ON *gI-CLOSED SETS IN IDEAL TOPOLOGICAL SPACES

O. RAVI, 2 S.THARMAR, 3 M. SANGEETHA AND 4 J. ANTONY REX RODRIGO

Department of Mathematics, P. M. Thevar College, Usilampatti, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail : siingam@yahoo.com. Department of Mathematics, R. V. S College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail : tharmar11@yahoo.co.in. of Mathematics, Yadava College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail : sangeethaabi10@gmail.com. of Mathematics, V. O. Chidambaram College, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail : antonyrexrodrigo@yahoo.co.in.
Abstract. In this paper we dene and investigate the notions of *gI-closed sets and *gI-open sets in ideal topological spaces. A *gI-closed set is a new generalization of Ig -closed sets due to Ravi and Tharmar [20].
4 Department 3 Department 2

1. Introduction Ideals in topological spaces have been considered since 1930. In 1990, once again Jankovic and Hamlett [7], initiated the application of topological ideals in the generalization of most fundamental properties in general topology. Recently Khan and Noiri [8] have introduced semi-local functions in ideal topological spaces. Compactness [5, 15, 19], connectedness, resolvability [3], submaximal spaces, extremally disconnected spaces and separation axioms [1] have been generalized via topological ideals in the recent years.
2000 Mathematics Subject Classication. 54A05, Secondary 54D15, 54D30. Key words and phrases. local-function, semi-local function, *gI-closed set, *gI-open set, Ig -closed set, semi- -closed set.
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O. RAVI, 2 S.THARMAR, 3 M. SANGEETHA AND 4 J. ANTONY REX RODRIGO

By combining a topological space (X, ) and an ideal I on (X, ), Ravi and Tharmar [20] introduced the notion of Ig -closed sets, further investigated and characterized Ig -closed sets and Ig -open sets by the use of the local function and obtained some of their properties. In this paper, we dene and characterize *gI-closed sets and *gI-open sets in ideal topological spaces by the use of the semi-local function and investigate some of their properties. We notice that the notion of *gI-closed sets is a new generalization of Ig -closed sets.

2. Preliminaries An ideal I on a topological space (X, ) is a nonempty collection of subsets of X which satises (i) A I and B ABI and (ii) AI and BI ABI. Given a topological space (X, ) with an ideal I on X and if (X) is the set of all subsets of X, a set operator (.) :(X) (X), called a local function [10] of A with respect to / and I is dened as follows: for AX, A (I, )={xX | UA I for every U (x)} where (x)={U | xU}. We will make use of the basic facts about the local functions ([7], Theorem 2.3) without mentioning it explicitly. A Kuratowski closure operator cl (.) for a topology (I, ), called the -topology, ner than is dened by cl (A)=AA (I, ) [23]. When there is no chance for confusion, we will simply write A for A (I, ) and for (I, ). If I is an ideal on X, then (X, ,I) is called an ideal space. A subset A of an ideal space (X, ,I) is -closed [7] (resp. A A (resp. AA ). By a space, we always mean a topological space (X, ) with no separation properties assumed. If AX, cl(A) and int(A) will, respectively, denote the closure and the interior of A in (X, ) and int (A) will denote the interior of A in (X, ). -dense in itself [6]) if

ON *gI-CLOSED SETS IN IDEAL TOPOLOGICAL SPACES

Let Y be a subset of X. Then IY ={I0 Y | I0 I} is an ideal on Y and by (Y, /Y, IY ) we denote the ideal topological subspace. A subset A of a topological space (X, ) is said to be regular open [22] (resp. regular closed [22]) if int(cl(A))=A (resp. cl(int(A))=A). The nite union of regular open sets is said to be -open [28]. The complement of -open set is said to be -closed. Denition 2.1. A subset A of a topological space (X, ) is said to be semi-open [11] (resp. -open [16]) if Acl(int(A)) (resp. Aint(cl(int(A)))). The complement of semi-open set (resp. -open set) is said to be semi-closed (resp. -closed). The family of all semi-open (resp. -open, regular open, -open) sets in X is denoted by SO(X) (resp. , RO(X), O(X)). Denition 2.2. A subset A of a topological space (X, ) is said to be g-closed [12] (resp. g -closed [24], g-closed [4], rg-closed [18]) if cl(A)U whenever AU and U is open (resp. semi-open, -open, regular open). The complements of the above closed sets are called their respective open sets. The family of all g -open sets in (X, ) is a topology on X and it is denoted by g O(X). The family of all g-open sets in X is denoted by gO(X). The g -closure (resp. semi-closure, -closure) of a subset A of X, denoted by g cl(A) (resp. scl(A), cl(A)) is dened to be the intersection of all g -closed sets (resp. semi-closed sets, -closed sets) containing A. Denition 2.3. A subset A of a topological space (X, ) is said to be *g-closed [26] if cl(A)U whenever AU and U is g -open in (X, ).

