Afrika Matematika (2018) 29:1097–1104

https://doi.org/10.1007/s13370-018-0606-0

Applications of operations on minimal generalized open sets

Bishwambhar Roy1

Received: 13 January 2016 / Accepted: 8 June 2018 / Published online: 21 June 2018
© African Mathematical Union and Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2018

Abstract
In this paper we have introduced the notion of γμ -open sets and γμ -closed sets in a GTS
(X , μ), where γμ is a mapping on μ to P (X ) to introduce the notion of minimal γμ -open sets
and studied some of its properties. As an application, we have obtained a sufficient condition
for a γμ -locally finite GTS satisfying certain conditions to be a γμ pre-T2 space.

Keywords Operation · μ-Open set · γμ -Open set · Minimal γμ -open set

Mathematics Subject Classification 54C08 · 54D10

1 Introduction

The notion of an operation on a topological space was introduced by Kasahara [7] in 1979.
After then Janković [6] introduced the concept of α-closed sets and investigated some prop-
erties of functions with α-closed graph. The notion of γ -open sets was studied by Ogata
[10] to investigate some new separation axioms. Recently, the notion of operations on the
family of all semi-open sets and pre-open sets is investigated in Refs. [8,12]. On the other
hand, the notion of minimal open sets in topological spaces was introduced and studied by
Nakaoka and Oda [9], whereas the concept of maximal open sets in generalized topology
was introduced and studied by Roy and Sen [11]. Also the notion of minimality of open sets
for fuzzy case was studied by Ghour [5].
In this paper, the aim is to study an operation based on μ-open sets where the operation is
defined on a collection of generalized open sets instead of open sets. The notion of generalized
open sets was introduced by Császár. We recall some notions defined in Ref. [1]. Let X be
a non-empty set and ex p X be the power set of X . We call a class μ  ex p X a generalized
topology [1] (briefly, GT) if ∅ ∈ μ and any union of elements of μ belongs to μ. A set X ,
with a GT μ on it is said to be a generalized topological space (briefly, GTS) and is denoted
by (X , μ). A GT μ on X is said to be strong [2] if X ∈ μ.

The author acknowledges the financial support from UGC, New Delhi for the Major Research Project having
Grant No. 41-799/2012(SR)..

B Bishwambhar Roy
bishwambhar_roy@yahoo.co.in
1 Department of Mathematics, Women’s Christian College, 6, Greek Church Row, Kolkata 700 026, India

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For a GTS (X , μ), the elements of μ are called μ-open sets and the complements of
μ-open sets are called μ-closed sets. For A  X , we denote by cμ (A) the intersection of
all μ-closed sets containing A i.e., the smallest μ-closed set containing A; and by i μ (A) the
union of all μ-open sets contained in A i.e., the largest μ-open set contained in A (see [1,4]).
It is easy to observe that i μ and cμ are idempotent and monotonic, where γ : ex p X →
ex p X is said to be idempotent iff for each A  X , γ (γ (A)) = γ (A), and monotonic iff
γ (A)  γ (B) whenever A  B  X . It is also well known [1,3] that if μ is a GT on
X and A  X , x ∈ X , then x ∈ cμ (A) iff (x ∈ M ∈ μ ⇒ M ∩ A  = ∅) and that
cμ (X \ A) = X \ i μ (A). We note that x ∈ i μ (A) if and only if there exists some μ-open set U
containing x such that U  A. A( X ) is μ-open (resp. μ-closed) if and only if A = i μ (A)
(resp. A = cμ (A)).

2  -Open sets and operations

Definition 2.1 Let (X , μ) be a GTS. An operation γμ on the generalized topology μ is a

mapping from μ to P (X ) (the power set of X ) such that V  V γμ for each V ∈ μ, where
V γμ denotes the value of γμ at V . Such an operation is denoted by γμ : μ → P (X ). Note
that γμ (A) and Aγμ are two different notations for the same set.

