Title: Review of Literature on Dengue Fever in India

Writing a literature review on any topic requires a meticulous approach and an in-depth
understanding of the subject matter. When it comes to a complex issue like Dengue Fever in India,
the task becomes even more challenging. As researchers delve into the existing body of literature,
they must navigate through a vast array of studies, articles, and publications to extract relevant
information and insights.

Dengue Fever, a mosquito-borne viral infection, poses a significant public health concern in India.
The country experiences periodic outbreaks of this disease, leading to substantial morbidity and
mortality. Understanding the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, prevention, and control measures
of Dengue Fever is crucial for healthcare professionals, policymakers, and researchers alike.

A comprehensive literature review on Dengue Fever in India involves synthesizing data from various
sources, including scientific journals, government reports, and academic publications. Researchers
need to critically evaluate the quality and reliability of each source, ensuring that the information
gathered is accurate and up-to-date.

One of the main challenges in writing a literature review on Dengue Fever is the sheer volume of
available literature. Sorting through a vast number of studies and extracting relevant data while
avoiding duplication can be time-consuming and arduous. Additionally, the evolving nature of
scientific research means that new findings and insights emerge regularly, requiring constant
updating of the literature review.

Furthermore, the complexity of the topic itself adds another layer of difficulty. Dengue Fever is
influenced by various factors, including climate change, urbanization, vector control strategies, and
healthcare infrastructure. Analyzing the interplay between these factors and their impact on Dengue
transmission and control in the Indian context requires a multidisciplinary approach and a deep
understanding of epidemiology, entomology, and public health.

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The pattern of the last six years shows that dengue cases are unevenly reported throughout the year,
and the cases begin to rise after September and reach a peak in November, to fall thereafter.(HT
PHOTO) Till October 31, 121 dengue cases have been reported. One of the major challenges in
dengue serotyping in Pakistan is the lack of laboratory facilities having such capacities. Information
was obtained using questionnaire and results were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Note that from
the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. Objectives were to
determine the level of awareness regarding dengue fever and practice of preventive measures and its
association with socio-demographic factors; and to find out the association between awareness and
practice of preventive measures.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted
among 150 residents of urban slum area, Shaikpet. Few small animal models exist ( Yauch and
Shresta, 2008; Zellweger and Shresta, 2014 ), as rodent cells are generally not permissive to DENV
infection, and each presents significant challenges for use and extrapolation to humans. Aedes
aegypti mosquito breeds in the small openings, flower pots, potentially in stagnant and all storage
water containers near human dwelling. Ontologies in IMBB. Anatomy of mosquitoes (and ticks)
Today’s use: almost exclusively for annotation of gene expression experiments (VB). Methods: A
cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 1000 respondents in Rural and Urban areas of
Salem district, Tamilnadu to evaluate the knowledge, awareness and practices regarding dengue
fever. Umair, M.; Haider, S.A.; Rehman, Z.; Jamal, Z.; Ali, Q.; Hakim, R.; Bibi, S.; Ikram, A.;
Salman, M. By its nature the current evolving DENVs are adept at escaping heterologous
neutralizing antibody and using it as a means to attain high viral load levels and more severe disease
through antibody-dependent enhancement. By contrast, HLA B44, B62, B76, and B77 are
associated with protection against developing clinical disease after secondary dengue infection (
Stephens et al., 2002 ). Virus virulence factors are also associated with severity of disease including
the sequence of specific serotypes causing infection ( Halstead et al., 1983; Morens and Halstead,
1987; Halstead, 1998 ). Measures should be taken to control the aforementioned causes to prevent
disease spread and reduce epidemic flare up. Distant Sites-Tissue Macrophages Following
dissemination of DENV from the skin to the peripheral blood ( Figure 1, Step 5), and other organs in
the body, other populations of specific tissue-resident macrophages are infected with DENV in the
course of disease. Dengue virus is a mosquito borne single positive stranded RNA virus. Of note, the
current study also contributes by whole genome sequencing of a coinfection case “DENV-1 and
DENV-2” in 2022 for the first time in Pakistan. CAPT Michael E. Herring, REHS, MPH Senior
Environmental Health Scientist CDC National Center for Environmental Health Environmental
Health Services Branch. Systematic random sampling was followed for selecting the houses. Dengue
hemorrhagic fever -- U.S.Mexico border, 2005. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2007,
56(31):785-789. Plague: Medical Management and original method of treatment. The only option is
