 70, B: --, C: 5, D: 6
 Red color blind

A: 70, B: --, C: 5, D: 2
 Green color blind
 Problem: Sex Linked
Show the cross between a mother whose father was colorblind
and a normal vision man

GENOTYPES:
- Male %
- Female %

PHENOTYPES:
- Male %
- Female %
 Problem: Sex Linked
Show a cross between a carrier mother and a male with
hemophilia

GENOTYPES:
- Male %
- Female %

PHENOTYPES:
- Male %
- Female %
 REFERENCES

• Gupta, P.K.. Cytology, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Rastogi Publishers, Meerut, 1993.
• Roit I.M., Brostoff J. and Male D. Mosby .Immunology (6 th Edition) by, An imprint of Elsevier Sci Ltd.,
2002.
• https://nptel.ac.in/courses/121/106/121106008/
• https://www.utoledo.edu/engineering/bioengineering/undergrad/prospective/whatisbioe.html#:~:text=Bioengi
neering%20is%20the%20application%20of,health%20care%20and%20other%20fields.
• https://i.pinimg.com/originals/68/c9/30/68c930e95113ceb2e3dfc9de2f164680.png
• https://youtu.be/FBUpnG1G4yQ

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THANK YOU

For queries
Email: devinder.e11172@cumail.in