Definition 2.2 Let (X , μ) be a GTS and γμ an operation on μ. A subset A of X is called

γμ -open if for each x ∈ A, there exists a μ-open set U containing x such that U γμ  A.
A subset B of a GTS (X , μ) is called γμ -closed if X \ B is γμ -open in (X , μ).
We denote the collection of all γμ -open sets of the GTS (X , μ) by γμ .

Remark 2.3 (a) We observe that γμ  μ. In fact, if A ∈ γμ and x ∈ A, then there exists a
μ-open set U containing x such that U γμ  A. Thus for each x ∈ A there exists a μ-open
set U containing x such that x ∈ U  A. Thus x ∈ i μ (A) i.e., A  i μ (A) proving A to
be a μ-open set.
(b) We note that γμ is a GT on X i.e., ∅ ∈ γμ and arbitrary unions of γμ -open sets are also
γμ -open. For, let {Aα : α ∈ I } be a family of γμ -open subsets of X . We shall show that
∪{Aα : α ∈ I } is γμ -open. Let x ∈ ∪{Aα : α ∈ I }. Then x ∈ Aα for some α0 ∈ I . Thus
0
there exists a μ-open set U containing x such that U γμ  Aα  ∪{Aα : α ∈ I }.
0
(c) Let (X , μ) be a GTS and γμ : μ → P (X ) be an operation. It follows from (b) that
γ μ is a GT. The γ μ -closure of a set A in X is denoted by cγμ (A) and is defined as
cγμ (A) = ∩{F : F is a γμ -closed set and A  F}. It is easy to check that for each
x ∈ X , x ∈ cγμ (A) if and only if V ∩ A  = ∅ for any V ∈ γμ with x ∈ V .

Example 2.4 (a) Let X = {a, b, c} and μ = {∅, {a, b}, {a, c}, X }. Then (X , μ) is a GTS.
Consider the mapping γμ : μ → P (X ) defined by γμ (A) = cμ (A) for each subset A of
X . It can be easily checked that {a, b} is a μ-open set but not a γμ -open set.
(b) Let X = {a, b, c} and μ = {∅, {a}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}, X }. Then μ is a GT on X . Now
γμ : μ → P (X ) defined by

A, if A  = {a}
γμ (A) =
{a, b}, otherwise
is an operation. It can be easily checked that {a, b} and {a, c} are two γμ -open sets but
their intersection {a} is not so.

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Definition 2.5 Let (X , μ) be a GTS. An operation γμ on μ is said to be regular if for any two
μ-open sets U and V of X containing x ∈ X , there exists a μ-open set W containing x such
that W γμ  U γμ ∩ V γμ .

Theorem 2.6 Let γμ : μ → P (X ) be a regular operation on μ. If A and B are two γμ -open

sets in X , then A ∩ B is a γμ -open set. If μ is in addition strong, then γμ is a topology on X .

Proof Let A and B be two γμ -open sets in a GTS (X , μ). We shall show that A ∩ B is also
a γμ -open set. Let x ∈ A ∩ B. Then there exist two μ-open sets U and V containing x such
that U γμ  A and V γμ  B. Since γμ : μ → P (X ) is a regular operation, there exists a
μ-open set W containing x such that W γμ  U γμ ∩ V γμ  A ∩ B. Thus A ∩ B is γμ -open.
The rest follows from Remark 2.3(b). 

Example 2.7 Let X = {a, b, c}, μ = {∅, X , {b}, {a, c}, {b, c}}. Then γμ : μ → P (X )
defined by

A ∪ {a}, if A is any singleton subset of X
γμ (A) =
A, otherwise
is an operation on the GTS (X , μ). We note that γμ is not a regular operation. It can be
checked that γμ is not a topology on X .

3 Minimal  -open sets

Definition 3.1 Let (X , μ) be a GTS and γμ an operation on μ. A proper non-empty γμ -open

set U of X is called minimal γμ -open if there is no γμ -open set strictly between ∅ and U .

