Judge Overrules Bid to Link CIA, Drug Lords in Camarena Trial

June 08, 1990|HENRY WEINSTEIN | TIMES STAFF WRITER A defense lawyer in the Enrique Camarena murder trial a em ted to ask a key rose u on witness Thursday whether he knew of any es etween ma or Me i an drug tra kers and the S Central Intelligen e Agen y ut a federal udge rohi ited the witness from answering A orney Mary elly s ques on ame during ross-e amina on of Lauren e i tor Harrison, a government- aid witness who had e tensive dealings with oth Me i an law enfor ement and drug tra kers Harrison said there was a lose working rela onshi etween the drug lords and rominent Me i an oli e o ials Harrison s tes mony ame during the fourth week of trial for four men who are a used of involvement in the Fe ruary, 198 , murder of Camarena, a S Drug Enfor ement Administra on agent The ossi le CIA link ame a er elly a em ted to ro e Harrison further At one oint, Harrison tes ed that he had told drug king in Ernesto Fonse a Carrillo, for whom he had installed a so his ated radio system, that law enfor ement might go a er him Fonse a "He told me I was razy," Harrison re alled "He told me there was no danger " Then the witness was asked, "Did Fonse a say it his feeling of safety was a oli al thing " Harrison re lied, "Yes " elly moved loser to the ossi le CIA link when she ques oned Harrison a out Sergio Es ino erdin, a ommander in Me i o s federal se urity dire torate DFS , an internal se urity and inves ga ve agen y with lose es to the RI, Me i o s dominant oli al arty Harrison said he worked for Es ino, a lose ally of Fonse a, who is urrently in rison in Me i o a er a onvi on for his involvement in Camarena s murder Harrison told the ury that Es ino re orted to Miguel Nazar Haro, who was DFS dire tor from 1977 to 198 , when he was for ed to resign a er it was revealed that he was involved in a ross- order ar smuggling ring The Nazar ase was ontroversial in the nited States and Me i o William ennedy, then- S a orney in San Diego, ressed the Jus e De artment in Washington to indi t Nazar, des ite rotests from S o ials in Me i o that Nazar was "an essen al re eat essen al onta t for CIA sta on Me i o City "

ennedy was red, ut ul mately Nazar was indi ted y a federal grand ury in San Diego and is s ll onsidered a fugi ve in the nited States Harrison alled Nazar his "over oss" and said Nazar was involved in drug tra king

On Thursday, elly asked Harrison if Nazar was onne ted to the CIA rose utor Manuel Medrano o e ted on the grounds that the ques on was irrelevant to the ase S Distri t Judge Edward Rafeedie sustained the o e on Later, however, outside the resen e of the ury, elly told the udge why she thought ques ons a out the CIA were relevant to the Camarena ase "Fonse a thought his a ons were ondoned y the Me i an government, as well as san oned y the CIA," she said "This goes to the issue of whether this was an illegal enter rise" and ould hel her lient in her defense Among the harges against the four defendants who are on trial here are violent rimes in aid of a ra keteering enter rise elly said she wanted to reserve the right to all Harrison a k for more ross-e amina on Rafeedie told her to su mit a rief ut no meta le was set The defense lawyer said she was rom ted to ask some of these ques ons e ause of an interview that Harrison gave to DEA agents last Se tem er, a o y of whi h was re ently rovided to the defense In the interview, Harrison said that Fonse a and another drug king in, Javier Bar a Hernandez, talked to Cu ans in 198 at the Hya Regen y Hotel in uadala ara a out drug tra king "They told me a out it," Harrison told the DEA "Bar a also told me that they ould do whatever they wanted with the Ameri ans or the Cu ans I took that to mean they ould do deals with the Ameri ans or the Cu ans " Harrison also told the DEA that Fonse a met with an Ameri an involved in drug smuggling who said he was "working with the Contras," a referen e to S - nan ed re el troo s in Ni aragua He said this man, who was unnamed and told him he had een a mer enary in South Afri a and also worked in El Salvador, asked him a lot of ques ons a out airstri s "I told him if he got lose to the order that he d have trou le with S radar," Harrison told the DEA "He said he was the S , that he didn t have any ro lem He ould do anything that they wanted " In another develo ment Thursday, Rafeedie ruled that rose utors ould lay ta es of nar o s tra kers interroga ng Camarena shortly efore they murdered him rose utor Medrano indi ated that the government would start laying the S anish ta es, a om anied y English transla ons dis layed on a s reen, today Times sta writer John H Lee ontri uted to this story h ar les la mes om 1990-06-08 lo al me-647_1_drug-lords