O. RAVI, 2 S.THARMAR, 3 M. SANGEETHA AND 4 J. ANTONY REX RODRIGO

Denition 2.4. Let (X, ) be a topological space. A subset A of X is said to be g-closed [13] (resp. gs-closed [27], g-closed [2], rg-closed [17]) if cl(A)U whenever AU and U is open (resp. semi-open, -open, regular open) in (X, ). Denition 2.5. A subset A of a topological space (X, ) is said to be *g-closed (resp. g -closed, gg-closed, rgg-closed, gsg-closed, gg-closed, gg-closed, rgg-closed) if cl(A)U whenever AU and U is g -open (resp. g-open, g-open, rg-open, gs-open, g-open, g-open, rg-open) in (X, ). Denition 2.6. A subset A of an ideal topological space (X, ,I) is said to be Ig closed [20] (resp. Ig -closed [14]) if A U whenever AU and U is g -open (resp. open) in X. Lemma 2.7. If (X, ,I) is any ideal space, then every Ig -closed set is Ig -closed but not conversely ([20], Theorem 2.3). Lemma 2.8. Every g-closed set is Ig -closed but not conversely ([14], Theorem 2.1). Lemma 2.9. Let (X, ,I) be an ideal space. Then every *g-closed set is Ig -closed set but not conversely ([20], Theorem 2.13). Denition 2.10. [8] Let (X, ,I) be an ideal topological space and A a subset of X. / Then A (I, )={xX| AUI for every USO(X,x)} is called the semi-local function of A with respect to I and , where SO(X,x)={USO(X)| xU}. When there is no ambiguity, we will write simply A for A (I, ). Denition 2.11. [9] A subset A of an ideal space (X, ,I) is said to be gI-closed if A U whenever AU and U is open in X. Lemma 2.12. [8, 9] Let (X, ,I) be an ideal space and A, B subsets of X. Then, for the semi-local function, the following properties hold:

ON *gI-CLOSED SETS IN IDEAL TOPOLOGICAL SPACES

(1) If AB, then A B , (2) A =scl(A )scl(A) and A is semi-closed in X, (3) (A ) A , (4) (AB) =A B , (5) (AB) A B . Lemma 2.13. Every Ig -closed set is gI-closed but not conversely [9, ?]. 3. *gI-Closed sets Denition 3.1. A subset A of an ideal space (X, ,I) is said to be *gI-closed if A U whenever AU and U is g -open in X. The complement of a *gI-closed set is said to be *gI-open. Proposition 3.2. If (X, ,I) is any ideal space, then every Ig -closed set is *gI-closed but not conversely. Proof. The proof follows from the fact that A A . Example 3.3. Let X={a,b,c}, ={,X,{a},{c},{a,c}} and I={}. Then Ig -closed sets are ,X,{b},{a,b},{b,c}, *gI-closed sets are ,X,{a},{b},{c},{a,b},{b,c} and Ig closed sets are ,X,{b},{a,b},{b,c}. It is clear that {a} is *gI-closed set but it is not Ig -closed. Proposition 3.4. If (X, ,I) is any ideal space, then every *gI-closed set is gI-closed but not conversely. Proof. The proof follows from the fact that every open set is g -open. Example 3.5. Let X={a,b,c}, ={,X,{b},{a,c}} and I={}. Then *gI-closed sets are ,X,{b},{a,c}, gI-closed sets are the power set of X and Ig -closed sets are the power set of X. It is clear that {a} is gI-closed set but it is not *gI-closed.

