Linde Gases & Applications PDF

Gases & Applications
Gases & Applications
Cover picture
The use of lasers is widespread across many industries from medical to microelectronics. Excimer lasers, which are lled with precise mixtures of Helium, Neon, Krypton, Xenon, Chlorine and Fluorine, are now routinely used for eye surgery where very high accuracy is needed every time. The same high precision lasers are used to produce the microchips used in everyday electronics items such as laptops and mobile telephones. The high energy produced by lasers makes them ideal for a wide variety of welding and cutting applications. The cover picture shows a laser welding machine. These industrial lasers, typically lled with mixtures of Carbon Dioxide, Helium and Neon, are used extensively in the manufacture of car body components such as bonnets and doors where different metal thicknesses need to be welded quickly and precisely. Welding process gases such as Argon, Helium, Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide are also used to further improve the quality and nish of the welded parts. As an example of an additional application, these same lasers are used in power stations where laser cladding improves the high temperature properties of critical components. Turn the pages of this Gases and Applications hand book to read on and discover more...
Cover picture courtesy of TRUMPF
Disclaimer
Linde reserves the right to make alterations to specications, quantities, etc, for production or other reason, subsequent to publication. The information contained herein has been prepared by qualied experts within Linde. While we believe that the information is accurate within the limits of the analytical methods employed and is complete to the extent of the specic analyses performed, we make no warranty or representation as to the suitability of the use of the information for any particular purposes. Linde has no control whatsoever as regards performance or non-performance, misinterpretation, proper or improper use of any information or suggestions contained in this book by any person or entity and Linde expressly disclaims any liability in connection thereto. In any case shall Lindes liability arising out of the use of the information contained herein be limited by the fee established for providing such information. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or copied in any form by any means graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, typing or information and retrieval system without Lindes written permission.
Gases
Foreword
This book Gases and Applications has been produced to give a brief glance into the wide eld of applications our gases have. Although the content of this book is comprehensive, the idea of the book is not to be an encyclopaedia nor a product catalogue, but more to raise your curiosity and give you inspiration in the eld of gas applications. Gases are used somewhere in almost every production chain. For instance when the local workshop ne tunes the car ignition, the result is checked with the help of instruments calibrated with specialty gas mixtures. When bananas arrive from foreign countries, they are often ripened in an atmosphere achieved with the aid of specialty gas mixtures. One of the rst applications a child of today meets, and remembers, is helium lled balloons. Other more common applications are for welding and in medicine. The rapid expansion of new customers and applications of gases is noticeable. Especially in areas such as environmental techniques and information technology, the use of new gas-based technology has increased. One of the reasons for this is that products purchased today cannot match the purity of high purity gases (for instance 99.99999%). This higher purity is important for many new techniques that are very sensitive to all kinds of contaminations. Enjoy the reading, and we are happy to receive any kind of feedback on our HiQ website (http://hiq.linde-gas.com)
The Linde Group Business Area Merchant and Packaged Gases
Linde AG, 2009. All rights reserved. HiQ is a registered trademark of The Linde Group.
Applications
Contents
Foreword Introduction to the 2010 edition How to use the book Application areas and product sources Cross reference register Gases and applications Index 4 6 7 11 12 14 192
Gases
Introduction to the 2010 edition

This revision of the book includes the classication and labelling of substances according to the new Globally Harmonized System for Classication and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) criteria developed by UN. The aim of GHS is to ensure internationally comparable high standards for health, safety and environmental protection. The global implementation of GHS affects more than 60 countries. The European GHS came into force on 20th January 2009 and it has been taken as reference in this book. Where no information are provided by the relevant EU regulation, the proposals from the Industry have been considered.
Applications
How To Use The Book

To identify a gas:
3 The gases are listed in alphabetical order. See the cross references in the index to nd alternative names. 3 In the index there are lists according to CAS and EC numbers. 3 Using the cross reference register you can easily identify the gases used for each applications area.
To read the gas information page: 2
26 Gases Applications 27
1 4 3
Methyl bromide, R-40 B1 CAS: 74-83-9 EC: 200-813-2
Bromomethane
Chemical bromomethane 2.5
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.5% H2O <1,000 Typical lling pressure
CH3Br,
ADR Class 2, 2T DOT Class 2.3
CHEM FOOD
MANUF
7
PETRO
UN: 1062
PHARMA
R&D
Source
Commercial and laboratory methods of manufacturing bromomethane are generally similar and are based primarily upon the reaction of hydrobromic acid with methanol.
70 F: 13 psi(g)
More recently proposed processes involve the reaction of hydrogen bromide with excess chloromethane.
15 C: 1.6 bar(a)
Characteristics
Colourless liqueed gas, odourless in small concentrations. Has a chloroform type odour at high concentrations.
Other methods involve the treatment of bromine with a reducing agent, such as sulphur dioxide or phosphorus, in the presence of water.
Hazard classications
EC C&L EU GHS C&L Signal word: DANGER
Applications
Bromomethane is used as: a methylation agent in organic synthesis a low-boiling solvent a refrigerant in the cold storage industry Bromomethane is used in fumigation of soils, seeds, owers and fresh vegetables/fruits as well as for products manufactured of natural materials (e.g., wood, sisal).
Toxic
Environmental hazard
R-phrases: R23/25 - Toxic by inhalation and if swallowed; R36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin; R48/20 - Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation; R68 - Possible risk of irreversible effects; R50 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms; R59 - Dangerous for the ozone layer.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H341 - Suspected of causing genetic defects; H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H301 - Toxic if swallowed; H373 - May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure; H319 - Causes serious eye irritation; H335 - May cause respiratory irritation; H315 - Causes skin irritation; H400 - Very toxic to aquatic life; EUH059 - Hazardous to the Ozone Layer.
Physical data
Molecular weight: Boiling point: Density: Vapour pressure: at 1.013 bar [C] at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [kg/m3] at 0 C, [bar] at 20 C, [bar]: Flammability range in air, [% volume]: Specic volume: at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [m3/kg] 94.939 3.56 4.106 0.88 1.84 10.0 16.0 0.244 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 3.98 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft3] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi] 38.43 0.251 12.76 27.76
Material compatibility
ium N min na Bu Alu ss Bra l r be tee rub ns er tyl pp rbo Co Ca Bu
Legend:
Good
Fair
Avoid
l-F Ke
l ne Mo
e ren op lon Ny Ne
ne the C lye PV Po
in Sta
l tee ss les on Te
on Vit
Note:
Bromomethane is controlled under The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. For further information on the protocol see page 8.
1) 3 Names, chemicals formula, CAS, EC and UN numbers of the substance.
3 CAS number is a unique numerical identiers for chemical elements