to tackle the symptoms and stop the platelet count from falling down further. Hematological data
were available for 144 patients, showing thrombocytopenia (platelet count ? 150,000) in 129 (89%)
cases. This can cause a severe form of dengue fever, called dengue hemorrhagic fever, severe dengue
or dengue shock syndrome. Methods: The study adopted descriptive research design and was
conducted at selected villages of district Bilaspur. Factors that contribute to bleeding include
thrombocytopenia due to decreased platelet survival and, in severe cases, frank disseminated
intravascular coagulation. Therefore, it is much more likely that detection of DENV in the peripheral
blood is a consequence of the egress of infected cells from the skin. Methods: A cross-sectional study
was conducted to assess the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice among 510 residents of Ja-Ela
MOH area using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Anti-dengue antibodies in sera can
inhibit this agglutination and the potency of this inhibition is measured in an HI test. Environmental
changes and lack of awareness result in increase in transmission of dengue infection and rise in
dengue outbreaks. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2007, 13(1). 47. European Centre for Disease
Prevention and Control.
The DNA 1000 Kit and Agilent Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) were
utilized to measure the size of the libraries. This, coupled with the required immune knockouts to
generate infection and disease, makes it difficult to apply knowledge gained in immune deficient
murine systems to the events occurring in human hosts with intact immune systems. Much of the
pathogenesis of dengue disease is thought to be due to activation of the immune system, and these
models do not recapitulate a fully functioning immune system. Dengue vaccine: WHO position
paper, September 2018—Recommendations. Significance of difference in proportions (qualitative
variables) was calculated using Chi square test. When asked about the symptoms, 63.5% told fever is
the commonest and 32% did not know any of the symptoms. When knowledge of preventive
measures against mosquitoes was analyzed, 50% told it ca. Please note that many of the page
functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. International Journal of Infectious
Diseases, 11, 263-267. Washington, DC, Pan American Health Organization, 2001 ( ). 31. PAHO.
Dengue. Regional Committee resolution CD44.R9, adopted at the 55th session of the Regional
Committee for the Americas, 44th Directing Council. Real-time RT-PCR assays are either
“singleplex” (i.e. detecting only one serotype at a time) or “multiplex” (i.e. able to identify all four
serotypes from a single sample). OBJECTIVES: To access the knowledge, attitude and practices
among the people living in urban area of Jhansi city. Bid goodbye to wheat-based noodles with these
vegetable based spaghetti, pasta types. In world more than 40% of the population, in more than 100
countries are at risk of dengue infection. It is transmitted by the bite of mosquitoes carrying the
dengue virus from the infected person to the healthy person. The current study reported a single case
of DENV-3 from Peshawar in 2022, which was prevalent in the early 1990s in Pakistan and lasted
until 2016. Such insertions do not conform to our policy and 'Terms of Use' and are either deleted or
edited and republished. Next Article in Special Issue Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and
Vaccination Coverage among Residents of a Lower-Middle-Class Population in the Federal District,
Brazil. This expansion of preexisting cross-reactive and low-affinity memory T cells is thought to
hamper effective viral control and contribute to severe disease through enhanced production of
inflammatory cytokines. Equally important, it offers a reproducible model in which to study the
viral-host interactions and the innate and adaptive immune response to DENV infection. The
following prominent symptoms usually signify the onset of dengue: 1. To circumvent the issue of
infectability, mouse models are genetically modified to be permissive to virus infection, most often
by targeting the IFN system, and by adapting the virus. Sample size of 166 participants; age more
than 18 years residing in rural area were included in the study. One of the most potent outcomes of
neutrophil activation is the release of NETs. Anti-dengue awareness campaigns wereorganized at the
community level with the help of non-government organizations. All nucleic acid detection assays
involve three basic steps: nucleic acid extraction and purification, amplification of the nucleic acid,
and detection and characterization of the amplified product. Dengue virus is a mosquito borne single
positive stranded RNA virus. Moreover, the use of these models requires adaptation of human
dengue strains in order to establish any infection. Platelet transfusions are rarely given, but may be
warranted in patients with severe thrombocytopenia (. Analysis of data from humans infected with
DENV by mosquito bite has established a median intrinsic incubation period of 5.9 days, with 95%
of subjects developing viremia between days 3 and 10 ( Chan and Johansson, 2012 ). Journal of
Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD). As such, immunocompromised mice are a
common model for studying DENV pathogenesis and immunity.