Proposition 3.2 Let (X , μ) be a GTS and γμ : μ → P (X ) be a regular operation on μ.

Then,
(a) If U is a minimal γμ -open set and W is a γμ -open set, then either U ∩ W = ∅ or U  W .
(b) If U , W are minimal γμ -open sets, then either U ∩ W = ∅ or U = W .

Proof (a) Let U be a minimal γμ -open set and W be a γμ -open set. If U ∩ W = ∅, then we
have nothing to show. So let, U ∩ W  = ∅. Then by Theorem 2.6, U ∩ W is a non-empty
γμ -open set. The rest follows from minimality of U .
(b) If U ∩ W = ∅, then the proof is over. If not, then by (a) U  W and W  U and hence
U = W.


Proposition 3.3 Let (X , μ) be a GTS and γμ : μ → P (X ) be a regular operation on μ. Let

U be a minimal γμ -open set. If x ∈ U , then U  W for any γμ -open set W containing x.

Proof Let W be a γμ -open set containing x such that U  W . Since γμ is a regular operation,
U ∩ W is a γμ -open set (by Theorem 2.6) such that U ∩ W  U where U ∩ W  = ∅ (as
x ∈ U ∩ W ). This is a contradiction to the fact that U is a minimal γμ -open set. 

Example 3.4 Let X = {a, b, c} and μ = {∅, X , {a}, {a, b}, {a, c}}. Then (X , μ) is a GTS.
Now the mapping γμ : μ → P (X ) defined by γμ (A) = cμ (A) is a regular operation. It can
be checked that ∅ and X are the only γμ -open sets.

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Proposition 3.5 Let (X , μ) be a GTS and γμ : μ → P (X ) be a regular operation on μ. Let

U be a minimal γμ -open set. Then for any x ∈ U , U = ∩{W : W is a γμ -open set containing
x}.

Proof Follows from Proposition 3.3. 

Proposition 3.6 Let (X , μ) be a GTS and γμ : μ → P (X ) be a regular operation on μ. Let

U be a minimal γμ -open set with x ∈ X \ U . Then for any γμ -open set W containing x,
either U ∩ W = ∅ or U  W .

Proof Follows from Proposition 3.2. 

Corollary 3.7 Let (X , μ) be a GTS and γμ : μ → P (X ) be a regular operation on μ. Let U

be a minimal γμ -open set with x ∈ X \ U . Let Ux = ∩{W : W is a γμ -open set containing
x}. Then either Ux ∩ U = ∅ or U  Ux .

Proof If U  W for each γμ -open set W containing x, then U  ∩{W : W is a γμ -open set
containing x}. Thus U  Ux . Otherwise, there exists a γμ -open set W containing x such that
U ∩ W = ∅. Thus we have Ux ∩ U = ∅. 

Theorem 3.8 Let (X , μ) be a GTS and γμ : μ → P (X ) be an operation on μ. If U is a

non-empty γμ -open subset of X , then the following are equivalent:
(i) U is a minimal γμ -open set where γμ : μ → P (X ) is a regular operation on μ.
(ii) For any non-empty subset S of U , U  cγμ (S).
(iii) For any non-empty subset S of U , cγμ (U ) = cγμ (S).

Proof (i) ⇒ (ii) Let S be a non-empty subset of U . Let x ∈ U and W be any γμ -open
set containing x. Thus by Proposition 3.3, U  W and S = U ∩ S ⊆ W ∩ S.
Thus W ∩ S  = ∅ and hence x ∈ cγμ (S). Thus U  cγμ (S).
(ii) ⇒ (iii) For any non-empty subset S of U , cγμ (S)  cγμ (U ). Again by the assump-
tion, U  cγμ (S) ⇒ cγμ (U )  cγμ [cγμ (S)] = cγμ (S).
(iii) ⇒ (i) If possible, let U be not a minimal γμ -open set. Then there exists a non-
trivial γμ -open set S  U and thus there exists x ∈ U such that x ∈ / S. Thus
cγμ ({x})  X \ S implies that cγμ ({x})  = cγμ (U ). This is a contradiction.
Thus U is a minimal γμ -open set.