(CAS=Chemical Abstracts Service is a division of the American Chemical Society).
3 EC number (European Commission number) is the seven-digit code that is assigned to chemical
substances that are commercially available within the European Union.
3 UN number is a four digit number assigned by the United Nations to identify dangerous goods. UN
numbers range from UN1001 to UN3500 and are published as part of their Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (also known as the Orange Book) and have generally been adopted by member states.
3 Where applicable R-codes have been provided for the substances. This being a historical system for
coding possible refrigerants, results in that possible refrigerants are not used as such today, due to their impact on the ozone layer, environment or general hazardousness. ASHRAE stands for American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
Gases
2) 3 Hazard symbols for road transportation of gases. ADR symbols according to ECE/TRANS/175 (Class 2 Gases). Primary labels:
Non-combustible
Flammable
Toxic
Combination labels:
Non-combustible/Oxidizing
Toxic/Oxidizing
Toxic/Corrosive
Toxic/Flammable
Flammable/Self igniting
Toxic/Self igniting
Toxic/Oxidizing/Corrosive
Toxic/Flammable/Corrosive
DOT symbols according to United States Department of Transportation; The Safe Accountable, Flexible and Efcient Transportation Equity Act of 2003. Primary labels:
Non-combustible
Flammable
Toxic
Combination labels:
Non-combustible/Oxidizing
Toxic/Oxidizing
Toxic/Corrosive
Toxic/Flammable
Flammable/Self igniting
Toxic/Self igniting
Toxic/Oxidizing/Corrosive
Toxic/Flammable/Corrosive
3 Note that national and local laws and regulations regarding transport and packaging of hazardous
material must be followed at all times. The hazard symbols shown in this book may vary in certain regions and countries.
3 National laws and regulations govern the permission to produce and use products that may be
dangerous due to ammability and/or toxicity. Hence some of the gases contained herein may not be allowed on certain local markets.
Applications
3) 3 The short summary of characteristic includes information such as colour, odour, physical and chemical properties.
3 To indicate the hazardous properties of the gas, the data sheets are marked with the following
symbols and designations according to 67/548/EEC (called EC C&L in this book).
Corrosive
Harmful
Irritating
Toxic
Very toxic
Oxidizing
Flammable
Extremely ammable
3 According to the new Globally Harmonized System for Classication and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)
the following pictograms are replacing the above mentioned orange labels:
Physical hazards Health hazards Environmental hazards
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidising
Gas under pressure
Corrosive
Toxic
Corrosive
Irritant/ Sensitizer
Respiratory (and other)
Furthermore a signal word (DANGER/WARNING) needs to be added on the label, Hazard (H-) statements are replacing Risk (R-) phrases and Precautionary (P-) statements are replacing Safety (S-) phrases. Transport of dangerous goods diamonds are not affected by GHS. In the case of a single package GHS pictograms may not be used when they duplicate transport of dangerous goods pictograms. EU GHS entered into force on January 20th, 2009 (Reg. Nr 1272/2008 called EU GHS C&L in this book); all products shall be classied and labelled in accordance with GHS criteria: - by December 1st, 2010 for all pure substances, - by June 1st, 2015 for all mixtures. 4) 3 Purity classication is written in two ways: a) As a quality code, e.g. 4.5 -where the number before the dot represents the number of nines and the last number indicates the last decimal. 4.5 = 99.995% 5.7 = 99.9997% b) As purity in percent, e.g. > 99.9995% This represents the minimum concentration of actual gas. In the case of liqueed gases the purity always represents the liquid phase. Purities given are typical purities. Other purities are available, contact your local Linde representative for details.
3 Under the heading Impurities the maximum concentrations of specied impurities are stated. The
actual concentration can be less. In the case of liqueed gases the impurity specications are based on vaporised liquid phase.
10
Gases
5) 3 For most of the gas types there are recommendations for suitable material when selecting equipment under the heading Material compatibility. The information has been compiled from what Linde believes are reliable sources (International Standards: Compatibility of cylinder and valve materials with gas content; Part 1: ISO 11114-1:1997, Part 2: ISO 11114-2:2000). The data must be used with caution. No raw data such as this can cover all conditions of concentration, temperature, humidity, impurities and aeration. This table should basically be used to choose possible materials after which more extensive investigation and testing should be carried out under the specic conditions of use. The data mainly concern high pressure applications at ambient temperature and the safety aspect of material compatibility rather than the quality aspect. For more specic information and for information not obtained in this book please contact your Linde representative. 6) 3 Physical data reproduced by permission of DIPPR, The American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
3 When nothing else is stated the pressure is absolute.

7) 3 Application icons on the top right of the page summarize the application areas where the gas is used for. Source and Applications paragraphs provide some examples of how the gases can be manufactured and used. See the Application areas and product sources paragraph for more details. 8) 3 The Montreal Protocol (1987) on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. This international agreement, signed by almost 200 countries, will lead to the eventual total phase-out of Chlorouorocarbons (CFC), Halons, Hydrobromouorocarbons (HBFC), Methyl Chloroform, Carbon tetrachloride, Hydrochlorouorocarbons (HCFC), Methyl bromide and Bromochloromethane. Total bans or production caps and import quotas now apply to all categories of ozone depleting products (ODP) in all signatory developed countries. In developing countries high ODP products are currently subject to control, regulation of lower ODP products is scheduled to apply by 2015. Some territories (e.g., EU) have already imposed application-specic usage bans ahead of the Montreal Protocol schedule. Certain exemptions apply for essential uses (e.g., laboratory, medical and military) and non-emissive applications (e.g., as feedstock in production processes).
3 The Kyoto Protocol (1997) is an international Framework Convention on Climate Change with
the objective of reducing greenhouse gases in an effort to prevent anthropogenic climate change. The scope of the protocol covers a basket of six identied greenhouse gases: Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous oxide, Sulphur hexauoride, Hydrouorocarbons (HFC), and Peruorocarbons (FC). Some territories (e.g., EU) have already imposed tighter emissions limits and application-specic usage bans ahead of the Kyoto Protocol schedule. Other countries (e.g., USA) are considering limiting the production and import of some of the products covered by the Protocol. Carbon dioxide is the baseline unit to which all other greenhouse gases are related. Therefore carbon dioxide has a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 1.
Applications
11
Application areas and product sources

In this book we have divided the market into twelve application areas. These areas are represented by icons placed by the application text if the area is using the gas in question. The division is based on ISIC-codes, and it is therefore in coherence with national statistics. The applications given in this book are examples of how the gases can be used. Gases nd their ways into new application elds as the market grows and techniques get more rened. Therefore new applications evolve and old disappear, in this respect the book is a snapshot at the time of compilation. Product sources given in this book are not exhaustive, but rather examples of common possible ways of producing the substances. Note that purity levels and impurities shown on the left pages are examples from our broad specialty gases programme. Some applications might need a higher purity than mentioned and in other cases a lower purity can be sufcient for a certain application or process. Linde can deliver most pure gases and a large variety of gas mixtures at all required purity levels. Please contact your local Linde representative or visit HiQ.Linde-Gas.com for our full HiQ Specialty Gases Programme.
AUTO
CHEM
ENERGY
FOOD
MANUF
MEDICAL
METAL
PHARMA
OEM
PETRO
R&D
SEMI
12
Gases
Cross reference register

AUTO, automotive and transport related industries
Acetylene Air, synthetic Ammonia Argon n-Butane iso-Butane Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Carbonyl sulphide Epoxyethane Ethane Ethene Fluorine Helium Methane Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Nitrous oxide Oxygen Propane Propene Sulphur dioxide Sulphur hexauoride Xenon
AUTO
CHEM, chemical industries except petrochemical and pharmaceutical

Acetylene Aminomethane Ammonia Boron trichloride Boron triuoride Bromomethane Bromoethene 1,3-Butadiene n-Butane iso-Butane 1-Butene cis-2-Butene iso-Butene trans-2-Butene 1-Butyne Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Carbon oxyuoride Carbonyl sulphide Chlorine Chlorodiuoromethane Chloroethane Chloroethene Chloromethane Chloropentauoroethane Cyanic chloride Cyclopropane Deuterium Diborane Dichlorouoromethane Dichlorosilane 1,1-Diuoroethane 1,1-Diuoroethene Dimethylamine 2,2-Dimethylpropane Epoxyethane Ethanamine Ethane Ethanedinitrile Ethene Ethyl formate Fluorine Hexauoroethane Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen uoride Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen sulphide Methane Methanethiol Methoxyethene Methoxymethane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen triuoride Nitrous oxide Oxygen Phosgene Phosphine Propadiene Propane Propene Propyne Silicon tetrachloride Silicon tetrauoride Sulphur dioxide Tetrauoromethane Trichlorosilane Trimethylamine Xenon
CHEM
ENERGY, electricity, gas and water

Air, synthetic Ammonia n-Butane iso-Butane Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Carbonyl sulphide Chlorine Chloroethene Deuterium Dichlorodiuoromethane 1,2-Dichlorotetrauoroethane Ethane Helium Hexauoroethane Hydrogen Hydrogen sulphide Methane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrogen dioxide Nitrous oxide Octauoropropane Oxygen Propane Propene Silicon tetrauoride Sulphur dioxide Sulphur hexauoride
ENERGY
FOOD, food, beverages and agriculture

Acetylene Aminomethane Ammonia Argon Bromomethane Bromoethene iso-Butane Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Carbonyl sulphide Dichlorodiuoromethane Dimethylamine Epoxyethane Ethanedinitrile Ethene Ethyl formate Hydrogen Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen uoride Methane Methanethiol Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Oxygen Phosphine Propane Sulphur dioxide
FOOD
MANUF, manufacturing industries except automotive and OEM

