From the time of conception till birth (approx 9 months)

Reproductive organs in the male and female are responsible for the production of sex cells
Male- Spermatozoa- male germ cells produced by the

Testes Female Ova -Female germ cells produced by the Ovaries

Male reproductive system: Testes, spermatozoa, the accessory sex glands &various channels Female reproductive system: Ovaries, fallopian tube, the uterus and the vagina

Ovulation: Process of maturing of the ovum and its escape to the fallopian tubes

No conception, levels of estrogen and progesterone drop. Endometrium shed

FSH From the Pituitary gland

Helps in development of uterine tissue and pregnancy

Production of egg follicle in the ovary

Ovulation- burst of follicle and progesterone is secreted

Estrogen is secreted before ovulation

Estrogen stops secretion of FSH so only this egg grows

Estrogen prepares uterine tissue (endometrium)

Ovulation

Fertilization: The fusion of the male gamete (sperm)and the female gamete (ovum) to form a zygote

New life begins

Fertilized egg or the zygote begins to divide Placenta - Umbilical cord - amniotic fluid sac. Placenta is a disc shaped structure. One side finger like

blood vessels attached to the uterus.

Umbilical cord --- 1 artery and 2 veins

 Period of the zygote: Conception to 2 weeks,

unchanged rapid development

Period of the embryo: end of 2 week to 2 month - all

important external and internal features - start to develop &function- one and half to two inches- 1 ounce wt- accessory apparatus develop- miscarriages & abortions

 Ectoderm- skin, sensory organ, nervous system

Mesoderm- muscles, blood, excretory system

Endoderm digestive system, lungs, thyroid other

organs

 End of second week to birth Major development Head- large, arms & legs develop- heart begins to

beat 3 months- 3-4 inches, bones- teeth formation, finger and toe nails emerge 5 months mother feels movements- 10 length, half a lb wt 7 months- completely formed- 15 two and half lbs Skin red and wrinkled digestive system begins to function Final two months rapid growth. Gains weight redness of skin fades to pink

 Day One

Development begins on the day of

fertilization.

A pregnant woman may notice her first missed

menstrual period at the end of the second week after conception, or about four weeks after the first day of her last normal period. There are different kinds of urine tests for pregnancy. Some may not be accurate for up to three weeks, or five weeks after the first day of your last normal period.

 2 weeks

(4 WEEKS after the first day of the last normal menstrual period) By the 25th day, the heart begins to beat. The human embryo is about one-hundredth (1/100) of an inch long. Implantation began the first week and continues.

4 weeks (6 WEEKS after the first day of the last normal menstrual period) The embryo is about one-sixth (1/6) of an inch long. By the end of the first month, the embryo has a head and a trunk. Structures that will become arms and legs, called limb buds, begin to appear. The heart, now in a tubular form, begins to beat by the 25th day.

6 weeks (8 WEEKS after the first day of the last normal menstrual period) The embryo is about half an inch long and has a four-chambered heart. Electrical activity begins in the developing brain and nervous system.
The fingers begin to develop. The embryo has nostrils.

8 weeks (10 WEEKS after the first day of the last normal menstrual period) The embryo begins to form arms, legs, hands, toes and a face The embryo is about one and one-fifth (1 1/5) inches long. The head is about half the size of the embryo.

The beginnings of all key body parts are present, although they are not completely developed or positioned in their final locations. The embryo has ears, fingers, and toes.

 (12 WEEKS after the first day of the last normal

menstrual period) The fetal heart beat can be detected electronically.

The fetus is about two and one-half (2 1/2) inches from

head to rump. The fingernails are developing.

Between 8 and 10 weeks, the fetus begins small, random

movements, though they are too slight to be felt yet.

The fetal heart beat can be detected electronically.

(14 WEEKS after the first day of the last normal menstrual period) The doctor can often tell you if the fetus is a boy or a girl by special tests.
The fetus is about three and one-half (3 1/2) inches from

head to rump.
The fetus is able to swallow, and the kidneys are able to

make urine.
A doctor may be able to tell you if it's a boy or a girl by

special tests.

14 weeks (16 WEEKS after the first day of the last normal menstrual period) The fetus is about four and three-fourths (4 3/4) inches from head to rump. The head is erect and the legs are developed. 16 weeks (18 WEEKS after the first day of the last normal menstrual period) The fetus can kick, swallow, and sleep.