The typical symptoms of dengue fever include pain in bones and muscles, headaches, abdominal
discomfort, vomiting, and nausea. The knowledge about the preventive measures was inadequate
among the rural respondents when compared to that of urban respondents. METHODOOGY: A
descriptive cross sectional observational study was conducted among 100 individuals from rural
population of Gujrat from March to May 2017 and non-probability cluster sampling was done. There
is a need to make rural people aware of different preventive practices and reduce this knowledge
application gap. Why dengue?. Dengue in Honduras. State of emergency Public health campaigns
Economy. Environmental changes and lack of awareness result in increase in transmission of dengue
infection and rise in dengue outbreaks. Objective: To access the knowledge of the community
regarding dengue Vector Control and sociodemographic variables. Mentioned below are some of the
preventive tips for dengue: 1. Dengue fever imported from India: a report of 3 cases. Ethical
clearance was obtained from the National Institute of Health Science Kalutara. ISPRS International
Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI). Typically, NK cells recognize “missing self” on infected cells
when the host cell exhibits a down regulation in surface MHC class I molecules ( Karre, 1995;
Gasser and Raulet, 2006 ). Serotyping was successful for 293 (85%) samples using RT-PCR. Anti-
dengue antibodies in sera can inhibit this agglutination and the potency of this inhibition is measured
in an HI test. Setting: Out of ten towns of Lahore city,Samanabad Town was selected. To reduce
humanmosquito contact or eliminate vector population efforts should be made. Objectives were to
determine the level of awareness regarding dengue fever and practice of preventive measures and its
association with socio-demographic factors; and to find out the association between awareness and
practice of preventive measures.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted
among 150 residents of urban slum area, Shaikpet. RESULTS: Of the total 100 respondents (59%)
were male. Group 9-019 Gay Wei En Colin 4i310 Chua Zhi Ming 4i307 Katherine Kamis AOS Jacob
Savos AOS. The cellular immune response at large—not limited to type 1 IFN secretion—as well as
an increasing burden of infected cells contributes to the subsequent clinical manifestations of
dengue. There is no cure for dengue, but it can be prevented. Pantelis Topalis Ontology developer
IMBB-FORTH, Crete Greece. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and
Education (EJIHPE). Definition of Vector-Borne: A biological association between an arthropod
(insect or arachnid) and a pathogen acquired by feeding on the blood of an infected vertebrate host.
Significance of difference in proportions (qualitative variables) was calculated using Chi square test.
The pattern of the last six years shows that dengue cases are unevenly reported throughout the year,
and the cases begin to rise after September and reach a peak in November, to fall thereafter. Asia in
particular in this century has been pivotal in the evolution of DENV as the location of the first cases
of the more severe form of DENV infection, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), which made its first
appearance in the 1950’s first in the Philippines then in Thailand ( Halstead et al., 1967 ). This event
was a hallmark denoting a change in the severity and pathogenesis of DENV viral-host interactions.