Acetylene Air, synthetic Aminomethane Ammonia Argon Boron trichloride Bromomethane Bromoethene n-Butane iso-Butane Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorodiuoroethane Chlorodiuoromethane Chloroethane Chloroethene Chloromethane Chloropentauoroethane Deuterium Diborane Dichlorodiuoromethane Dichlorouoromethane 1,2-Dichlorotetrauoroethane 1,1-Diuoroethane Diuoromethane Dimethylamine Epoxyethane Ethane Ethanedinitrile Ethene Ethyl formate Fluorine Fluoromethane Helium Hexauoroethane Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen uoride Hydrogen sulphide Krypton Methane Methanethiol Methoxyethene Methoxymethane Neon Nitrogen Nitrogen triuoride Nitrous oxide Octauoropropane Oxygen Phosgene Phosphine Propane Propene Silane Silicon tetrachloride Sulphur dioxide Sulphur hexauoride Tetrauoroethane Tetrauoromethane Triuoromethane Xenon
MANUF
Applications
13
MEDICAL, hospitals and health care

Acetylene Air, synthetic Argon Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chloroethane Chloromethane Cyclopropane Deuterium Epoxyethane Ethene Helium Krypton Neon Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Octauoropropane Oxygen Sulphur hexauoride Trimethylamine Xenon
MEDICAL
METAL, metal industries

Air, synthetic Ammonia Argon Boron trichloride Boron triuoride Bromoethene iso-Butane Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chloromethane Diborane Dimethylamine Ethane Fluorine Helium Hydrogen Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen uoride Hydrogen sulphide Methane Nitrogen Nitrogen triuoride Oxygen Propane Silicon tetrachloride Silicon tetrauoride Sulphur dioxide Sulphur hexauoride
METAL
OEM, original analytical equipment manufacturers

Acetylene Air, synthetic Ammonia Argon n-Butane iso-Butane Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide 2,2-Dimethylpropane Helium Hydrogen Hydrogen cyanide Krypton Methane Neon Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrogen dioxide Nitrous oxide Oxygen Propane Sulphur Hexauoride Xenon
OEM
PETRO, petrochemical industries

Acetylene Aminomethane Ammonia Boron trichloride Boron triuoride Bromomethane Bromoethene 1,3-Butadiene n-Butane iso-Butane 1-Butene cis-2-Butene iso-Butene trans-2-Butene 1-Butyne Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorodiuoromethane Chloroethane Chloromethane Cyclopropane Diborane 1,1-Diuoroethane 1,1-Diuoroethene Dimethylamine 2,2-Dimethylpropane Epoxyethane Ethanamine Ethane Ethene Fluorine Hexauoroethane Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen uoride Hydrogen sulphide Methane Methanethiol Methoxyethene Methoxymethane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Oxygen Phosgene Propadiene Propane Propene Propyne Sulphur dioxide Tetrauoroethane Trimethylamine
PETRO
PHARMA, pharmaceutical industries

Air, synthetic Aminomethane Ammonia Argon Boron trichloride Boron triuoride Bromomethane Bromoethene Carbon dioxide Carbonyl sulphide Chloromethane Dimethylamine Epoxyethane Ethanamine Ethyl formate Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulphide Methane Methanethiol Methoxymethane Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Oxygen Phosgene Propadiene Propane Propene Propyne Sulphur dioxide Tetrauoroethane Trimethylamine
PHARMA
SEMI, semiconductor industries

Acetylene Ammonia Argon Arsine Boron trichloride Boron triuoride Carbon dioxide Chlorine Chloromethane Chloropentauoroethane Deuterium Diborane Dichlorosilane 1,2-Dichlorotetrauoroethane Diuoromethane Fluorine Fluoromethane Helium Hexauoroethane Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen uoride Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen sulphide Krypton Neon Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrogen triuoride Nitrous oxide Octauoropropane Oxygen Phosphine Silane Silicon tetrachloride Silicon tetrauoride Sulphur hexauoride Tetrauoromethane Trichlorosilane Triuoromethane Xenon
SEMI
R&D, research institutes and universities

All gases are used or can be used for research.
R&D
14
Gases
Ethyne CAS: 74-86-2
Acetylene
AAS acetylene 2.6
C2H2, UN: 1001

ADR Class 2, 4F DOT Class 2.1
EC: 200-816-9
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.6% Air <4,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 15 bar(a) 70 F: 250 psi(g) PH3 <5 H2S <1
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless gas with ether-like odour when very pure, otherwise garlic-like. Supplied dissolved in acetone or DMF (n,n-dimethylmethanamide). Can decompose instantaneously at pressures higher than 1 bar. Acetylene can be delivered as a non-dissolved gas for specic R&D applications.
Extremely ammable
R-phrases: R5 - Heating may cause an explosion; R6 - Explosive with or without contact with air; R12 - Extremely ammable.
H-statements: Dissolved Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely ammable gas; EUH006 - Explosive with or without contact with air.
Physical data
m N niu mi na u l Bu A Bra ss el er bb ste u r n er tyl pp rbo Co Ca Bu
Legend:
Good
Fair
Avoid
l-F Ke
ne Mo
e ren op lon y e N N
ne the e y C l PV Po
el ste s es on inl a t e T S
on Vit
Applications
15
AUTO
CHEM
FOOD
MANUF
MEDICAL
OEM
PETRO
R&D
SEMI
Source
Acetylene is manufactured commercially by reaction between calcium carbide and water, and as a by product of ethylene production.
Applications
Acetylene is used as a raw material for the production of electrically conducting plastics, such as polyacetylene. Acetylene is used with high purity synthetic air or nitrous oxide as a fuel for the ame in atomic absorption ame spectroscopy. This is used in water, soil, food and biological research laboratories where sensitivity and accuracy of results are important. Acetylene is most commonly used in combination with oxygen for cutting or welding materials such as mild steel, where the standard industrial grade is sufcient. Acetylene with low phosphine levels is required for lead brazing or welding. Acetylene is used in organic synthesis (laboratory work) as well as in chemical synthesis. Acetylene is used as carbon source in the production of molecular manufacturing like fullerenes; well known examples are bucky balls or carbon nanotubes. Acetylene is used in the cultivation of plants; it improves the forming of new owers. Acetylene is used as a component in calibration gases for the gas, oil as well as chemical industry. Acetylene is still used in some lighthouses as light fuel source. Acetylene is one of the components in lung testing gases. This unsaturated hydrocarbon exhibits high chemical reactivity, and is an important intermediate in the chemical industry. It is employed for the production of: 3 acetaldehyde 3 acrylic acids 3 acrylic ethers 3 acrylonitride 3 carbazole 3 butenyne (vinyl acetylene) 3 chloroethene (vinyl chloride) 3 diols 3 ethene 3 ethenoxyethenes (vinyl ethers) 3 ethenyl acetate (vinyl acetate) 3 ethenyl amides (vinyl amides) 3 ethenyl sulphides (vinyl sulphides) 3 neoprene 3 phenylethene (styrene) 3 polyoxymethylene 3 pyrrolidine 3 trichloroethene 3 very ne carbon black, called acetylene black.
16
Gases
Air, synthetic
CAS: 132259-10-0
80% N2 + 20% O2 UN: 1002

ADR Class 2, 1A DOT Class 2.2
EC: not available
Dry synthetic air 4.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.99% H2O <3
Emission synthetic air 5.5

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.9995% CO <0.1 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 200 bar(a) 70 F: 2,400 psi(g) CO2 <0.1 NOX <0.1 CnHm <0.1
Characteristics
Substance not classied as hazardous.
Physical data
Molecular weight: Boiling point: Density: Vapour pressure: at 1.013 bar [C] at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [kg/m3] at 0 C, [bar] at 20 C, [bar]: Flammability range in air, [% volume]: Specic volume: at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [m3/kg] 28.975 194.3 1.21 Non.combustible 0.826 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 13.3 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft3] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi] 317.8 0.075
m N niu mi na u l Bu A ss Bra el er bb ste u r n er tyl pp rbo Co Ca Bu
Legend:
el
Good
Fair
Avoid
l-F Ke
n Mo
e ren op lon e Ny N
ne the e C ly PV Po
l tee ss s e nl on i a Te St
on Vit
Applications
17
AUTO
ENERGY
MANUF
MEDICAL
METAL
OEM
PHARMA
R&D
Source
Synthetic air is produced by mixing pure oxygen (20 %) and pure nitrogen (80 %). This eliminates all kind of impurities present in normal ambient air.
Applications
Air is a source of oxygen and nitrogen. Air is the source of oxygen for burning, respiration of plants and animals, decay, and industrial oxidations. Synthetic air is used as zero gas in the running and calibration of environmental monitoring and test measurements where levels of sulphur and nitric oxides can effect the measurement equipment. Synthetic air is used in medical gas mixtures. Synthetic air is regularly used as the oxidizer for ame ionization detectors in chromatography and total hydrocarbon analyzers. Synthetic air is used together with acetylene in atomic absorption ame spectrometry. Synthetic air is used as a balance gas for many calibration gases.
18
Gases
Ammonia
R-717 CAS: 7664-41-7
NH3, UN: 1005