Informant Puts CIA at Ranch of Agent's Killer

July 05, 1990|HENRY WEINSTEIN | TIMES STAFF WRITER The Central Intelligence Agency trained Guatemalan guerrillas in the early 1980s at a ranch near Veracruz, Mexico, owned by drug lord Rafael Caro Quintero, one of the murderers of U.S. drug agent Enrique Camarena, according to a Drug Enforcement Administration report made public in Los Angeles. The report is based on an interview two Los-Angeles based DEA agents conducted with Laurence Victor Harrison, a shadowy figure who, according to court testimony, ran a sophisticated communications network for major Mexican drug traffickers and their allies in Mexican law enforcement in the early and mid 1980s.

On Feb. 9, according to the report, Harrison told DEA agents Hector Berrellez and Wayne Schmidt that the CIA used Mexico's Federal Security Directorate (DFS) "as a cover, in the event any questions were raised as to who was running the training operation." Harrison also said that "representatives of the DFS which was the front for the training camp were in fact acting in consort with major drug overlords to ensure a flow of narcotics through Mexico into the United States." At some point between 1981 and 1984, according to Harrison, "members of the Mexican Federal Judicial Police (MFJP) arrived at the ranch while on a separate narcotics investigation and were confronted by the guerrillas. As a result of the confrontation, 19 MFJP agents were killed. Many of the bodies showed signs of torture; the bodies had been drawn and quartered." In a separate interview on Sept. 11, 1989, Harrison told the same two DEA agents that CIA operations personnel had stayed at the home of Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo, one of Mexico's other major drug kingpins and an ally of Caro. The report does not specify when this occurred. Harrison testified at the Camarena murder trial that he lived at Fonseca's house for several months in 1983 and 1984 when he was installing radio systems for the drug lord. He also has told the DEA that on several occasions he served as a guard on Fonseca's drug convoys, "using his \o7 Gobernacion \f7 (Mexico's Interior Ministry) credentials." The DEA report, which was completed in February, does not state specifically whether CIA officials knew who owned the ranch where the Guatemalans were being trained, why Guatemalans were being trained or whether marijuana was being grown there. Asked about the allegations, CIA spokesman Mark Mansfield said Wednesday: "The CIA does not engage in drug-running activities."

Caro had vast marijuana plantations in other parts of Mexico. He also is known to have had close ties with officials of various Mexican law enforcement agencies, including the DFS, a police agency that was riddled with drug-related corruption, One of the primary interrogators of Camarena when he was tortured at Caro's Guadalajara home in February, 1985, was Sergio Espino Verdin, a former DFS commander. The DEA reports became available Tuesday night after U.S. District Judge Edward Rafeedie ordered federal prosecutors to turn them over to defense lawyers in the Camarena murder trial, which is nearing the end of its seventh week. Caro, Fonseca and Espino are serving prison terms in Mexico after being convicted there on charges stemming from the kidnapping and murder of Camarena. Four men, three Mexicans and a Honduran, are on trial in Los Angeles over their alleged involvement in the Camarena murder. In 1988, three others were convicted on charges growing out of the murder.

This is not the first time that questions about the CIA have been raised in the Camarena case. During the first trial, defense lawyers attempted unsuccessfully to introduce evidence about alleged links between the CIA and Mexican drug kingpin Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo. Last month, a lawyer for defendant Juan Ramon Matta Ballesteros was spurned by Rafeedie in his efforts to obtain a report he claims was compiled by the DEA on the relationship between Felix and the CIA. Rafeedie said defense lawyer Martin R. Stolar was engaged in "a fishing expedition." In light of the newly released reports, Stolar vowed Wednesday to renew his request to Rafeedie this week. Also last month, defense lawyer Mary Kelly tried to question Harrison over his knowledge of any ties between Mexican traffickers and the CIA. But Rafeedie prohibited Harrison from answering. Kelly contends that if the traffickers were acting with CIA license, it could provide a possible defense for her client, Juan Jose Bernabe Ramirez, a Fonseca bodyguard. Harrison also told the DEA agents in September that in June or July, 1987, he was asked by an American man in Guadalajara--who he believed worked for the CIA--what information he had given the DEA about CIA operations in Mexico. Harrison said he told the man "you guys (CIA) are working with the traffickers . . . We (\o7 Gobernacion\f7 and the Mexican intelligence community) know that the CIA are supplying guns to Nicaragua." The American, identified in the report only by the name Dale, "nodded his head in an affirmative manner saying yes I know," the report said. Numerous sentences in the DEA reports have been censored, including Harrison's name. The information is known to have come from Harrison because lawyers for defendant Ruben Zuno Arce asked Rafeedie to order the government to give them DEA interviews of Harrison that had not been provided earlier.