Example 3.9 Let X = {a, b, c} and μ = {∅, {a}, {b}, {a, b}, X }. Then (X , μ) is a GTS and
γμ : μ → P (X ) defined by

A, if a ∈ A
γμ (A) =
cμ (A), otherwise
is an operation which is not regular. It can be checked that the γμ -open sets are ∅, {a}, {a, b}
and X . Let A = {a, b} and B = {b}. Clearly A is not a minimal γμ -open set but a γμ -open
set. Also A  cγμ (B) = {b, c} and cγμ (A)  = cγμ (B).

Proposition 3.10 Let (X , μ) be a GTS and γμ be an operation on μ. Let V be a non-empty

finite γμ -open set. Then there exists at least one (finite) non-empty minimal γμ -open set U
such that U  V .

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Proof Let V be a non-empty finite γμ -open set in (X , μ). If V is minimal γμ -open, then we
have nothing to show for in that case we may set V = U . If V is not minimal γμ -open, then
there exists a non-empty (finite) γμ -open set V1 ( V ). If V1 is minimal γμ -open, we take
U = V1 . If V1 is not minimal γμ -open, then there exists a non-empty (finite) γμ -open set
V2 ( V1 ). If V2 is minimal γμ -open, we take U = V2 . We continue this process and have
a sequence of γμ -open sets . . . Vm  · · ·  V2  V1  V . Since V is finite this process
repeats only finite number of times i.e., there exists some n ∈ N such that Vn = U (say) is a
minimal γμ -open set. 

Definition 3.11 Let (X , μ) be a GTS and γμ be an operation on μ. Then (X , μ) is said to be

γμ -locally finite if for each x ∈ X , there exists a finite γμ -open set U in X such that x ∈ U .

Proposition 3.12 Let (X , μ) be a γμ -locally finite GTS and γμ be a regular operation on μ.

If V is a non-empty γμ -open set then there exists at least one finite minimal γμ -open set U
such that U  V .

Proof Let x ∈ V . Since X is γμ -locally finite there exists a finite γμ -open set Vx in X such
that x ∈ Vx . Since V ∩ Vx ( = ∅) is a finite γμ -open set, by Proposition 3.10, there exists a
minimal γμ -open set U such that U  V ∩ Vx  V . 

Definition 3.13 Let (X , μ) be a GTS and γμ be an operation on μ. A subset U of X is called

γμ -preopen if U  i γμ (cγμ (U )).

Theorem 3.14 Let U be a minimal γμ -open set in a GTS (X , μ). Then any non-empty subset
S of U is γμ -preopen, where γμ : μ → P (X ) is a regular operation on μ.

Proof By Theorem 3.8 ((i) ⇒ (ii)) we have U  cγμ (S) ⇒ i γμ (U )  i γμ (cγμ (S)). Since
U is γμ -open, we have S  U = i γμ (U )  i γμ (cγμ (S)) or, S  i γμ (cγμ (S)) i.e., S is a
γμ -preopen set. 

Theorem 3.15 Let U be a minimal γμ -open set and M be a non-empty subset of a GTS
(X , μ). If there is a γμ -open set W containing M such that W  cγμ (M ∪ U ), then M ∪ S
is a γμ -preopen set for any non-empty subset S of U , where γμ : μ → P (X ) is a regular
operation on μ.