ADR Class 2, 2TC DOT Class 2.3
EC: 231-635-3
Detector ammonia 3.6

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.96% O2 <50 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 7.3 bar(a) 70 F: 114 psi(g) H2O <300
Characteristics
Colourless flammable liquefied gas with a penetrating and suffocating odour.
Toxic
R-phrases: R10 - Flammable; R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R34 - Causes burns; R50 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H221 - Flammable gas; H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage; H400 - Very toxic to aquatic life.
Physical data
Molecular weight: Boiling point: Density: Vapour pressure: at 1.013 bar [C] at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [kg/m ] at 0 C, [bar] at 20 C, [bar]: Flammability range in air, [% volume]: Specic volume: at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [m3/kg]
3
17.031 33.43 0.728 4.29 8.55 15.0 27.0 1.374 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 12.821 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft ] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi]
3
241.17 0.044 62.21 128.51
um N ini m na u Bu Al ss Bra r el be ste rub n er l o ty pp rb Co Ca Bu
Legend:
Good
Fair
Avoid
l-F Ke
ne Mo
ne pre o lon Ny Ne
ne the e C ly PV Po
el ste s s e on inl Te Sta
on Vit
Source
Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber-Bosch process, consisting of a direct reaction between hydrogen and nitrogen, in the molar proportions 3:1.
Applications
19
AUTO
CHEM
ENERGY
FOOD
MANUF
METAL
OEM
PETRO
PHARMA
R&D
SEMI
Applications
Anhydrous ammonia is one of the oldest commercial refrigerants known. It is used in both absorption and compression type systems. It has the ASHRAE number R-717. It is used extensively in soil fertilization. In this application it is used in the form of ammonia, ammonia salts, nitrates, and urea. It is also added to fertilizers containing superphosphates and in making nitrogen containing solutions which consists of ammonia and ammonium nitrate, or urea, or both in water. Anhydrous ammonia is applied to the soil by direct injection or by addition to irrigation water. Anhydrous ammonia is also used in combination with chlorine to purify municipal and industrial water supplies. Ammonia, rather dissociated ammonia, is used in such metal treating operations as nitriding, carbo-nitriding, bright annealing, furnace brazing, sintering, sodium hydride descaling, atomic hydrogen welding, and other applications where protective atmospheres are required. It is used in extracting such metals as copper, nickel, and molybdenum from their ores. It is also used to reduce atmosphere in heat treatment of metals and for the fabrication of silicium nitride. Dissociated ammonia is also used as a convenient source of hydrogen for the hydrogenation of fats and oils. Through the controlled combustion of dissociated ammonia in air, a source of pure nitrogen is achieved. The petroleum industry utilizes anhydrous ammonia in neutralizing the acid constituents of crude oil and in protecting equipment such as bubble plate towers, heat exchangers, condensers, and storage tanks from corrosion. High purity ammonia can be oxidized to nitric oxide which is converted to nitrogen dioxide to ultimately furnish nitric acid (Ostwald process); in the lead chamber process for manufacturing sulphuric acid, ammonia is oxidized to nitrogen oxides which are needed to convert sulphur dioxide to sulphuric acid. Most industrial and military explosives of the conventional types contain nitrogen, and ammonia is the basic source of nitrogen in their manufacturing. Ammonia is used in the production of hydrogen cyanide. As a processing agent, ammonia is used in the manufacturing of alkalis, ammonium salts, dyes, pharmaceuticals, cuprammonium rayon, and nylon. A diluted solution of ammonia in water is used as a common household cleansing agent. More concentrated forms are used extensively as chemical reagents. A recent development is the substitution of ammonia for calcium in the bisulphite pulping of wood. This improves the yield and quality of the pulp. Ammonia is also used as a solvent for casein in the coating of paper. Ammonia is used in the rubber industry for stabilization of raw latex to prevent coagulation during transportation and storage. Ammonia is used as a catalyst in the phenol-formaldehyde condensation and also in the urea-formaldehyde condensation to make synthetic resin. Ammonia is a reagent in copying machines (blue print and micro lm). Ammonia is also used to produce proteins and can be used to improve the protein content of low quality hay. Ammonia is used as component in calibration gas mixtures for gas detection systems as well as environmental emission monitoring. Ammonia is widely used in the semiconductor industry. Ammonia is used in the production of blue and white LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes). Ammonia can be used to neutralize nitric oxides emitted by diesel engines by selective catalytic reduction. Ammonia is used as a chemical agent in CG-MS analytical equipment.
20
Gases
R-740 CAS: 7440-37-1 EC: 231-147-0 UN: 1006 (Compressed); 1951 (Refrigerated liquid)
Argon
Ar,
ADR Class 2, 1A (Compressed); 3A (Refrigerated liquid) DOT Class 2.2
Instrument argon 5.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.999% O2 <2 N2 <5 CnHm <0.2 H2O <3
Scientic argon 6.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.9999% O2 <0.2 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 200 bar(a) 70 F: 2,640 psi(g) N2 <0.4 H2 <0.1 CO+CO2 <0.2 CnHm <0.1 H2O <0.5
Characteristics
Colourless and odourless gas. Non-reactive. Inert. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
Proposed by the Industry Signal word: WARNING
R-phrases:
H-statements: Compressed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; Refrigerated Gas 3 H281 - Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury.
Physical data
3
39.948 185.87 1.691 Non.combustible 0.591 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 9.71 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft ] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi]
3
352.55 0.103
um N ini m na u Bu Al Bra ss r el be ste rub n er l o ty pp rb Co Ca Bu
Legend:
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Fair
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l-F Ke
ne Mo
ne pre o lon Ny Ne
ne the e C ly PV Po
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Applications
21
AUTO
FOOD
MANUF
MEDICAL
METAL
OEM
PHARMA
R&D
SEMI
Source
The most common source of argon is an air separation plant. Air contains approx. 0.93% (vol.) argon. A crude argon stream containing up to 5% oxygen is removed from the main air separation column via a secondary (side-arm) column. The crude argon is then further puried to produce the various commercial grades required. Argon may also be recovered from the exhaust streams of certain ammonia plants.
Applications
Argon is one of the most common carrier gases in gas chromatography. Argon is used as a carrier gas in sputtering, plasma etching and ion implantations, and as a blanket atmosphere in crystal growth. Argon is also the choice gas for ICP spectroscopy (Inductively Coupled Plasma spectroscopy). Argon is used in atomic absorption spectrometry as a blanket gas in the graphite furnace. One of the most common applications of argon, either pure or in various mixtures, is as a shielding gas for arc welding. Many Geiger-counting tubes contain argon or argon mixed with organic vapours or other gases, for example 10% methane in argon. Argon is used in blends with, for example, uorine and helium in excimer lasers. Argon is one of the principal gases used for lling incandescent (lament) lamps, generally in a mixture with nitrogen, krypton or neon, for phosphorescent tubes in mixtures with neon, helium and mercury vapour and for thyratron radio tubes, in mixtures with neon. Argon is used as an insulation gas in high-efciency multi-pane windows to improve thermal insulation. The argon-oxygen decarburizing (AOD) process is the most common method of rening stainless steel, and uses large quantities of both gases supplied either in liquid form or via pipeline from an on-site plant. Argon is used in the iron and steel industry to prevent oxidation of molten metals and alloys and for degassing and desulphurization of molten steel and iron baths. The pharmaceutical industry uses argon to displace oxygen in the top of intravenous drug containers, extending product shelf-life Argon is used, often in a mixture with hydrogen, as a protective atmosphere for the heat treatment of certain metals, particularly those which are susceptible to nitriding when treated in a nitrogen-based atmosphere. This includes stainless steels and many different specialized and therefore small-scale applications. Argon is used for wine preservation to eliminate air by the heavier argon, to prevent oxidation and extend the product quality for opened bottles and barrels. Liquid argon is used in cryosurgery e.g., cryoablation to destroy cancer cells. Argon, R-740, is used in gas mixtures for non-CFC ultra-low temperature refrigeration applications. Argon is, sometimes in combination with nitrogen, used to inate airbags. Argon is used, often in combination with nitrogen and/or carbon dioxide, as a clean re extinguishing gas, since the inert properties do not damage any materials extinguished. Argon is used in laboratory as purge gas or balance gas in gas mixtures.
22
Gases
Arsine
CAS: 7784-42-1
AsH3 EC: 232-066-3 UN: 2188