Both reports that have references to the CIA are stamped "SECRET, NO FORN," which sources said referred to no foreign distribution. Harrison has testified that he decided last September to become a government witness in the Camarena case. He and his family have been relocated from Mexico for security reasons, according to government documents and his testimony. On the witness stand, Harrison said that he audited classes at UC Berkeley in the late 1960s, first went to Mexico in 1968 at the height of a student rebellion there and settled in that country in 1971. Several defense lawyers in the case said they thought Harrison had been a CIA operative, but he denied ever having worked for a U.S. government agency.
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Witness Who Tied CIA to Tra

kers Must Tes fy Anew

July 06, 1990|HENRY WEINSTEIN | TIMES STAFF WRITER A Los Angeles federal udge Thursday ordered a rose u on witness to tes fy for a se ond me in the Enrique Camarena murder trial so that defense lawyers ould ques on him a out any knowledge he has a out alleged es etween the Central Intelligen e Agen y and Me i an drug tra kers S Distri t Judge Edward Rafeedie said he would allow Lauren e i tor Harrison to e ques oned a out statements he had given to DEA agents in Fe ruary that the CIA had used a era ruz, Me i o, ran h owned y drug lord Rafael Caro Quintero to train uatemalan guerrillas In an earlier interview last Se tem er, Harrison also told DEA agents that CIA ersonnel had stayed at the home of Ernesto Fonse a Carrillo, another Me i an drug king in Harrison tes ed last month that he had installed so his ated radio ommuni a on systems for drug tra kers and that he had lived at Fonse a s house in uadala ara in 198 and 1984 Harrison said he e ame a government- aid informant last Se tem er Both Caro and Fonse a are urrently im risoned in Me i o in onne on with Camarena s 198 kidna ing and murder in uadala ara In June, Rafeedie rohi ited defense lawyers from ques oning Harrison a out the CIA, ut Thursday he said he would ermit it in light of the statements Harrison made to the DEA

The udge ordered rose utors to turn over o ies of the two DEA interviews, stam ed "se ret," to lawyers for the four defendants in the Camarena trial, whi h is now in its seventh week On Thursday, a CIA s okesman denied that the agen y had een involved in drug tra king

Moreover, CIA s okesman Mark Mans eld said the agen y never trained uatemalan guerrillas at Caro s ran h "or anywhere else," and he alled Harrison s statement that CIA ersonnel stayed at Fonse a s house "ridi ulous " Assistant S A y Manuel Medrano vigorously o osed the defense s request that they e allowed to further ques on Harrison He hara terized Harrison s statements as hearsay and said the witness had no dire t knowledge of the ma ers he des ri ed to the agents But defense lawyer Mar n R Stolar asserted that the DEA interviews showed that Harrison did have dire t knowledge In the DEA s re ort of the Fe ruary interview, Harrison is quoted as saying that a Me i an ournalist named elas o ini ally turned u informa on that the CIA was using Caro s ran h in era ruz to train uatemalan guerrillas some me etween 1981 and 1984 Then elas o assed the informa on on to Manuel Buendia Tellesgiron, a Me i an re orter who was assassinated in 1984 while he was inves ga ng harges that rominent Me i an law enfor ement o ials had es to drug tra kers The re ort quotes Harrison as sta ng that Me i o s Federal Se urity Dire torate--the Me i an equivalent of the FBI--was used as "the front for the training am " The re ort also states that Harrison told two DEA agents that Federal Se urity Dire torate re resenta ves "were, in fa t, a ng in onsort with ma or drug overlords to esure a ow of nar o s through Me i o into the nited States " On Thursday, Juan Jose Berna e Ramirez, one of four defendants in the Camarena ase, took the witness stand and denied any involvement in Camarena s kidna ing or murder Berna e, 1, a former Me i an state oli eman, was arrested y DEA agents in Los Angeles in July, 1989 He had een lured here y a former Me i an oli e o ial, Federi o Castel del Oro, who also had e ome a S government informant At the me, Berna e was working for a se urity om any owned y Castel del Oro and the two men ame to Los Angeles ur ortedly to a quire some guard dogs for the se urity om any Castel del Oro introdu ed Berna e to a man he des ri ed as a friend-- ut who, in reality, was a DEA under over agent--who was interested in what Berna e knew a out Camarena s interroga on y drug tra kers Los Angeles- ased DEA agents wanted to know what Berna e knew a out the interroga on in an a em t to determine if he had een resent when it o urred

