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Room temperature
Qualitative measurement of
fracture energy
Different temperatures
Anvil
Starts at h
1
Stops at h
2
Surface energy
Plastic dissipation
Kinetic energy
h
2
h
1
Ductile-to-brittle transition
Temperature at specific
impact energy (e.g., 15 ft-lb
or 20 J).
Temperature corresponding
to some given fracture
surface character (e.g., 50%
shear fracture).
No unified criterion!
Kinetic energy
Embrittlement: plastic deformation is
suppressed at low temperature, high
strain rate, and triaxial stress state at the
notch.
Specimen thickness effects
Plane-stress/plane-strain transition.
To overcome this difficulty, use dynamic tear (DT) test and drop-weight tear
test (DWTT).
Sample thickness
Transition
temperature
Energy approach in fracture mechanics
P
P E
U U Pd W U +
0
P
U
E
U
Energy Release Rate
Reference state:
V
E
U
2
2
0
Opening a crack:
t a
E
U
E
2
2
2
~
,
`
.
|
Fracture condition
For the crack to grow: G
2
g
E
a a
c
>
or
ga
E
c
2
>
Driving force: reduction of elastic energy (Energy release rate G)
Resistance: energy dissipation per unit area of crack growth
(including surface energy and plastic energy): .
is considered to be a material property, also called toughness, or
critical energy release rate.
E
a
g G
2
Typical values of :
Epoxy: ~ 30 J/m
2
2a
c
K K
a K
E
a
G
2
G
a
E
f
Both fracture criteria give the same dependence of the critical stress
on the crack length.
E
K
G
2
E
K
c
2
Irwins relation:
Example: double cantilever beam (DCB)
P
P
c
2H
Deflection of a cantilever beam of length c:
EI
Pc
3
3
Elastic strain energy in DCB:
EI
c P
P U
3 2
1
2
3 2
Energy release rate:
2 3
2 2
4
2 3
12
4
3
B EH
c P
c
EH
A
U
G
,
`
.
|
G
c
0
c
1
c
2
2
>
1
Displacement control:
stable growth
G
c
0
P
1
P
2
> P
1
c
1
Load
control:
unstable
growth
Measure compliance to determine G
P
A C
) (
Determine compliance from load-displacement curve
Elastic strain energy:
) ( 2 2
1
2
A C
P U
a
C
b
P
A
C
C A
U
G
,
`
.
|
,
`
.
|
2 2
2
2
2
Energy release rate:
P
a
1
a
3
a
2
C
a
a
P, W
Environmentally assisted crack growth
Corrosion pit
Pre existing
cracks, damage
Solvent
penetration
Grain
boundaries
Intergranular
fracture
a
W
Solvent
Stress corrosion mechanism
dt
da
log
K log
f(K) is determined experimentally for a
specific material in a specific environment.
a
P W
a
t
a
0
7075-T6 aluminum in 3.5% NaCl
Effect of
temperature
Diffusion
Crack growth regions
Infinite life
Region 1
Region II
Region III
Idealized response & properties
p th
K K K < <
,
p p C
da
a K K K
dt
< <
&
,
C
da
K K
dt
>
dt
da
log
K log
I
II
III
K
th
K
c
p
a
n
1
p
K
th
K K <
n
AK
dt
da
(n ~ 10)
Prediction and design
Region I
Region II
c p
II
p
a a
t
a
&
dt
da
log
K log
I
II
III
K
th
K
c
p
a
n
1
p
K
th
K K <
( ) [ ]
p
th
a
a
n
I
a K A
da
t
Example: lifetime prediction
2a
a K
Assume W >> a
c
>> a
0
>a
th
0
/ 2 / 2 1 / 2 1
0
2 1 1
( 2)
p
a
I
n n n n n
a
p
da
t
AK A n a a
]
]
]
]
n
AK
dt
da
p C
K K K < <
c p
II
p
a a
t
a
&
f I II
t t t +
p
da
a
dt
&
2
1
,
`
.
|
th
th
K
a
2
1
,
`
.
|
p
p
K
a
2
1
,
`
.
|
c
c
K
a
p th
K K K < <
Example 2: crack arrest
1/ 2
2 2
2 sin 2
sin
P
K
b a
+
]
]
Crack length
K
K
c
K
p
K
th
n
AK
dt
da
p
da
a
dt
&
a
1
a
2
a
3
Ductile-brittle transition