ADR Class 2, 2TF DOT Class 2.3
Arsine 5.0
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.999% O2 <1 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 13.5 bar(a) 70 F: 204.6 psi(g) N2 <3 CO <1 CO2 <1 CnHm <1 H2O <2 PH3 <0.1
Characteristics
Flammable. Toxic substance is formed with combustion. Colourless, liqueed gas with garlic-like odour.
Extremely ammable
Very toxic
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable; R26 - Very toxic by inhalation; R48/20 - Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation; R50/53 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely ammable gas; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H373 - May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure; H410 - Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.
Physical data
Molecular weight: Boiling point: Density: Vapour pressure: at 1.013 bar [C] at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [kg/m3] at 0 C, [bar] at 20 C, [bar]: Flammability range in air, [% volume]: Specic volume: at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [m3/kg] 77.945 62.48 3.334 9.02 14.74 4.5 64 0.300 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 4.90 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft3] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi] 80.44 0.204 130.9 219.32
um N ini m na u l u B A ss Bra r el be ste rub n er l o ty pp rb Co Ca Bu
Legend:
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l-F Ke
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ne pre o lon y e N N
e en eth y C l PV Po
el ste s s e on inl a t e T S
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Applications
23
R&D
SEMI
Source
Arsine is commercially produced by the reaction of zinc arsenide and sulphuric acid. The crude arsine produced by this reaction is puried by a combination of distillation and catalytic absorption of the impurities.
Applications
Arsine is used in conjunction with organometallic compounds and as carrier gas in the epitaxical growth of compound semiconductors: most commonly with trimethyl gallium to produce gallium arsenide (GaAs). It is also used for the n-type doping of silicon-based semiconductors. Arsine is commonly used in the production of solar cells, in MOCVD (Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition) applications. Arsine is also used in the production of electroluminescent diodes.
24
Gases
Boron trichloride
CAS: 10294-34-5 EC: 233-658-4
BCl3
UN: 1741
Boron trichloride 2.8

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.8%
Boron trichloride 5.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.999% O2 <1 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 1.1 bar(a) 70 F: 5.2 psi(g) N2 <2 CO <1 CO2 <5 CnHm <1 Fe <0.2 (by weight)
Characteristics
Liquefied gas, decomposes in water to hydrogen chloride and boric acid. Forms white fumes in humid air. Pungent odour. Highly corrosive.
Very toxic
R-phrases: R14 - Reacts violently with water; R26/28 - Very toxic by inhalation and if swallowed; R34 - Causes burns.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; EUH014 - Reacts violently with water; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H300 - Fatal if swallowed; H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
Physical data
3
117.17 12.5 5.162 0.63 1.33 Non.combustible 0.194 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 3.17 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft ] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi]
3
54.52 0.315 9.09 19.91
Legend:
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Fair
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l-F Ke
ne Mo
ne pre o lon Ny Ne
ne the e C ly PV Po
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Applications
25
CHEM
MANUF
METAL
PETRO
PHARMA
R&D
SEMI
Source
Boron trichloride is produced by reacting together one of the following sets of ingredients. In each case the reaction requires elevated temperatures. a) nely divided carbon plus boric acid and chlorine b) boric oxide plus the chloride of either sodium, potassium or lithium c) sodium boronuoride plus magnesium chloride d) boron carbide plus chlorine.
Applications
Boron trichloride is used as a chemical reagent in the pharmaceutical industry. Boron trichloride is used as a source of boron for p-type doping of silicon by thermal diffusion or ion implantation. It is also used for dry plasma etching of aluminium and its alloys. Boron trichloride is used in rening metals such as aluminium, magnesium, zinc and copper alloys. By bubbling the gas through these molten metals nitrides, carbides and oxides are removed. The same technique is used to clean up castings of these metals. In this case occluded gases such as nitrogen, hydrogen and carbon monoxide are also removed from the casting. Boron trichloride may be used in the production of optical bres. Boron trichloride is the starting material for the production of boron nitride, used as a refractory coating on such articles as crucibles etc. Boron trichloride is used as a carrier gas, as a catalyst in organic reactions, for manufacturing of electrical resistors.
26
Gases
Boron triuoride
CAS: 7637-07-2 EC: 231-569-5
BF3
UN: 1008
Boron triuoride 2.5

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.5% SiF4 <1,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 60 bar(a) 70 F: 855.4 psi(g) O2+N2 <4,000 SO2+SO3 <200
Characteristics
Pungent odour. Highly corrosive. Forms white fumes in humid air.
Very toxic
Corrosive
R-phrases: R14 - Reacts violently with water; R26 - Very toxic by inhalation; R35 - Causes severe burns.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; EUH014 - Reacts violently with water; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
Physical data
3
3
147.62 0.176
Legend:
el
Good
Fair
Avoid
l-F Ke
n Mo
e ren op lon e Ny N
ne the e C ly PV Po
l tee ss s e on inl Te Sta
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Applications
27
CHEM
METAL
PETRO
PHARMA
R&D
SEMI
Source
Boron triuoride is prepared by the reaction of a boroncontaining material with a uorine-containing substance in the presence of an acid. The traditional method uses borax, uorspar and sulphuric acid. Another process for manufacturing of boron triuoride is to treat uorosulphonic acid with boric acid.
Applications
Boron triuoride is used as a catalyst in organic synthesis for: isomerization, alkylation, polymerization, esterication, halogenation, sulphonation, condensation and nitration. Boron triuoride is used as catalyst in the Friedel-Crafts type reaction, in the synthesis of: saturated hydrocarbons, olens and alcohols. Boron triuoride is used as protection atmosphere of molten magnesium. Boron triuoride is also used as a doping gas for semi-conductor manufacturing.
28
Gases
Methyl bromide, R-40 B1 CAS: 74-83-9 EC: 200-813-2
Bromomethane
Chemical bromomethane 2.5
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.5% H2O <1,000 Typical lling pressure
CH3Br,
ADR Class 2, 2T DOT Class 2.3
UN: 1062
15 C: 1.6 bar(a)
70 F: 13 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless liqueed gas, odourless in small concentrations. Has a chloroform type odour at high concentrations.
Toxic
R-phrases: R23/25 - Toxic by inhalation and if swallowed; R36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin; R48/20 - Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation; R68 - Possible risk of irreversible effects; R50 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms; R59 - Dangerous for the ozone layer.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H341 - Suspected of causing genetic defects; H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H301 - Toxic if swallowed; H373 - May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure; H319 - Causes serious eye irritation; H335 - May cause respiratory irritation; H315 - Causes skin irritation; H400 - Very toxic to aquatic life; EUH059 - Hazardous to the Ozone Layer.
Physical data
3
3
38.43 0.251 12.76 27.76
Legend:
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l-F Ke
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Applications
29
CHEM
FOOD
MANUF
PETRO
PHARMA
R&D
Source
Commercial and laboratory methods of manufacturing bromomethane are generally similar and are based primarily upon the reaction of hydrobromic acid with methanol. Other methods involve the treatment of bromine with a reducing agent, such as sulphur dioxide or phosphorus, in the presence of water. More recently proposed processes involve the reaction of hydrogen bromide with excess chloromethane.
Applications
Bromomethane is used as: a methylation agent in organic synthesis a low-boiling solvent a refrigerant in the cold storage industry Bromomethane is used in fumigation of soils, seeds, owers and fresh vegetables/fruits as well as for products manufactured of natural materials (e.g., wood, sisal).
Note:
Bromomethane is controlled under The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. For further information on the protocol see page 10.
30
Gases
C2H3Br, Bromoethene, Vinyl bromide, R-1140 B1 CAS: 593-60-2 EC: 209-800-6 UN: 1085
Bromoethylene
Chemical bromoethene 2.5
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.5% H2O <200 Typical lling pressure
ADR Class 2, 2F
DOT Class 2.1
15 C: 1 bar(a)
70 F: 0.2 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liqueed, colourless gas with an ethereal odour. Stable, but may polymerize in sunlight. Reacts violently with all types of oxidizer.
Extremely ammable
Toxic
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable; R45 - May cause cancer.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely ammable gas; H350 - May cause cancer.
Physical data
3
3
60.46 0.284 8.13 17.74
Legend:
el
Good
Fair
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l-F Ke
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Applications
31
CHEM
FOOD
MANUF
METAL
PETRO
PHARMA
R&D
Source
Bromoethylene is produced by contacting, in the presence of a contact catalyst, acetylene and a mixture of bromoethene, hydrogen bromide and higher brominated products produced by the thermal cracking of ethylene dibromide, at 50250 C wherein the molar ratio of acetylene to hydrogen bromide is greater than 0.5:1.
Applications
Bromoethylene is used in production of polymers and co-polymers. Bromoethylene is used in production of leather. Bromoethylene is used in production of fabricated metal products. Bromoethylene is used in production of pharmaceuticals. Bromoethylene is used in production of fumigants. Bromoethylene can be used as a ame retardant and to produce ame retardant synthetic bres. Bromoethylene is used to manufacture bromopolymers, mainly polybromoethene. Bromoethylene can be used as an alkylation agent.
Note:
Bromoethene is controlled under The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. For further information on the protocol see page 10.
32
Gases
1,3-Butadiene
CAS: 106-99-0 EC: 203-450-8
C4H6 UN: 1010