Berna e tes ed that his oss had told him to sound self-assured when talking to the man a out his knowledge of Camarena s interroga on Berna e said that his oss, Castel del Oro, told him that they would get ,000 in return for the informa on Shortly therea er, Berna e oasted to DEA agents, osing as Castel del Oro s drug tra ker friends, that he had hel ed Caro es a e from uadala ara a er Camarena was kidna ed The onversa on was se retly videota ed and shown to urors late last month He also told those DEA agents that in Fe ruary, 198 , he had a om anied drug king in Fonse a to the house where Camarena was tortured Last July, Berna e told the agents he had heard Fonse a tell drug lord Caro outside the house that Camarena would have to e killed But on Thursday, Berna e shar ly reversed himself Berna e admi ed he had gone to a house in uadala ara with Fonse a, stayed outside and saw Fonse a emerge with Caro But he said he had not heard what the two men had said Berna e also tes ed Thursday that most of what he had said in July, 1989, was informa on he had learned from Me i an news a er and magazine a ounts a out the Camarena kidna ing He denied on ross-e amina on that he had een at the air ort when Caro es a ed Then Assistant A y John Carlton asked Berna e if he had lied in order to get money Berna e res onded, "Yes " h ar les la mes om 1990-07-06 lo al me- 60_1_drug-tra ker S

Witness Says Drug Lord Told of Contra Arms

July 07, 1990|HENRY WEINSTEIN | TIMES STAFF WRITER A rose u on witness in the Enrique Camarena murder trial tes ed Friday in Los Angeles federal ourt that Me i an drug lord Miguel Angel Feli allardo told him that he elieved his nar o s tra king o era on was safe e ause he was su lying arms to the Ni araguan Contras Lawren e i tor Harrison also said that Feli told him in a fa e-to-fa e onversa on that he Feli got others to rovide funds for the S - a ked Contra movement that was trying to to le the Sandinista government Harrison did not say when the onversa on took la e, ut he tes ed earlier that he had worked for Me i an drug tra kers in 198 and 1984 Harrison made his omments outside the resen e of the Camarena ury S Distri t Judge Edward Rafeedie later ruled that the tes mony was "hearsay" and did not allow urors to hear it Feli is one of eo le who have een indi ted in Los Angeles on harges stemming from the 198 murder of S Drug Enfor ement Administra on agent Camarena in uadala ara, Me i o Feli is in rison in Me i o on drug harges unrelated to the Camarena ase

Earlier this week, do uments turned over to defense a orneys y S rose utors indi ated that Harrison had told the DEA that the CIA had trained uatemalan guerrillas at a era ruz, Me i o, ran h owned y drug tra ker Rafael Caro Quintero, one of the murderers of Camarena However, Harrison tes ed Friday that he had no dire t knowledge that the CIA was involved with drug tra kers He also said that Caro s ran h was used y Me i an law enfor ement agen ies for training their ersonnel to revent a rumored in ursion into Me i o y uatemalan guerrillas The CIA this week denied that it had any involvement with drug tra kers