Proof Suppose that U be a minimal γμ -open set. Since γμ is regular, for any nonempty subset
S of U we have cγμ (M ∪ S) = cγμ (M) ∪ cγμ (S) = cγμ (M) ∪ cγμ (U ) = cγμ (M ∪ U ). Since
W  cγμ (M ∪ U ) = cγμ (M ∪ S) by assumption, we have i γμ (W )  i γμ (cγμ (M ∪ S)). Since
W is a γμ -open set containing M, we have M  W = i γμ (W )  i γμ (cγμ (M ∪ S)). Moreover
we have, i γμ (U )  i γμ (cγμ (M ∪ U )) for i γμ (U ) = U  cγμ (U )  cγμ (U ) ∪ cγμ (M)
= cγμ (U ∪ M). Since U is a γμ -open set, we have S  U = i γμ (U )  i γμ (cγμ (M ∪ U ))
= i γμ (cγμ (M ∪ S)). Therefore M ∪ S  i γμ (cγμ (M ∪ S)). 

Corollary 3.16 Let U be a minimal γμ -open set and M be a non-empty subset of a GTS
(X , μ). If there is a γμ -open set W containing M such that W  cγμ (U ), then M ∪ S is
a γμ -preopen set for any non-empty subset S of U , where γμ : μ → P (X ) is a regular
operation on μ.

Proof By assumption, we have W  cγμ (M) ∪ cγμ (U ) = cγμ (M ∪ U ). Thus by Theorem

3.15, M ∪ S is a γμ -preopen set. 

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4 Application of minimal  -open sets

From Propositions 3.2 and 3.12, we note that if γμ is regular then for any non-empty finite
γμ -open set A, there must exist a finite number (say m ∈ N) such that {A1 , A2 , . . . , Am } is
the class of all minimal γμ -open sets in A having the property that any two distinct minimal
γμ -open sets are disjoint and that if B is a minimal γμ -open set in A, then there exists i with
1  i  m, such that B = Ai .

Definition 4.1 Let (X , μ) be a GTS and γμ be an operation on μ. (X , μ) issaid to satisfy the

condition (m ∗ ) if for any finite collection of sets {A1 , A2 , . . . , An }, i γμ ( i=1
n
Ai ) = ∅ ⇒
n
A
i=1 i = ∅.

Theorem 4.2 Let (X , μ) be a GTS satisfying the condition (m ∗ ) and γμ be a regular oper-
ation on μ. Let A be a non-empty finite γμ -open set which is not minimal γμ -open. Let
{A1 , A2 , . . . , Am } be the set of all minimal γμ -open sets in A and y ∈ A\(A1 ∪ A2 ∪· · ·∪ Am ).
If A y = ∩{B : B is a γμ -open set containing y}, then there exists a natural number
k ∈ {1, 2, . . . , m} such that Ak  A y .

Proof If possible, let there do not exist any natural number k ∈ {1, 2, . . . , m} such that
Ak  A y . By Corollary 3.7, for any minimal γμ -open set Ak in A, Ak ∩ A y = ∅. We first note
that A y  A, where A is finite [in fact if t ∈ A y , then t ∈ B for each γμ -open set B containing
y. Since A is a γμ -open set containing y, t ∈ A]. Thus, A y = A ∩ A y is a non-empty finite set.
Also note that i γμ (A y )  = ∅ [in fact otherwise, i γμ (A y ∩ A)  i γμ (A y ) ∩ i γμ (A) = ∅. Thus
i γμ (A y ∩ A) = ∅ ⇒ A y ∩ A = ∅ = A y ]. So by Proposition 3.10, there exists a minimal
γμ -open set C such that C  i γμ (A y ). Since C  i γμ (A y )  A, then C is a minimal γμ -open
set in A. By assumption, for any minimal γμ -open set Ak , we have Ak ∩ C  Ak ∩ A y = ∅.
Therefore for any natural number k ∈ {1, 2, . . . , m}, C  = Ak . This is a contradiction to our
assumption. This completes the proof. 

Proposition 4.3 Let (X , μ) be a GTS satisfying condition (m ∗ ) and γμ be a regular oper-

ation on μ. Let A be a non-empty finite γμ -open set which is not minimal γμ -open. Let
{A1 , A2 , . . . , Am } be the set of all minimal γμ -open sets in A and y ∈ A\(A1 ∪ A2 ∪· · ·∪ Am ).
Then there exists a natural number k ∈ {1, 2, . . . , m} such that for any γμ -open set B y con-
taining y, Ak  B y .