Scientic 1,3-butadiene 2.5

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.5% Other CnHm <5,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 2 bar(a) 70 F: 22 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liqueed, colourless gas. Can form explosive peroxides in air. The cylinder contains an inhibitor to prevent polymerization.
Extremely ammable
Toxic
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable; R45 - May cause cancer; R46 - May cause heritable genetic damage.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely ammable gas; H350 - May cause cancer; H340 - May cause genetic defects.
Physical data
3
3
24.08 0.144 17.43 36.07
Legend:
el
Good
Fair
Avoid
l-F Ke
n Mo
e ren op lon e Ny N
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Applications
33
CHEM
PETRO
R&D
Source
1,3-Butadiene is manufactured by steam cracking of naphtha or gas oil fractions. 1,3-Butadiene is also produced by catalytic dehydrogenation of n-butene and n-butane, and by oxidative dehydrogenation of n-butene. The butadiene-containing C4-fractions obtained in these processes are then further separated. While C4-fractions readily form azeotropes, butadiene is isolated by using liquid-liquid extraction or extractive distillation.
Applications
1,3-Butadiene has been widely used in the manufacture of synthetic rubber. 1,3-Butadiene has been extensively used in various polymerizations in the plastic industry and is particularly useful in the Diels-Alder reaction where it combines with activated olens to give cyclic compounds. 1,3-Butadiene is useful in a variety of miscellaneous organic reactions. 1,3-Butadiene is nding increasing usage in the resins and plastic elds. Copolymers containing a high percentage of styrene have been widely used as reinforcing and stiffening resin for rubber, as water and solvent-based paints, and in combinations with polystyrene for high impact plastics. Mixtures of styreneacrylonitrile resins and butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers have produced exceptionally high impact plastics having good chemical and heat distortion properties. 1,3-Butadiene is used as a component in calibration gases for the gas, oil as well as chemical industry.
34
Gases
n-Butane
R-600 CAS: 106-97-8
C4H10, UN: 1011

EC: 203-448-7
Chemical n-butane 2.5

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.5% Other CnHm <5,000
Scientic n-butane 3.5

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.95% O2 <10 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 1.8 bar(a) 70 F: 16.3 psi(g) CO2 <10 Other CnHm <500 H2O <10
Characteristics
Flammable, liquefied, colourless gas.
Extremely ammable
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely ammable gas.
Physical data
3
3
31.12 0.155 15.02 31.29
Legend:
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Fair
Avoid
l-F Ke
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Applications
35
AUTO
CHEM
ENERGY
MANUF
OEM
PETRO
R&D
Source
Both n-butane and iso-butane are recovered from natural gas and renery gases. Recovery is affected by absorption at high pressures in a suitable absorber oil and subsequent fractionation to remove propane and the pentanes. The two butanes are then separated by careful distillation.
Applications
n-Butane is primarily used as a heating and cooking fuel. n-Butane nds widespread use as a special motor fuel, e.g., for fork lift trucks, in circumstances where conventional fuel exhausts would be undesirable, such as inside buildings. n-Butane is used to ll the thermobulbs in pressure and temperature gauges. n-Butane is used as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of a variety of organic chemicals: acetic acid butadiene, used as a raw material for the production of synthetic rubbers butenes employed for the production of butadienes, butanol, maleic anhydride and polybutenes ethene propene n-Butane is used as a component in calibration gases for the gas, oil as well as chemical industry. It is also used as a standard fuel gas for the calibration of burners. Very pure forms of n-butane can be used in refrigeration applications replacing ozone depleting halocarbons. It has the ASHRAE number R-600. n-Butane is also used as an aerosol propellant, alone or mixed with other hydrocarbons. n-Butane/helium mixtures are used in ionizing particle counters. n-Butane and iso-butane are used pure or in mixtures for foam blowing.
36
Gases
Methylpropane, R-600a CAS: 75-28-5 EC: 200-857-2
iso-Butane
C4H10, UN: 1969

Chemical iso-butane 2.5

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.5% Other CnHm <5,000 H2O <100
Scientic iso-butane 3.5

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.95% Other CnHm <500 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 2.6 bar(a) 70 F: 31 psi(g) H2O <10
Characteristics
Extremely ammable
Physical data
3
3
10.92 0.155 23.1 45.8
Legend:
el ne pre o lon Ny Ne
Good
Fair
Avoid
l-F Ke
n Mo
ne the e C ly PV Po
on Vit
Applications
37
AUTO
CHEM
ENERGY
FOOD
MANUF
METAL
OEM
PETRO
R&D
Source
Both n-butane and iso-butane are recovered from natural gas and renery gases. Recovery is affected by absorption at high pressures in a suitable absorber oil and subsequent fractionation to remove propane and the pentanes. The two butanes are then separated by careful distillation.
Applications
iso-Butane is primarily used as a heating fuel; in private homes, has important uses in agriculture, for farming and farm processing, and in hotels, restaurants and holiday resorts. Industrial grade butane is a mixture of n-butane and iso-butane. iso-Butane is used industrially as a fuel in the metallurgical glass and ceramic industries as well as an intermediate in the manufacture of aviation fuel. iso-Butane is a common refrigerant in domestic refrigerators. It has the ASHRAE number R-600a. Mixed with propane it is used as a refrigerant in water coolers, beer coolers and in domestic refrigerators. It is also used in small proportions in some HFC refrigerant blends for industrial and commercial refrigeration and air conditioning applications. Mixed with propane, butane is also employed as a fuel for internal combustion engines e.g., fork lifts. iso-Butane is used as a component in calibration gases for the gas, oil as well as chemical industry. iso-Butane is used as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of a variety of organic chemicals: acetic acid butadiene, used as a raw material for the production of synthetic rubbers iso-butene employed for the production of isoprenepolyisoprene, methacrylonitrile, polyisobutene and butyl rubber ethene propene iso-Butane nds use as an aerosol propellant, alone or mixed with other hydrocarbons. iso-Butane is also employed to ll thermometer bulbs and for saturated vapour pressure type pressure gauges. iso-Butane/helium mixtures are used in ionizing particle counters. iso-butane is also used in nuclear research for multi wire proportional scintillation chambers and other particle detectors. n-Butane and iso-Butane are used pure or in mixtures for foam blowing.
38
Gases
1-Butene
CAS: 106-98-9
C4H8 UN: 1012