O. RAVI, 2 S.THARMAR, 3 M. SANGEETHA AND 4 J. ANTONY REX RODRIGO

Remark 3.6. By Examples 3.3 and 3.5, Ig -closed sets and *gI-closed sets are independent. Remark 3.7. We have the following implications for the subsets stated above.

g closed Ig closed gI closed

g closed Ig closed gI closed Proposition 3.8. Every -closed set is *gI-closed but not conversely. Proof. Let AU and U be g -open. Since A is -closed, A A A and hence A U. Therefore A is *gI-closed. Example 3.9. In Example 3.3, {a} is *gI-closed set but it is not -closed. Denition 3.10. A subset A of a topological space (X, ) is said to be *gs-closed [25] if scl(A)U whenever AU and U is g -open. Proposition 3.11. Let (X, ,I) be an ideal space and AX. Then the following properties hold: (1) For every AI, A is *gI-closed, (2) A is *gI-closed, (3) If I={}, then *gI-closed sets coincide with *gs-closed sets. Proof. (1) Let AU and U be g -open. Since A = for every AI, then A A =. Hence A is *gI-closed. (2) It follows from (A ) A . (3) It follows from A =scl(A) for I={}. Remark 3.12. The following diagram shows the relationship among various generalizations of closed sets.

ON *gI-CLOSED SETS IN IDEAL TOPOLOGICAL SPACES

-closedIg -closed *gI-closed rgg-closed gg-closed g -closed*g-closed rgg-closedgg-closed gg-closedgsg-closed Proof. The horizontal implications in the second and third line and also the last four vertical implications are known in [21]. The rst two vertical implications are obtained from g O(X)gO(X) and A A cl(A). Theorem 3.13. Let (X, ,I) be an ideal space and A a nonempty subset of X. Then the following are equivalent: (1) A is *gI-closed, (2) scl(A )U for every g -open set U containing A, (3) For all xscl(A ), g cl({x})A=, (4) scl(A )A contains no nonempty g -closed set, (5) A A contains no nonempty g -closed set. Proof. (1)(2) Let A be a *gI-closed set. Then A U whenever AU and U is g -open in X and so by Lemma 2.12, scl(A )=A U. This proves (2). g g (2)(3) Suppose xscl(A ). If g cl({x})A=, then AXcl({x}) and Xcl({x}) g is g -open. By (2), scl(A )Xcl({x}), a contradiction, since xscl(A ). Hence g cl({x})A=. This proves (3). (3)(1) Suppose that A is not *gI-closed. There exists an g -open set U such that / AU and A U. Then, there exists a point xA such that xU. Then we have {x}U= and hence g cl({x})U=. Since AU, g cl({x})A=. By Lemma 2.12, scl(A )=A and it follows that (3) does not hold. Therefore A is *gI-closed.

O. RAVI, 2 S.THARMAR, 3 M. SANGEETHA AND 4 J. ANTONY REX RODRIGO

(3)(4) Suppose that Fscl(A )A, F is g -closed and xF. Since {x} F and FXA, then g cl({x})FXA and g cl({x})A=. Since xscl(A ), by (3), g cl({x})A=. This is a contradiction. Therefore scl(A )A contains no nonempty g -closed set. (4)(5) By Lemma 2.12, scl(A )A=A A. Lemma 3.14. [9] Let {A : } be a locally nite family of sets in (X, ,I). Then (A ) =( A ) . Theorem 3.15. Let (X, ,I) be an ideal space. If {A : } is a locally nite family of sets and each A is *gI-closed, then A is *gI-closed in (X, ,I). Proof. Let (A )U where U is g -open in X. Since A is *gI-closed for each , then (A ) U. Hence (A ) U. By Lemma 3.14, ( A ) U. Hence A is *gI-closed. Remark 3.16. The intersection of two *gI-closed sets need not be *gI-closed. Example 3.17. Let X={a,b,c,d}, ={,X,{d},{a,c},{a,c,d}} and I={}. Then *gI-closed sets are ,X,{b},{d},{a,b},{a,c},{b,c},{b,d}, {a,b,c},{a,b,d},{b,c,d}. Hence A={a,b} and B={a,c} are *gI-closed sets but AB={a} is not *gI-closed. Theorem 3.18. Let (X, ,I) be an ideal space. If A is *gI-closed and B is closed in X, then AB is *gI-closed. Proof. Let ABU where U is g -open. Then we have AU(XB)O(X). Since g A is *gI-closed, then A U(XB) and hence A BUBU. By Lemma 2.12, (AB) A B . Since , B is -closed and B B B. Therefore, we obtain (AB) A B A BU. This shows that AB is *gI-closed. Denition 3.19. A subset A of an ideal space (X, ,I) is said to be semi- -closed [9] (resp. star-semi dense in-itself [9]) if A A (resp. AA ).