Significant evidence suggests that dengue can induce cross reactive T cell activation, termed T cell
original sin ( Mongkolsapaya et al., 2003; Rothman, 2011 ). Even though there was stiff resistance,
fogging was carried out in all possible manner especially in the vulnerable areas,” a senior officer of
the UT health department’s Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme, wishing anonymity, said.
However, lack of attention and funding of these programs in the 1970s led to re-emergence of A.
Asia in particular in this century has been pivotal in the evolution of DENV as the location of the
first cases of the more severe form of DENV infection, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), which
made its first appearance in the 1950’s first in the Philippines then in Thailand ( Halstead et al., 1967
). This event was a hallmark denoting a change in the severity and pathogenesis of DENV viral-host
interactions. Few small animal models exist ( Yauch and Shresta, 2008; Zellweger and Shresta, 2014
), as rodent cells are generally not permissive to DENV infection, and each presents significant
challenges for use and extrapolation to humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2007, 13(1). 47.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Always consult your doctor or a professional
healthcare provider if you have any specific questions about any medical matter. Information seeking
Critical Reading Synthesis and structure Reflections on your literature review. Gout, Urate, and
Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD). These include Kupffer cells of the liver ( Aye et al., 2014 ),
and macrophages in the spleen ( Balsitis et al., 2009 ). The infection of Kupffer cells and the
resultant acute inflammation of the immediate area likely contributes to the observed elevation in
liver enzymes ALT and AST ( Fernando et al., 2016 ). The Adaptive Immune Response The adaptive
immune response is composed of both a humoral and a cell mediated component and is absolutely
essential for controlling viral pathogens. The first confirmed dengue hemorrhagic fever outbreak in
Pakistan occurred in 1994. The yellow fever mosquito becomes infected when it takes the blood of a
person infected with the virus. Percentages of categorical variables were computed. They offer better
sensitivity compared to virus isolation with a much more rapid turnaround time. Dengue Virus: This
virus is also known as Flavivirus and they are in spherical and 40-60 mm in diameter. Since then,
epidemics of dengue fever have been reported in the region with increasing frequency and expanding
geographic distribution.Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitudes and preventive practices
regarding dengue fever among adult population.Methods: This study was a Cross sectional
descriptive survey conducted among adult population in Union council Ouch and Chakdarah district
Dir Lower, KPK province Pakistan. This assay uses the same antigens as the MAC-ELISA. For more
information on the journal statistics, click here. Importantly, prior infection and antibody levels are a
major risk factor for development of more severe disease as discussed in the Introduction: (dengue
virus and clinical spectra). Dengue hemorrhagic fever -- U.S.Mexico border, 2005. Morbidity and
Mortality Weekly Report, 2007, 56(31):785-789. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet
faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. ALTERNATIVE
NAMES. Hemorrhagic dengue Dengue shock syndrome Philippine hemorrhagic fever Thai
hemorrhagic fever Singapore hemorrhagic fever. Supportive fluid replacement therapy and vigilant
monitoring for the successful management of the condition. The knowledge gained through this
investigation would help rural population to take certain preventive and control measures against
dengue fever. Utilization of the human infection model, improved techniques to understand the host
genetic and immune response, and additional prospective human studies will further our
understanding with application towards developing better drugs and vaccines to treat and prevent
DENV infection. Most of them (88%) were familiar with mosquitoes’ involvement in the
dissemination of diseases like dengue fever. The current study reported a single case of DENV-3
from Peshawar in 2022, which was prevalent in the early 1990s in Pakistan and lasted until 2016.