EC: 203-449-2
Chemical 1-butene 2.6

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.6% Other CnHm <4,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 2.2 bar(a) 70 F: 23.5 psi(g)
Characteristics
Extremely ammable
Physical data
3
3
20.77 0.149 18.64 38.58
m Alu um ini na Bu
Legend:
Good
Fair
Avoid
ss Bra
el er bb ste u r n er tyl pp rbo Co Ca Bu
l-F Ke
ne Mo
el ste s es on inl a t Te S
on Vit
Applications
39
CHEM
PETRO
R&D
Source
1-Butene is produced by thermal or catalytic cracking of petroleum as well as by catalytic dehydrogenation of butane.
Applications
1-Butene is an intermediate in the preparation of a variety of chemicals, such as detergents, plastics and synthetic rubbers. 1-Butene is used as an intermediate in preparing organic compounds and in the fuel industry. 1-Butene is used as a component in calibration gases for the gas, oil as well as chemical industry.
40
Gases
cis-2-Butene
CAS: 590-18-1
C4H8 UN: 1012

EC: 209-673-7
Chemical cis-2-butene 2.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99% Other CnHm <10,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 1.5 bar(a) 70 F: 13 psi(g)
Characteristics
Extremely ammable
Physical data
3
3
38.72 0.150 12.75 27.26
Legend:
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Fair
Avoid
l-F Ke
ne Mo
ne pre o lon Ny Ne
ne the e C ly PV Po
on Vit
Applications
41
CHEM
PETRO
R&D
Source
Almost all commercially produced butenes are obtained as by-products from two principal processes: catalytic or thermal cracking, renery processes which upgrade high boiling petroleum fractions to gasoline, steam cracking, which produces light olens for chemical feedstocks by pyrolysis of saturated hydrocarbons derived from natural gas or crude oil. The butenes obtained are withdrawn as a mixture from the C4-fraction. From this mixture butadiene and butanes are separated by extractive distillation. The remaining butenes cannot be separated by mere distillation because their boiling points are too close together. In a rst step iso-butene is isolated either by etherication with methanol to form methyl tert-butylether (MTBE), or by hydrating iso-butene to tert-butanol (TBA). In this step all other C4 components in the mixture remain unchanged. MTBE and TBA can then be split by reversing synthesis to produce high purity iso-butene. Once the iso-butene content has been reduced, recovery of high purity 1-butene is possible by fractionation. The remaining 2-butenes can be separated by molecular sieve absorption methods. Other commercial processes that are sometimes used to produce specic isomers or mixtures of butenes or both, either directly or as by-products, include: the oxirane process for making propylene oxide (-> iso-butene) the dehydrogenation of butane and iso-butane (-> 1-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene) the disproportionation of olens (-> cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene) the oligomerization of ethylene (-> 1-butene). All or any of them may become useful feedstock sources should the need arise.
Applications
cis-2-Butene is a chemical intermediate in the following processes: catalytic dehydrogenation to produce butadiene the addition of water by means of the acid sulphate leads to the formation of 2-butanol esterication in the presence of tungstic acid, followed by oxidation by oxygen or air, in the liquid phase, leads to the production of acetic acid acetic acid can also be produced through oxidation by oxygen or air in the presence of manganese acetate in the liquid phase condensation of iso-butane with butenes leads to the formation of 2,2,3-trimethyl pentane, a high octane fuel. cis-2-Butene is a member of the alkene group of hydrocarbons. Alkenes serve as intermediates in the preparation of a variety of organic compounds. Sulphuric acid and sulphur dioxide react with alkenes to give alkyl hydrogen sulphates and alkyl sulphonates, respectively, many of which are useful as detergents. In the industrially important oxo process, alkenes react catalytically with carbon monoxide and hydrogen to give aldehydes. Alkenes are polymerized by heating with catalysts to give high-octane gasolines, plastics, and synthetic rubber. Alkanes react with alkenes in the presence of catalysts to form motor fuels in a process known as alkylation. cis-2-Butene is used as a component in calibration gases for the gas, oil as well as chemical industry. cis-2-Butene is also employed as a solvent.
42
Gases
iso-Butene
CAS: 115-11-7
C4H8 UN: 1012

EC: 204-066-3
Chemical iso-butene 2.0

Characteristics
Extremely ammable
Physical data
3
3
19.62 0.149 19.35 39.59
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Applications
43
CHEM
PETRO
R&D
Source
Applications
iso-Butene is mainly used as a chemical intermediate. iso-Butene is used in the production of acid and alkaline resistant rubber. iso-Butene is used as a component in calibration gases for the gas, oil as well as chemical industry.
44
Gases
trans-2-Butene
CAS: 624-64-6 EC: 210-855-3
C4H8 UN: 1012

Chemical trans-2-butene 2.0

Characteristics
Extremely ammable
Physical data
3
3
33.60 0.150 14.21 29.94
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Applications
45
CHEM
PETRO
R&D
Source
Applications
trans-2-Butene is employed as a chemical intermediate in the following processes: catalytic dehydrogenation that produces butadiene the addition of water by means of the acid sulphate leads to the formation of 2-butanol esterication in the presence of tungstic acid, followed by oxidation by oxygen or air in the liquid phase, leads to the production of acetic acid acetic acids can also be produced through oxidation by oxygen or air in the presence of manganese acetate, in the liquid phase. trans-2-Butene is a member of the alkene group of hydrocarbons. Alkenes serve as intermediates in the preparation of a variety of organic compounds. Sulphuric acid and sulphur dioxide react with alkenes to give alkyl hydrogen sulphates and alkyl sulphonates, respectively, many of which are useful detergents. In the industrially important oxo process, alkenes react catalytically with carbon monoxide and hydrogen to give high octane gasolines, plastics and synthetic rubber. Alkanes react with alkenes in the presence of catalysts to form motor fuels in a process known as alkylation. trans-2-Butene is used as a component in calibration gases for the gas, oil as well as chemical industry. trans-2-Butene is also employed as a solvent.
46
Gases
1-Butyne
1-Butyne 1.8
C4H6, UN: 2452

Ethylacetylene CAS: 107-00-6 EC: 203-451-3
Impurities [ppm] Purity >98% Other C4Hm <15,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 2.3 bar(a) 70 F: 9.2 psi(g)
Characteristics
Proposed by the Industry Proposed by the Industry Signal word: DANGER
Extremely ammable
Physical data
3
3
46.58 0.143 10.59 23.88
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Applications
47
CHEM
PETRO
R&D
Source
1-Butyne is prepared by reacting sodium acetylide with diethyl sulphate. It may also be obtained by treating 1,2- or 1,1-dibromobutane with alcoholic caustic alkali.
Applications
1-Butyne is used as a component in calibration gases for the gas, oil as well as chemical industry. 1-Butyne is commonly used in the synthesis of organic materials.
48
Gases
Carbon dioxide
CO2,
ADR Class 2, 2A; 3A (Refrigerated liquid) DOT Class 2.2
R-744 CAS: 124-38-9 EC: 204-696-9 UN: 1013; 2187 (Refrigerated liquid)
Cryotrap carbon dioxide 3.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.9% O2 + N2 <500 H2O <250 CnHm <50
Scientic carbon dioxide 5.2

