Fumarate: A Existing as a string of acid that is an intermediate in the Filamentous:four-carbon dicarboxylic rods joined together at the tips.

TCA cyc Functional Group: The part of an organic compound composed of a specific pattern le. Gamete: A haploid germ cell that results from meiosis. Sperm and egg cells are g of atoms. Gamma Rays: Quanta of radiation emitted spontaneously from a radioactive substan ametes. Germ-Free fuel consisting that particular Genotype: Animal: of genetic makeup a an organism.an Genome: The set unit consisting ofbeen andorganism. Gene: Gasohol:AAfullprecise genes from has of segment10% DNA.aseptic environment and c ce. A hereditaryAn animalof 90%agasolinerearedof ethanol. in Glycogen: A branched polysaccharide biota. Glycan: A complex polysaccharide. onsequently does not harbor a normalcomposed of units of glucose. In many organi Gram Stain: A method to differentiating sms, glycogen is usedfor store carbon. bacteria based on the presence of an ou Greenhouse Gas: ter membrane. Any one of a number of gases (e.g., carbon dioxide and methane) Guano: A been implicated in the warming the feces of sea birds. Guano is an imp that havesubstance composed primarily of of the earth's surface and atmosphere. Haber source An industrial process for ortantProcess:of phosphate fertilizer. nitrogen fixation that is used primaril y to produce fertilizers for agriculture. Although the Haber process has signifi cantly increased food production, it requires large amounts of costly natural ga Halophilic Bacteria: to pollution require high levels of sodium chloride for gr s and has contributedBacteria that through runoff. Hfr: Heterotroph: Exposure to an requires to a strain Heat High frequency recombinant; refersorganic compounds for growth. owth.Shocked:An organism thatelevated temperature. of bacteria that contains an Hydrogen Bond: A linkage consistingplasmid). integrated plasmid (usually the F of a hydrogen atom bonded between two electr Hydrolases: The Hydrolase: An enzyme of catalyses a splits molecules by onegative atoms.classthatenzymes that hydrolysis reaction.adding water to them. Esterases, which add water to esters to form an alcohol and a carboxylic acid, b Hydrolysis: A chemical elong to this class. process of decomposition in which a molecule of water is added during the splitting of a bond. An H atom will become bonded to one produc Hydrophilic: Having a other. t, an -OH group to thestrong affinity for water. Hydrophilic molecules contain r Hydrophobic: Lacking an affinity for water. hydrogen bonds with are unable to egions of differing polarity, which can formHydrophobic moleculeswater. Immunology: A branch of water. form hydrogen bonds withscience that deals with the phenomena of immunity and th Incidence Rate: The e immune response. number of occurrences of a particular event or condition (e. Inoculation: The in a given of a microorganism into a medium, host, or environ g., an infection)introductionpopulation. Intercalate: To insert between existing elements or layers. For example, ethidiu ment. Interference: The effect that stacked bases of rays helix. m bromide intercalates betweenoccurs when light a DNAwith phase differences merg e. Interference augments the light when the two rays are in phase and diminishes In Vitro: Latin the two rays arerefers to conditions that exist outside of livin the light when for "in glass"; out of phase. Isolate: An organism g cells or tissues. or a group of organisms obtained by separating or selecting Isotope: a population.of a substance that Isotonic:AHaving equal osmotic strengths. occurs in nature. For example, diffe them from variant form rent isotopes of immunoglobulins exist in every normal individual of a particula r species.