The fetus is about five and one-half (5 1/2) inches from head to rump.
The ears stick out from the head.

 (22 WEEKS after the first day of the last normal menstrual

period)

The fetus has been moving for several weeks. Now the

woman begins to feel these movements.

The fetus is about seven and one-half (7 1/2) inches from head to

rump.
hair.

The fetus has fingerprints, and may have some head and body

Although the fetus has been able to move for several weeks,

movements, known as "quickening," are now felt by the pregnant woman.

24 weeks
(26 WEEKS after the first day of the last normal menstrual period)
About 4 out of 10 babies

born now will live The fetus is about nine (9) inches from head to rump. The fetus can respond to sound. About 4 out of 10 babies born now will live.

 30 WEEKS after the first day of the last normal menstrual period At 28 weeks, the fetus has lungs that can breathe air

The fetus is about ten and one-half (10 1/2) inches from

head to rump.

The fetus has lungs that are

capable of breathing air, although medical help may be needed.

The eyes are open. About 9 out of 10 babies born now

will survive.

32 weeks (34 WEEKS after the first day of the last normal menstrual period) The fetus can grasp firmly The fetus is about eleven and three-fourths ( 11 3/4) inches from head to rump. Almost all babies born now will live.

36 weeks (38 WEEKS after the first day of last normal menstrual period)
The fetus is about thirteen and one-half (13 1/2) inches from head to rump.
The fetus can grasp firmly.

 38 weeks
(40 WEEKS after the first day of the

last normal menstrual period)

The baby has reached full term and is

ready to be born
The fetus is about fourteen (14) inches

from head to rump, and may be 20 inches or more overall.

The baby is full term and ready to be

born.

Hereditary endowment Sex determination No. of off springs Ordinal position

Hereditary endowment

Inherits traits from

grand parents, parents and remote ancestors 40,000-60,000 genes in the chromosomes from each parent Chromosomes are thread like particles containing genes Genes are physical substances passed on from parent to offspring

 Cultural attitudes Attitudes of significant

people Role expectation Early treatment Stimulation of innate abilities

 First born-

get more guidance/help achievement oriented, ambitious, intelligent with leadership skills, bossy, autocratic & dominating

Second child independent, aggressive, extroverted, fun

loving, dependable, well adjusted

Middle child- aggressive, craves for affection, jealous,

feelings of parental neglect, inferiority leading to behaviour disorders

Youngest secure, confident, unassuming, responsible

&also immature as he is always looked upon as a child disadvantages - divorce

 Missed period

Nausea
Vomiting Tingling sensation in the breast

Frequency of urination
Foetal heart beat Urine test

Aschien Zondek test

1.Hereditary endowment 2.Rapid growth &development 3.Conditions in the prenatal period 4.attitudes

Care during pregnancy

Obstetrical care

Discomforts during pregnancy

Morning sickness Constipation Swelling- feet &ankles Bleeding Severe vomiting Headache, Dizziness

Nutrition
Exercise and rest Clothing &footwear Hygiene

may lead to toxemia Infections- German measles

 Maternal nutrition proteins, fats, vitamins &CHO Vitamin deficiency C, D, E, B6, B12, K Maternal health- Infections, endocrine disorders,

over weight, underweight Rh factor Drugs X-ray- cornea, ear drum, nasal area, lungs Alcohol fetal alcohol syndrome affects physical & mental development Tobacco- fetal heart rate, chemical content of the blood affected Parental age Maternal emotions Uterine crowding

 Teratogens are environmental substances that can

cause birth defects in the developing fetus

Maternal alcohol use leads to fetal alcohol syndrome

(facial defects, low IQ, neurobehavioral defects) Nicotine exposure leads to premature birth, low birth weight, and more fetal deaths These drugs cross the placental barrier and impair fetal brain development
Poor maternal nutrition can impair fetal

development Drug use by father can damage sperm

Alcohol, opiates, cocaine, lead, and various gases are

known to damage sperm

 Positive approach

Romanticizing parenthood
Effects of unfavourable attitudes Happy and contented mother

Develop right attitudes in siblings

Care to avoid sibling rivalry/ feelings of neglect Spending time with the elder child

 http://departments.weber.edu/chfam/Prenatal/frames

1.htm