However, in patients with established intravascular fluid loss, intravenous fluid administration is
recommended. This variation may be due to differences in the sub-genotypes of cosmopolitan, as the
current study sequences belong to the IVA1 clade, while previous sequences belong to the IVB1 and
2 clade. Based on BLAST search, the globally reported sequences of the dengue virus along with the
reference genomes of all DENV genotypes were downloaded from NCBI (, accessed on 14
November, 2022). The perivascular location also facilitates MC-driven modulation of EC function (
Klein et al., 1989; Brown et al., 2011; Kunder et al., 2011 ), and several mast cell specific -mediators
have been shown to promote EC activation ( Compton et al., 1998; Frossi et al., 2004 ), a response
necessary for immune cell recruitment. Mentioned below are some of the preventive tips for dengue:
1. Upon infection the viral genome is delivered to the cytoplasm and translated into one long
polyprotein that is then cleaved by both host and viral specific proteases to yield 10 individual
proteins.
Where appropriate, we have denoted specific subsets with their definitive CD antigens in order to
facilitate comparisons between human and mouse data, as well as to aid in comparing studies where
immune cell subtypes may not have been defined identically. International Journal of Translational
Medicine (IJTM). Chi-square test was used to find association with socio-demographic factors. The
genome is approximately 11 kb and encodes 10 proteins. Moreover, the use of these models requires
adaptation of human dengue strains in order to establish any infection. The current study aimed to
explore the serotype and genomic diversity of dengue virus responsible for the 2022 outbreak in
Pakistan. Acknowledgments We acknowledge CDC for providing primers for serotyping. The
pattern of the last six years shows that dengue cases are unevenly reported throughout the year, and
the cases begin to rise after September and reach a peak in November, to fall thereafter. CAPT
Michael E. Herring, REHS, MPH Senior Environmental Health Scientist CDC National Center for
Environmental Health Environmental Health Services Branch. The direct effect of these
inflammatory mediators is to modify endothelial tight junctions and adhesion molecules to allow for
influx of immune cells from the circulation, to recruit other innate immune effectors to the site, and
to activate nearby tissue resident cells to mount a response against the insult. Emerging Infectious
Diseases (serial online), 2003, March (date cited). Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal
uses article numbers instead of page numbers. The typical symptoms of dengue fever include pain in
bones and muscles, headaches, abdominal discomfort, vomiting, and nausea. Geographical
distribution of circulating dengue serotypes. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of dengue full
genome sequences. In this review, we focus on the innate inflammatory responses to DENV
infection by innate immune cells, their effector functions and clinical course. We use cookies on our
website to ensure you get the best experience. Objectives: The aim of the present study is to assess
the knowledge level regarding dengue fever among adults. Editors select a small number of articles
recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly. The amino acid sequence
alignment of study DENV-1 revealed that these two viruses shared a similar mutation profile.
Introduction Dengue Virus and Clinical Spectra Dengue virus (DENV) is an arbovirus transmitted by
the mosquito vectors Aedes aegypti and, to a lesser extent, Aedes albopictus ( Scott and Morrison,
2010 ). Majority of the rural respondents (30%) had no source of information about dengue fever.
This assay uses the same antigens as the MAC-ELISA. Setting: Out of ten towns of Lahore
city,Samanabad Town was selected. All comments are however constantly reviewed for spam and
irrelevant material (such as product or personal advertisements, email addresses, telephone numbers
and website address). Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2007, 13(1). 47. European Centre for Disease
Prevention and Control. Disclaimer: Tips and suggestions mentioned in the article are for general
information purposes only and should not be construed as professional medical advice. Asia in
particular in this century has been pivotal in the evolution of DENV as the location of the first cases
of the more severe form of DENV infection, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), which made its first
appearance in the 1950’s first in the Philippines then in Thailand ( Halstead et al., 1967 ). This event
was a hallmark denoting a change in the severity and pathogenesis of DENV viral-host interactions.
IgE is produced during dengue infection, and as noted in the mast cell section, would serve to
activate innate immune cells through the high affinity Fc epsilon receptor one expressed at high
levels on mast cells and upregulated on activated dendritic cells. Collecting data was using a
questionnaire with interviews.