Harrison said that ased on resear h he had done, he elieved that there had een a training am for Ni araguan Contras on the ran h He added that it was his im ression that the o era on was there " y at" of the Ameri an government He said that he had een misquoted in the DEA s re ort of his Fe ruary interview He said a DEA agent had su stan ally ondensed remarks he had made and that he never said uatemalan guerrillas had een trained on the ran h, as he was quoted saying y the DEA Rafeedie ruled Friday that Harrison ould not e ques oned in front of urors a out the onversa on with Feli or anything else a out alleged es etween the CIA and Me i an drug tra kers "This witness tes mony is ased on hearsay, gossi and s e ula on," Rafeedie said a er listening to two hours of ques oning of Harrison "The ourt found this witness tes mony in om etent " The udge had allowed defense lawyers to re all Harrison, who had tes ed last month under a grant of immunity from rose u on Harrison, 4 , tes ed that he had installed so his ated radio ommuni a ons systems for ma or Me i an drug tra kers and for ma or Me i an law enfor ement agen ies that were allied with the tra kers In addi on to his talk with Feli , Harrison des ri ed several onversa ons he had with other Me i an drug lords a out their dealings with Ameri ans, ut only Feli stated s e i ally that his o era ons were rote ted e ause of aid he had rovided to the Contras Harrison said several other tra kers--in luding Caro and Ernesto Fonse a Carrillo--and their Me i an law enfor ement allies told him they elieved they were rote ted e ause "they had some kind of rela onshi with the Ameri an government " The nature of the rela onshi was not e lained to him, and some of the tra ques ons a out it e ause it was "a oli al thing," Harrison said kers told him not to ask

The 6-foot, 7-in h witness also said he met two men at the uadala ara home of Me i an drug lord Fonse a in 198 who led him to elieve that they were Ameri an intelligen e agents, ut said the men had not shown him any reden als He said the men told him they were involved with the Contras and des ri ed revious mer enary a vi es they had engaged in, in luding work in South Afri a

He also said that he had on e met a man named Theodore Cash, who had own a shi ment of arms to Fonse a In a 1988 Los Angeles trial, Cash said he had own air ra for the CIA for 10 years Earlier in the day, the defense won a signi ant vi tory when Judge Rafeedie agreed to admit into eviden e re ords from Me i o s na onal tele hone om any that raise serious dou ts a out tes mony given y a key rose u on witness in the trial In late May, He tor Cervantes Santos tes ed a out several mee ngs at the home of his oss, nar o s tra ker Javier Bar a Hernandez, where drug lords and their law enfor ement allies lanned the kidna ing and murder of Camarena He gave in rimina ng tes mony a out all four defendants in the ase During his tes mony, Cervantes said that tele hone alls had een made and re eived at the house However, tele hone om any re ords show that there was no hone at the house in late 1984 or early 198 , when the mee ngs allegedly o urred In fa t, the re ords show that there was no tele hone servi e in that area un l early 1988 Rafeedie also admi ed into eviden e Me i an re ords that Cervantes had een dis harged from his osi on as a Me i an oli e o er for the of government ro erty last Novem er, ust one week efore he de ided to e ome a S government informant and witness in this ase The udge indi ated that he lanned to admit into eviden e a 198 telegram sent y a DEA agent in Me i o to his su eriors in Washington that raises su stan al ques ons a out the redi ility of another rose u on witness Late Friday, the defense rested its ase, and the rose u on started u ng on its re u al The udge told the si -man, si -woman ury that he e e ted losing arguments would egin ne t week h ar les la mes om 1990-07-07 news mn-149_1_drug-lord

Murder Case That Has Strained Ties to Mexico Goes to Jury

Special to The New York Times Published: July 17, 1990 The case of four men accused of torturing and murdering an American drug agent in Mexico went to a Federal jury today. Thetrial is part of a prosecution effort that has strained relations between the United States and Mexico for more than five years. The verdict will be the latest turn in an international investigation that began with the grisly killing of the drug agent, Enrique Camarena Salazar, and his pilot in 1985 near Guadalajara, allegedly by members of a local drug ring. It has evolved into a murky and complex story involving the Drug Enforcement Administration, mention of the Central Intelligence Agency, references to gunrunning to the Nicaraguan contras, shadowy informers and a dancing horse. In their closing arguments of the eight-week trial, Federal prosecutors asserted that officials of the Mexican Government had played a role in protecting the drug ring. ''The tentacles of this cartel extended far beyond the limits of the city,'' said Manuel Medrano, the assistant United States Attorney for the Central District of California. ''It extended to the heart of the Government.''