Proof The proof follows from Theorem 4.2 as ∩{B : B is a γμ -open set containing y}  B y .

Theorem 4.4 Let (X , μ) be a GTS satisfying condition (m ∗ ) and γμ be a regular oper-

ation on μ. Let A be a non-empty finite γμ -open set which is not minimal γμ -open. Let
{A1 , A2 , . . . , Am } be the set of all minimal γμ -open sets in A and y ∈ A\(A1 ∪ A2 ∪· · ·∪ Am ).
Then there exists a natural number k ∈ {1, 2, . . . , m} such that y ∈ cγμ (Ak ).

Proof Let U be a γμ -open set containing y. From Proposition 4.3 it follows that there exists
a natural number k ∈ {1, 2, . . . , m} such that Ak  U . Therefore ∅  = Ak ∩ Ak  Ak ∩ U .
Thus y ∈ cγμ (Ak ). This completes the proof. 

Theorem 4.5 Let (X , μ) be a GTS satisfying condition (m ∗ ) and A be a non-empty finite

γμ -open set and for each k ∈ {1, 2, . . . , m}, Ak be a minimal γμ -open set in A, where γμ is
a regular operation on μ. Then the following are equivalent:
(i) The class {A1 , A2 , . . . , Am } contains all minimal γμ -open sets in A;

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(ii) For any ∅  = Bk  Ak , A  cγμ (B1 ∪ B2 ∪ · · · ∪ Bm ).

(iii) For any ∅  = Bk  Ak , cγμ (A) = cγμ (B1 ∪ B2 ∪ · · · ∪ Bm ).

Proof (i) ⇒ (ii) Let A be a non-empty finite γμ -open set. If A is minimal γμ -open
then this is identical with Theorem 3.8. If A is not a minimal γμ -open set,
let y ∈ A \ (A1 ∪ A2 ∪ · · · ∪ Am ). Then by Theorem 4.4, y ∈ cγμ (A1 ) ∪
cγμ (A2 ) ∪ · · · ∪ cγμ (Am ). Thus by Theorem 3.8, A  cγμ (A1 ) ∪ cγμ (A2 ) ∪
· · ·∪cγμ (Am ) = cγμ (B1 )∪cγμ (B2 )∪· · ·∪cγμ (Bm ) = cγμ (B1 ∪B2 ∪· · ·∪Bm ).
(ii) ⇒ (iii) For ∅  = Bk  Ak , k ∈ {1, 2, . . . , m}, we have B1 ∪ B2 ∪ · · · ∪ Bm  A
so cγμ (B1 ∪ B2 ∪ · · · ∪ Bm )  cγμ (A). Also by (ii) we have, cγμ (A) 
cγμ [cγμ (B1 ∪ B2 ∪ · · · ∪ Bm )] = cγμ (B1 ∪ B2 ∪ · · · ∪ Bm ). This implies that
cγμ (B1 ∪ B2 ∪ · · · ∪ Bm ) = cγμ (A).
(iii) ⇒ (i) If possible, let C be a minimal γμ -open set in A and for k ∈ {1, 2, . . . , m}
C  = Ak . Then C ∩ cγμ (Ak ) = ∅ for every k ∈ {1, 2, . . . , m}. For, if
y ∈ C ∩ cγμ (Ak ) for some k ∈ {1, 2, . . . , m}, then C ∩ Ak  = ∅. So
by Proposition 3.2, C = Ak —a contradiction. Thus if y ∈ C then y ∈ /
cγμ (A1 ) ∪ cγμ (A2 ) ∪ · · · ∪ cγμ (Am ) = cγμ (A1 ∪ A2 ∪ · · · ∪ Am ). This is a
contradiction to the fact that C  A  cγμ (A) = cγμ (B1 ∪ B2 ∪ · · · ∪ Bm ) 
cγμ (A1 ∪ A2 ∪ · · · ∪ Am ). This completes the proof.


