02 - Fundamentals of LANs

02 - Fundamentals of LANs
By Muhammad Asghar Khan

Reference: CCENT/CCNA ICND1 Official Exam Certification Guide By Wendell Odom
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Agenda

Local Area Networks Physical Layer (L1)

Overview of Ethernet History of Ethernet Most Common Ethernet Standards Comparing Ethernet Media Requirements Ethernet UTP Cabling Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges & Switches CSMA/CD Protocol Ethernet Addressing
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Data Link Layer (L2)

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Agenda

Unicast Ethernet Addresses Group Addresses Ethernet Framing Error Detection
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Local Area Networks

LANs interconnect host devices over short distances LANs can support high speed and a fairly large bandwidth LAN traffic can be controlled with bridges and switches or Hubs Ethernet is the undisputed king of LAN standards today Historically speaking, several competing LAN standards existed, including Token Ring, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Eventually, Ethernet won out over all the competing LAN standards
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Local Area Networks
Typical Small Modern LAN
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Overview of Ethernet
The term Ethernet refers to a family of standards that dene the Physical and Data Link layers of the LAN networks Most of the standards dene a different variation of Ethernet at the Physical Layer, with differences in speed and types of cabling Additionally, for the Data Link Layer, the IEEE separates the functions into two sublayers:

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The 802.3 Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer The 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer
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History of Ethernet
The IEEE in the early 1980s formed two committees that worked directly on Ethernetthe IEEE 802.3 committee and the IEEE 802.2 committee The 802.3 committee worked on Physical Layer standards as well as a subpart of the Data Link Layer called Media Access Control (MAC) The IEEE assigned the other functions of the Data Link Layer to the 802.2 committee, calling this part of the data link layer the Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer The two early Ethernet standards were 10BASE5 and 10BASE2. You should not expect to need to implement 10BASE5 or 10BASE2 Ethernet LANs today 10BASE5 and 10BASE2 had limitations on the total length of a cable. With 10BASE5, the limit was 500 m; with 10BASE2, it was 185 m Repeaters was used with 10BASE5 and 10BASE2 standards
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Most Common Ethernet Standards
The T and TX in the alternative names refer to the fact that each of these standards denes the use of UTP cabling, with the T referring to the T in twisted pair.
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Most Common Ethernet Standards

With 10BASE-T, the concept of cabling each device to a centralized connection point was introduced Originally, 10BASE-T called connection Ethernet hub this centralized
When building a LAN today, you could choose to use either a hub or a switch as the centralized Ethernet device to which all the computers connect Even though modern Ethernet LANs typically use switches
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Comparing Ethernet Media Requirements
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Ethernet UTP Cabling
The three most common Ethernet standards used today are:
10BASE-T (Ethernet) 100BASE-TX (Fast Ethernet, or FE), and 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet, or GE)
These three standard use UTP cabling The cable ends have some form of connector attached (typically RJ-45 connectors) RJ-45 connector has eight specic physical locations into which the eight wires in the cable can be inserted, called pin positions, or simply pins
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RJ-45 Connectors and Ports
http://www.learn44.com/the-physical-layer-of-the-osi-reference-model-protocols-media-and-concepts
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Many Cisco switches have a interfaces that use either Gigabit Interface Converters (GBIC) or SmallForm Pluggables (SFP)
GBIC
SFP
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UTP Cabling Pinouts for 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX
The wiring pinoutsthe choice of which color wire goes into which pin positionmust conform to the Ethernet standards Two cooperating industry groups, the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) and the Electronics Industry Alliance (EIA), dene standards for UTP cabling, color coding for wires, and standard pinouts on the cables Figure on next slide shows two pinout standards from the EIA/TIA, with the color coding and pair numbers listed
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A UTP cable needs two pairs of wires for 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX and four pairs of wires for 1000BASE-T 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX Ethernet dene that one pair should be used to send data in one direction, with the other pair used to send data in the other direction Ethernet NICs should send data using the pair connected to pins 1 and 2in other words, pair 3 according to the T568A pinout standard
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Similarly, Ethernet NICs should expect to receive data using the pair at pins 3 and 6pair 2 according to the T568A standard Hubs and switches receive on the pair at pins 1,2 (pair 3 per T568A), and they send on the pair at pins 3,6 (pair 2 per T568A) Straight-Through Cable Concept

Used when the devices on the ends of the cable use opposite pins when they transmit data Connects the wire at pin 1 on one end of the cable to pin 1 at the other end of the cable;
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The wire at pin 2 needs to connect to pin 2 on the other end of the cable; Pin 3 on one end connects to pin 3 on the other; and so on
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Crossover Ethernet Cable Concept

A cable that swaps the wire pairs inside the cable is called a crossover cable Use when connecting two devices that both use the same pins to transmit Many LANs use multiple switches, with a UTP cable connecting the switches, because both switches send on the pair at pins 3,6, and receive on the pair at pins 1,2, the cable must swap or cross the pairs
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Figure below shows the Crossover Ethernet Cable
In short, devices on opposite ends of a cable that use the same pair of pins to transmit need a crossover cable Devices that use an opposite pair of pins to transmit need a straight-through cable
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Table below lists the devices and the pin pairs they use, assuming that they use 10BASE-T and 100BASETX
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Typical Uses for Straight-Through and Crossover Ethernet Cables
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Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges & Switches
Repeaters

