P.

A Ganai - NIT Srinagar


Our tools

Introduction

HFB- Method

PN-HFB

Results

P. A Ganai - NIT Srinagar

P. A Ganai - NIT Srinagar

Atom ic nucl ei exh ibit a vari ety of sh apes, var yi ng from sp heri ca l to
qu adr upo le and higher- orde r mu lti- po le de for ma tion .

Nucl ei in-b etween cl ose d shells genera ll y exh ibit a de for ma tion of
thei r gr ou nd states.

Pro la te grou nd state shape s are fou nd far mor e abundan tly than
ob late de form at ion s.

◦ There have been many different attempts to use various

theoretical methods, e.g, the shell model [1,2] self-consistent
mean-field models [3,4,5] as well as the interacting boson
model [6] to determine the nuclear properties.

P. A Ganai - NIT Srinagar

P. A Ganai - NIT Srinagar

Th e mea n-fie ld states break se vera l symm etri es of the exact man y-
body st at es.
   These symmetry violations make difficult the connection between mean-
field results, expressed in the intrinsic frame of reference of the nucleus,
and the spectroscopic data, obtained in the laboratory frame of
reference. This requires the restoration of broken symmetries associated
with particle number and rotation.


Th e two-b od y interact io n used for both par ticl e-pa rticl e and
pa rt icle-hol e chan nel s is surface de lta intera ct ion . Th e co nfigu rat ion
sp ace use d is

1d5/2 ,2s1/2 ,1d3/ 2 ,1f7/ 2,2p3/ 2

P. A Ganai - NIT Srinagar


To define a dimensionless deformation parameter, we use the sharp
edge liquid drop relation between the axial quadrupole moment Q2 (i)
and the parameter β2(i)

Where the nuclear radius R in femtometers at zero deformation is related to its

mass A according to the standard relation R = 1.2A1/3. The mass dependence of
the quadrupole moment is partly removed in this parameter β2.

P. A Ganai - NIT Srinagar


The many body Hamiltonian of a system of fermions is usually
expressed in terms of a set of annihilation and creation operators
(c, c†)

P. A Ganai - NIT Srinagar

Th e qu asi pa rt icle ope ra tors annihilat e the quas ipa rt icleφvacu um
| >, defined
φ by αk | >= 0

Si nce qu asip art icl e transf orm at ion mix es cr ea tion and
φ
an nihila tio n op era tor s, | > doe s not cor re sp on d to a wav e
funct io n with goo d pa rt icle numb er. In HFB theory , we hav e
two kinds of densities, the normal density ρ and the pairing
tensor κ, defined as

Th e var ia tion of the HF B energ y re sults in the standa rd HFB

equ ation , which is solv ed u si ng itera tive proce du re.

P. A Ganai - NIT Srinagar


It ha s been show n [7] tha t the var iat ion after pr ojec tion lea ds to th e HFB- li ke
equ atio ns wit h mo dif ied exp res sions for the pair ing field and the Har tr ee -Foc k
potential. T he pr ojected-e ner gy functio nal is g iven by

P. A Ganai - NIT Srinagar


Th e var ia tion of the proj ec ted ener gy res ults in equat io ns of the same
st ru ct ure as that of standa rd HFB , exce pt that the exp re ssi on s for the
fiel ds are di ffere nt. Th e proj ect ed HF B e qu at ion is given by

P. A Ganai - NIT Srinagar

P. A Ganai - NIT Srinagar
P. A Ganai - NIT Srinagar
In norm al HFB theor y, the pair ing en er gy dep ends only on the
pair ing tens or , but the pr ojected HFB pairing ener gy als o
depends on the dens ity matr ix thro ugh the nor m ove rlap. As a
matter of fact, in a gene ral case, the no rm ove rlap dep en ds on
both the den sity matr ix an d the p airi ng te ns or .

P. A Ganai - NIT Srinagar

Th e pro je ct ed energ y for the low est st at e i s gi ven by

P. A Ganai - NIT Srinagar


Th e Number Proj ect ed HFB theory gives a si ngle (low es t energ y) stat e, it
can not lead to s hape coe xi sting st ates in a nucl eus

Th is is ov erco me by ex tendi ng it to constra ined Number Proj ect ed
Har tre e Fock Bo gol iubov theor y.

◦ Mini miz ati on of th e HFB ener gy und er the co nstr aint of hol ding the nuc lea r
defo rm ation fixed is carr ied out over a range of defo rmations . When mor e than
one lo cal mini mum occur s for the total en er gy as a functi on of defor mati on,
Shape coexis tence res ults .

P. A Ganai - NIT Srinagar

P. A Ganai - NIT Srinagar
P. A Ganai - NIT Srinagar
P. A Ganai - NIT Srinagar
P. A Ganai - NIT Srinagar
P. A Ganai - NIT Srinagar
 M. Hasegawa, K. Kaneko, and T. Mizusaki, Phys. Rev. C 71, 044301
(2005)
 K. Kaneko, M. Hasegawa and T. Mizusaki, Phys. Rev. C 66, 051306
(2002)
 P. G. Reinhard, D. J. Dean, W. Nazarewicz, J. Dobaczewski, and J. A.
Maruhn, Phys. Rev. C 60, 014316 (1999)
 M. Bender, K. Rutz, P. G. Reinhard, and J. A. Maruhn, Eur. Phys. J.
A 8, 59 (2000)
 H. Flocard, P. Quentin, A. K. Kerman, and D. Vautherin, Nucl. Phys.
A 203, 433 (1973)
 J. P. Elliott, J. A. Evans, V. S. Lac, and G. L. Long, Nucl. Phys. A 609,
01 (1996)
 J. A. Sheikh, and P. Ring, Nucl. Phys. A665, 71 (2000)
 P. Ring, and P. Schuck,The Nuclear many-Body Problem (Springer
Verlag, New York, 1980)

P. A Ganai - NIT Srinagar