Comparatively, the amino acid composition of eight DENV-2 isolates shared similarities with DENV-
2 strains that caused epidemics in Singapore and China. After about one week, the Aedes species
mosquito can then transmit the virus while biting a healthy person. Michael Niemela California
Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section. Overview. CDPH’s Vector-Borne
Disease Section. Fifty percent of participants responded correctly the symptoms. Download Free
PDF View PDF MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) Attitude Regarding Dengue Vector Control
Among the Community of Tehsil Sahiwal, Sargodha Tallat Anwar Faridi Dengue fever is one of the
most threatening vector borne diseases, causing severe epidemics and has brought the world to take
serious steps for its control and prevention. Dengue fever does not spread directly from person to
person. Wiser workshop 27 th January 2010. Overview. What is a literature review. Download Free
PDF View PDF International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences A community based study on
dengue awareness and preventive practices among urban slum population in Hyderabad, South India
Snigdha Pattnaik Background: Dengue is identified as public health problem due to its rapid spread
throughout the world. A literature review is an overview of research on a given topic and answers to
related research questions Literature reviews are an important part of research and should be treated
as such A well-written literature review. Importantly, prior infection and antibody levels are a major
risk factor for development of more severe disease as discussed in the Introduction: (dengue virus
and clinical spectra). Dendritic cells undergo a maturation program both as a result of macrophage
and mast cell activation-derived signals and also by sensing of danger- or pathogen-associated
molecular patterns. The first case report dates back from 1789 and is attributed to Benjamin rush who
coined the term “break bone fever” because of symptoms of myalgia and etiology and the
transmission by mosquitoes were only deciphered in the 20th century spread globally. All consenting
individuals aged above 18 years and above encountered in selected rural areas interviewed using a
structured, pre-tested questionnaire. Former research in 2017 reported the presence of a DENV-2
cosmopolitan genotype IV (lineage A1) via Sanger sequencing, which bifurcated into two
sublineages (IVA, IVB) also sharing high similarity with Singapore and China isolates. The editorial
team reserves the right to review and moderate the comments posted on the site. Conclusion: It was
concluded that community awareness program can be planned to improve knowledge among people.
Systematic random sampling was followed for selecting the houses. The only option is to tackle the
symptoms and stop the platelet count from falling down further. Samples were collected along with
the required information regarding age, gender, location, date of collection, and relevant clinical data.
2.3. RNA Extraction and Serotype Specific MultiPlex PCR Amplification Using the QIAamp viral
RNA mini kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to manufacturer instructions, the viral RNA of
all the samples was extracted. Bid goodbye to wheat-based noodles with these vegetable based
spaghetti, pasta types. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP). Therefore, the
goal of the current study was to investigate the circulating serotypes during the 2022 outbreak in
Pakistan and to explore the genomic diversity of the dengue virus by whole-genome sequencing.
Dengue fever is transmitted by bite of female mosquito caused by human viral pathogen that belongs
to the genus Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae. Given the potency of mast cell activation and the
resultant inflammation and clinical symptoms, targeting vasoactive mast cell mediators such as
histamine or tryptase may have a significant impact of clinical course. The DNA 1000 Kit and
Agilent Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) were utilized to measure the size
of the libraries. Mallapaty, S. Dengue vaccine poised for roll-out but safety concerns linger. Among
these, four were collected in early 2022, and six were collected between August and October 2022.
We recently completed a phase I study of 12 healthy adult volunteers using a challenge virus,
DENV-1-LVHC, strain 45AZ5 ( Endy et al., 2020 ). All subjects developed neutralizing antibody to
DENV-1, and 11 of the 12 developed viremia with peak viral loads similar to wild-type DENV
infection. Importantly, the early innate immune response governs the fate and vigor of the
subsequent adaptive immune response ( Fearon and Locksley, 1996 ), which confers the long-term
protection desired from a vaccine. This study indicated that in preventing dengue fever, strategies
must be developed to cultivate prevention practices and increase prevention campaigns using mass
media and focus on areas with low education and knowledge in dengue prevention.