Repeaters was used with 10BASE5 and 10BASE2 standards Repeaters connect to multiple cable segments, receive the electrical signal on one cable, interpret the bits as 1s and 0s, and generate a brand-new, clean, strong signal out the other cable A repeater does not simply amplify the signal, because amplifying the signal might also amplify any noise picked up along the way Repeaters propagate the collisions
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Hubs

Hubs were introduced to interconnect several host devices using one cable for each device Hub forwards a data frame on all outbound ports, except on the port through which the frame came in Hubs requires CSMA/CD logic to work properly. However, CSMA/CD imposes half-duplex logic on each device, meaning that only one device can send at a time Hubs also propagate the collisions, therefore; Data Link Layer (L2) bridges and switches were introduced
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Bridges
Bridges create one collision domain per port and can forward data frames only on the outbound port that reaches the destination of the frame, as opposed to hubs, which send the frame out on all ports A bridge is slower than a switch because it uses software instead of hard-ware application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs)
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Switches
Create one collision domain per port and can forward data frames only on the outbound port that reaches the destination of the frame Switches can buffer frames in memory, switches can completely eliminate collisions on switch ports that connect to a single device As a result, LAN switches with only one device cabled to each port of the switch allow the use of full-duplex operation. Full duplex means that an Ethernet card can send and receive concurrently
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CSMA/CD Protocol

Ethernet uses the carrier sense multiple access collision detect (CSMA/CD) protocol Whenever several computer hosts share the bandwidth on a common network medium, theres a risk of frame collisions. CSMA/CD was developed to mitigate this risk The CSMA/CD algorithm works like this:

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Step 1 A device with a frame to send listens until the Ethernet is not busy Step 2 When the Ethernet is not busy, the sender(s) begin(s) sending the frame
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CSMA/CD Protocol
Step 3 The sender(s) listen(s) to make sure that no collision occurred Step 4 If a collision occurs, the devices that had been sending a frame each send a jamming signal to ensure that all stations recognize the collision Step 5 After the jamming is complete, each sender randomizes a timer and waits that long before trying to resend the collided frame Step 6 When each random timer expires, the process starts over with Step 1
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Ethernet Addressing
Ethernet LAN addressing identies either individual devices or groups of devices on a LAN Each address is 6 bytes long, is usually written in hexadecimal, typically is written with periods separating each set of four hex digits. For example, 0000.0C12.3456 is a valid Ethernet address Ethernet address are also known as Hardware Addresses, Physical Addresses or MAC Addresses Unicast Ethernet Addresses
Identify a single LAN card

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Ethernet Addressing
Each LAN card comes with a burned-in address (BIA) that is burned into the ROM chip on the card BIAs sometimes are called universally administered addresses (UAA) because the IEEE universally (well, at least worldwide) administers address assignment
Structure of Unicast Ethernet Addresses

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Ethernet Addressing
Group Addresses
Identify more than one LAN interface card. The IEEE denes two general categories of group addresses for Ethernet
Broadcast addresses: The most often used of the IEEE group MAC addresses, the broadcast address, has a value of FFFF.FFFF.FFFF (hexadecimal notation). The broadcast address implies that all devices on the LAN should process the frame
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Ethernet Addressing
Multicast addresses: Multicast addresses are used to allow a subset of devices on a LAN to communicate. When IP multicasts over an Ethernet, the multicast MAC addresses used by IP follow this format: 0100.5exx.xxxx, where any value can be used in the last half of the address
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Ethernet Addressing
LAN MAC Address Terminology and Features
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Ethernet Addressing
Ethernet Framing

Framing denes how a string of binary numbers is interpreted The term framing refers to the denition of the elds assumed to be in the data that is received
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Ethernet Addressing
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Ethernet Addressing
Error Detection

The Ethernet Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field in the Ethernet trailer allows to detect an error Ethernet denes that the errored frame should be discarded, but Ethernet takes no action to cause the frame to be retransmitted. Other protocols, notably TCP an notice the lost data and cause error recovery to occur
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02 - Fundamentals of LANs

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02 - Fundamentals of LANs

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02 - Fundamentals of LANs

By Muhammad Asghar Khan

Local Area Networks Physical Layer (L1)

Data Link Layer (L2)

Unicast Ethernet Addresses Group Addresses Ethernet Framing Error Detection

Local Area Networks

Local Area Networks

Typical Small Modern LAN

Most Common Ethernet Standards

Most Common Ethernet Standards

Comparing Ethernet Media Requirements

Ethernet UTP Cabling

The three most common Ethernet standards used today are:

Ethernet UTP Cabling

RJ-45 Connectors and Ports

Ethernet UTP Cabling

Ethernet UTP Cabling

UTP Cabling Pinouts for 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX

Ethernet UTP Cabling

Ethernet UTP Cabling

Ethernet UTP Cabling

Ethernet UTP Cabling

Ethernet UTP Cabling

Crossover Ethernet Cable Concept

Ethernet UTP Cabling

Figure below shows the Crossover Ethernet Cable

Ethernet UTP Cabling

Ethernet UTP Cabling

Typical Uses for Straight-Through and Crossover Ethernet Cables

Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges & Switches

Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges & Switches

Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges & Switches

Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges & Switches

Identify a single LAN card

Structure of Unicast Ethernet Addresses

LAN MAC Address Terminology and Features

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