ON *gI-CLOSED SETS IN IDEAL TOPOLOGICAL SPACES

Theorem 3.20. In an ideal space (X, ,I), a *gI-closed and star-semi dense in-itself set is *gs-closed. Proof. Suppose A is -semi dense in-itself and *gI-closed in X. Let AU where U is g -open. Since A is *gI-closed, A U and by Lemma 2.12, scl(A )U. Since A is -semi dense in-itself, AA and hence scl(A)U. Therefore A is *gs-closed. Theorem 3.21. Let (X, ,I) be an ideal space and A a *gI-closed subset of X. If B is a subset of X such that ABA , then B is *gI-closed. Proof. Let BU where U is g -open. Then AU. Since A is *gI-closed, A U. By Lemma 2.12, we have B (A ) A U and hence B is *gI-closed. Theorem 3.22. [9] Let (X, ,I) be an ideal space and AYX, where Y is -open in X. Then A (IY , /Y)=A (I, )Y. Theorem 3.23. Let (X, ,I) be an ideal space and AYX. If A is *gI-closed in (Y, /Y,IY ) and Y is -open and semi- -closed in X, then A is *gI-closed in X. Proof. Let AU where U is g -open in X. By Theorem 3.22, A (IY , /Y) =A (I, )YUY. Then we have YU(XA (I, )). Since Y is semi- -closed, we have A Y YU(XA (I, )). Hence A (I, )U. Therefore A is *gI-closed in X. Theorem 3.24. Let AYX. If A is *gI-closed in (X, ,I) and Y , then A is *gI-closed in (Y, /Y,IY ). Proof. Let AU where U is g -open subset of (Y, /Y). Since Y , then U . Thus A (I, )U. By Theorem 3.22, A (IY , /Y)=A (I, ) YUY=U and we have A (IY , /Y)U. Hence A is *gI-closed in (Y, /Y,IY ).

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O. RAVI, 2 S.THARMAR, 3 M. SANGEETHA AND 4 J. ANTONY REX RODRIGO

Theorem 3.25. Let (X, ,I) be an ideal space and AX. Then the following are equivalent: (1) A is *gI-closed, (2) A(XA ) is *gI-closed, (3) A A is *gI-open. Proof. (1)(2) Let A(XA )U where U is g -open set. Then XUX(A(XA ))=A A. Since A is *gI-closed, by Theorem 3.13, it follows that A A contains no nonempty g -closed set. Therefore XU= and so X=U. Thus X is the only g -open set such that A(XA )X which implies (A(XA )) X X. This proves (2). (2)(1) Suppose A(XA ) is *gI-closed. If F is any g -closed set such that FA A, then FA and F A which implies that XA XF and AXF. Therefore A(XA )A(XF)=XF and XF is g -open. Since A(XA ) is *gI-closed, then (A(XA )) XF. By Lemma 2.12, (A(XA )) =A (XA ) XF and so A XF which implies FXA . Since FA , it follows that F=. By Theorem 3.13, A is *gI-closed. (2)(3) Since X(A A)=X(A Ac )=X(A Ac )c =X ((A )c A)=(X(A )c )(XA)=A (XA ), the proof follows immediately. Theorem 3.26. Let (X, ,I) be an ideal space. Then every subsets of X is *gI-closed if every g -open set is semi- -closed. Proof. Suppose that every g -open set is semi- -closed. If AX and U is an g -open set such that AU, then A U U and hence A U. This proves that A is *gI-closed. References
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