Theorem 4.6 Let (X , μ) be a GTS satisfying condition (m ∗ ) and γμ be a regular operation

on μ. Let U be a non-empty finite γμ -open set and {U1 , U2 , . . . , Un } be the set of all minimal
γμ -open sets in U . If S is a subset of U \ (U1 ∪ U2 ∪ · · · ∪ Un ) and Si is any non-empty subset
of Ui for i ∈ {1, 2, . . . , n}, then S ∪ S1 ∪ S2 ∪ · · · ∪ Sn is a γμ -preopen set.

Proof By Theorem 4.5(ii), U  cγμ (S1 ∪S2 ∪· · ·∪Sn )  cγμ (S∪S1 ∪S2 ∪· · ·∪Sn ). Since U is
a γμ -open set, we have S∪S1 ∪S2 ∪· · ·∪Sn  U = i γμ (U )  i γμ [cγμ (S∪S1 ∪S2 ∪· · ·∪Sn )].

Definition 4.7 A GTS (X , μ) is called γμ -pre T2 if for any two distinct points x, y ∈ X there
exist two disjoint γμ -preopen sets U and V such that x ∈ U and y ∈ V .

Theorem 4.8 Let (X , μ) be a γμ -locally finite GTS satisfying condition (m ∗ ). If any minimal
γμ -open subset of X has more than one element, then (X , μ) is γμ -pre T2 where γμ is a
regular operation on μ.

Proof Let x, y be two distinct elements of X . Now by γμ -locally finiteness of X , we can find
two finite γμ -open sets U and V containing x and y respectively. Let {U1 , U2 , . . . , Un } and
{V1 , V2 , . . . , Vm } be the minimal γμ -open sets in U and V respectively (by Proposition 3.10).
Then the following three cases may occur:
(i) If x ∈ Ui and y ∈ V j , for some i ∈ {1, 2, . . . , n} and j ∈ {1, 2, . . . , m} then by Theorem
3.14, {x} and {y} are disjoint γμ -preopen sets containing x and y respectively.
(ii) If x ∈ Ui and y ∈ / V j for some i ∈ {1, 2, . . . , n} and for each j ∈ {1, 2, . . . , m}, then
choose y j ∈ V j for j ∈ {1, 2, . . . , m}. Then {y}  V \ (V1 ∪ V2 ∪ · · · ∪ Vm ) so that
{x} and {y, y1 , y2 , . . . , ym } are γμ -preopen sets with {x} ∩ {y, y1 , y2 , . . . , ym } = ∅ by
Theorems 3.14, 4.6 and the assumption.
(iii) If x ∈/ Ui for any i ∈ {1, 2, . . . , n} and y ∈ / V j for any j ∈ {1, 2, . . . , m}, then we
find elements xi of Ui and y j of V j for each i, j such that {x, x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } and

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1104 B. Roy

{y, y1 , y2 , . . . , ym } are γμ -preopen sets and {x, x1 , x2 , . . . , xn }∩{y, y1 , y2 , . . . , ym } = ∅

(by Theorem 4.6 and the assumption). Note here that we use the assumption that any
minimal γμ -open set of (X , μ) has at least two elements for the case Ui = V j for some
i and j in the arguments of cases (ii) and (iii). Hence (X , μ) is γμ -pre T2 .


5 Conclusion

In summary, minimal γμ -open sets can be defined in any setting of weak forms of open sets
in a topological space and we can derive all the results of [9] from our result by taking μ = τ
and γμ = identity function. We can define different types of minimal generalized open sets
by replacing the role of μ and corresponding operation γμ on X and μ respectively.

Acknowledgements The author is thankful to the referee for his kind suggestions to improve the paper.

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