Killing in 1985 After its investigation, the Government said that Mr. Camarena and his pilot, Alfredo Zavala Avelar, had been abducted on Feb. 7, 1985, in Guadalajara and questioned under torture about how the drug agency obtained information in Mexico. Their bodies were found a month later on a ranch 60 miles from the city. In all, 22 persons were indicted in this case in Los Angeles. In addition to the four on trial now, three died under mysterious circumstances in Mexico, and a Mexican gynecologist is awaiting trial. The doctor was recently detained in Mexico and brought to the United States under circumstances that brought sharp protests from the Mexican Government. The 14 others are either at large or imprisoned in Mexico. Three others were convicted here two years ago under a separate indictment. Of the four currently on trial, the most prominent is Ruben Zuno Arce, brother-in-law of a former Mexican president, Luis Echeverria Alvarez. The Government asserted in the trial that Mr. Zuno Arce had acted as a go-between for the ring and high-level government officials in Mexico. The other defendants are Juan Ramon Matta Ballasteros, a Honduran who is accused of acting as the operation's intermediary with Colombian cocaine producers, and two men believed to have acted as bodyguards for the ring's leaders. They are Juan Jose Bernabe Ramirez and Javier Vasquez Velasco. Camarena's Memory Evoked

During the trial, prosecutors repeatedly evoked the memory of the dead agent, eliciting testimony on his brutal torture and death. The defense lawyers have hammered on what they called contradictions in testimony by Government witnesses and asserted that much of the testimony had been self-serving. ''Guadalajara, Mexico, 1983, 1984, 1985,'' Mr. Medrano said in his closing argument. ''It's a city in the grips of major international drug traffickers. These traffickers are very powerful, immensely wealthy and profoundly violent.'' Members of the Guadalajara narcotics operation believed they were above the law, said Mr. Medrano, because of complicity from virtually every Mexican law enforcement agency working in the city. Defense lawyers countered that the agency's investigation had turned into a mission of vengeance that flouted the rules of American legal procedure and that failed in its pursuit of the truth. 'Desire for Vengeance' ''The righteous desire for vengeance does not justify twisting the evidence and convicting by innuendo,'' said Mary Kelly, who represents Mr. Bernabe Ramirez. Defense lawyers argued that the Government had relied almost entirely on one witness, Hector Cervantes Santos, a bodyguard for a ring leader. They repeatedly challenged the witness's credibility. Government witnesses testified about vast plantations of marijuana growing in Mexico, hundredyard-long sheds for curing the plants and raids that found 9,000 workers on marijuana fields. It was a Government witness who provided startling testimony that included references to the C.I.A. He was Lawrence Victor Harrison, a shadowy American who worked for the drug ring as a radio operator and who was asked to identify the defendants as members of the drug operation. Under questioning by defense lawyers, he said that a ranch owned by the ring had been used by Americans, later said to be employees of the C.I.A., as a staging ground to transport arms to the contras. Referring to the testimony, the defense argued that the defendants could not have committed ''a violent act in aid of a racketeering enterprise,'' as charged, because the operation had the imprimatur of the American Government. The Dancing Horse Mr. Harrison described a lavish party, attended primarily by Mexican law enforcement officials, during which a flamboyant leader of the ring, Rafael Caro Quintero, smoked a cocaine-laced cigarette while astride a horse that danced to Latin music.

The ''party with the dancing horse'' was referred to repeatedly by Mr. Medrano because Mr. Caro Quintero had, according to the witness, dismounted to give one defendant, Mr. Zuno Arce, a hug, thus showing an association between the two men. As for the wealth of the drug ring, Mr. Medrano said, ''None of this was possible without the assistance and participation of corrupt law enforcement officials in the Republic of Mexico.'' The defense ridiculed this argument. ''I know everybody in Mexico is supposed to be corrupt,'' said one lawyer, Edward Medvene, in his closing arguments. ''It's the entire nation. Nobody nice down there. Mr. Zuno is from Mexico, i.e., he's corrupt.'' The trial has caused resentment among the Mexican authorities. The Mexican consul general here, Jose Angel Pescador Osuna, said recently: ''This trial is to prove whether the four people are innocent or guilty, not Mexican officials.'' In the case of the doctor, Humberto Alvarez Machaim, the judge in the case, Edward Rafeedie, decided that a separate trial should be held because of the defense's challenge to the jurisdiction of American courts, based on the way in which the defendant was brought here.
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