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.9992% O2 <1 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 51 bar(a) 70 F: 830 psi(g) N2 <3 CnHm <1 H2O <3
Characteristics
Liqueed, colourless gas. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
R-phrases:
Physical data
3
3
109.3 0.114 505.3 853.7
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Source
Carbon dioxide is recovered from many different sources. It is obtained as an off-gas from fermentation processes, lime-stone kilns, natural CO2 springs, as well as gas streams from chemical and petrochemical operations. Recently, CO2 is also recaptured from the off-gas from power plants.
Applications
49
AUTO
CHEM
ENERGY
FOOD
MANUF
MEDICAL
METAL
OEM
PETRO
PHARMA
SEMI
R&D
Applications
Carbon dioxide is used extensively as a neutralizing agent for pH control, for example, in cement curing water treatment and in many other commercially important chemical applications. Carbon dioxide is used in many consumer products ranging from aerosol packaging to air guns that require pressurized gas because it is inexpensive and non-ammable; in the operation of pneumatic equipment where other power sources are not available or suitable, and for the transfer of hazardous and ammable liquids. Owing to its stimulating effect on the nerve centres, carbon dioxide is employed in medicine in mixtures with oxygen, for reanimating victims of asphyxiation (drowning, electrocution, carbon monoxide poisoning, diphtheritic toxin morphine, scopolamine). It also serves in the treatment of certain skin affections. Carbon dioxide is used for the chemical vapour deposition of silicon dioxide. Mixed with ethylene oxide, it is employed as a fumigant in the destruction of insects in grain silos, and in leguminous plants, dates and dried gs. A substantial volume of carbon dioxide is used for carbonating beverages such as beer and many soft drinks and conservation of wine, unfermented grape juice and various fruit juices. Carbon dioxide is used to modify atmospheres, for example in green houses where it increases plant growth rates or combined with nitrogen to prolong quality in food packaging applications (MAP Modied Atmosphere Packaging). Carbon dioxide, when mixed with helium and nitrogen, is used as the active medium in carbon dioxide lasers. Such lasers have a variety of applications, for instance piercing small holes into cigarette lters and the marking of food and drink packages, cutting metals, welding, engraving etc. Carbon dioxide is used as an inerting agent for various mild steel welding operations, often in combination with argon. Carbon dioxide is used for foam blowing. Carbon dioxide is used in Coleman nitrogen analyzers. Carbon dioxide is used as media for supercritical uid extraction (SFE) in sample preparation and as a carrier gas for analytical and preparative supercritical uid chromatography (SFC). Compressed carbon dioxide is used as a replacement for blasting powder in quarrying and mining operations. Solid carbon dioxide is used as blasting agent. Liquid carbon dioxide is becoming increasingly used as a refrigerant in mechanical refrigerating systems due to its environmental credentials. It has the ASHRAE number R-744. It can be used in direct expansion systems or as a secondary refrigerant with ammonia. Dry ice, or solid CO2 is commonly used as a refrigerant. Liquid/solid carbon dioxide is used for cooling gas chromatography ovens. Possible refrigerant for MAC (Mobile Air Conditioning) due to European phase out of tetrauoroethane (R-134a). Carbon dioxide is used in mixtures for car emission monitoring and environmental monitoring. Carbon dioxide is used for re extinguishing. Carbon dioxide is often used in combination with ethylene oxide for sterilizing purposes. Carbon dioxide is also used for blood analysis and dehydration of penicillin. Carbon dioxide is used for production of paints and varnishes.
50
Gases
Carbon monoxide
CAS: 630-08-0 EC: 211-128-3
CO
UN: 1016
Chemical carbon monoxide 2.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99% H2O <20
Scientic carbon monoxide 4.7

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.997% O2 <5 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 200 bar(a) 70 F: 2,000 psi(g) N2 <10 CO2 <5 H2 <1 Ar <15 CnHm <2 H2O <5
Characteristics
Flammable. Odourless and colourless gas.
Extremely ammable
Toxic
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable; R61 - May cause harm to the unborn child / Repr. Cat. 1; R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R48/23 - Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation.
H-statements: Compressed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely ammable gas; H360D - May damage the unborn child / Repr. 1A; H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H372 - Causes damage to organs though prolonged or repeated exposure.
Physical data
Molecular weight: Boiling point: Density: Vapour pressure: at 1.013 bar [C] at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [kg/m3] at 0 C, [bar] at 20 C, [bar]: Flammability range in air, [% volume]: Specic volume: at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [m3/kg] 28.01 191.45 1.185 12.5 74.0 0.844 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 13.9 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft3] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi] 312.59 0.072
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Low alloy carbon steels (steel with additions of up to few percent of elements such as chromium, molybdenum, nickel, manganese etc) are sensitive to cracking in a carbon monoxide-carbon dioxide-water environment, when the three components are present at the same time. Only under specific condition these steel can be used (see EIGA doc 95/07/E).
Applications
51
AUTO
CHEM
ENERGY
MANUF
MEDICAL
METAL
OEM
PETRO
R&D
Source
The most common carbon monoxide production plants are reformers in which natural gas and steam reacts together to produce CO together with hydrogen. However, there are also many other production techniques such as incomplete combustion of natural gas and, for smaller quantities, the dehydration of formic acid using either sulphuric or phosphoric acid.
Applications
The largest use of carbon monoxide is in the chemical industry where it is used in the synthesis of a wide variety of chemicals such as esters, ketones, aldehydes and glycols as well as for the production of phosgene, a common chemical intermediate. Normally the demand for carbon monoxide at chemical production sites is so great that it is produced on-site, though occasionally supplies in tube trailers may be viable. Some types of electronic components, such as reed relay switches, are encapsulated in a glass enclosure which is sealed by direct heating with a ame. In these cases it is important that no water is produced in the ame as this would be sealed in the enclosure and lead to failure of the component. Hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuels are therefore not suitable and carbon monoxide is used. Carbon monoxide is used in relatively large quantities and in a variety of ways in the primary metals industry: as a chemical reducing agent for the recovery of metals from ores; in the purication of aluminium waste; and in the manufacture of metal carbonyls for conversion by thermal decomposition into high purity powdered metals.
Carbon monoxide also serves for the production and regeneration of catalysts such as nickel carbonyl. Carbon monoxide is also used in both organic and inorganic chemical synthesis. Carbon monoxide is a component in gas mixtures for lung diffusion. Carbon monoxide is a component in laser gas mixtures. Carbon monoxide is a component in calibration gas mixtures. A necessity in the production of solar cells is super clean silicium, that is produced with the aid of carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is used as fuel in fuel cells.
52
Gases
Carbonyl uoride
Carbon oxyuoride CAS: 353-50-4 EC: 206-534-2
CF2O,
UN: 2417
Carbon oxyuoride 2.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99% Typical lling pressure 15 C: 45.7 bar(a) 70 F: 646.9 psi(g)
Characteristics
Liqueed, colourless gas. Hygroscopic with pungent odour. Contact with combustible material may cause re.
Toxic
Corrosive
R-phrases: R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R35 - Causes severe burns.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage; EUH071 - Corrosive to the respiratory tract.
Physical data
Molecular weight: Boiling point: Density: Vapour pressure: at 1.013 bar [C] at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [kg/m3] at 0 C, [bar] at 20 C, [bar]: Flammability range in air, [% volume]: Specic volume: at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [m3/kg] 66.01 83 2.89 30.66 52.10 Non.combustible 0.346 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 0.055 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft3] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi] 117 18.04 444.6 777.8
um N ini m na u l u B A ss Bra el er bb ste u r n er tyl pp rbo Co Ca Bu
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Applications
53
CHEM
R&D
Source
Carbonyl uoride is prepared by reacting carbon monoxide and uorine, or carbon tetrauoride and water at high temperature.
Applications
Carbonyl uoride is an important intermediate for the preparation of organic uorine compounds. Carbonyl uoride is used as uorine source in laboratories.
54
Gases
Carbonyl sulphide
CAS: 463-58-1 EC: 207-340-0
COS
UN: 2204
Carbonyl sulphide 1.78

Impurities [ppm] Purity >97.8% H2O <200 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 9.6 bar(a) 70 F: 124.7 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied gas with the odour of rotten eggs. Decomposes in water.
Extremely ammable
Toxic
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable; R23 - Toxic by inhalation.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely ammable gas; H331 - Toxic if inhaled.
Physical data
Legend:
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Applications
55
AUTO
CHEM
ENERGY
FOOD
PHARMA
R&D
Source
Carbonyl sulphide is formed by many high temperature reactions of carbon compounds with donors of oxygen and sulphur. One patented method describes the manufacturing of carbonyl sulphide by the reaction of methanol with sulphur at 500800 C. Carbonyl sulphide occurs as a by-product in the manufacture of carbon disulphide and is an impurity in some natural gases, in many manufactured fuel gases and renery gases, and in combustion products of sulphur-containing fuels.
Applications
Carbonyl sulphide is particularly useful in the synthesis of thioacids, sulphur trisubstituted carbinols, substituted thiazoles and substituted thiocarbamic acids (salts). High yields are obtained in the synthesis of substituted thiazoles. Carbonyl sulphide is gaining recognition as a fumigant potential replacement for phosphine and methyl bromide. In mixtures it is employed in the laboratory as a component in calibration gas for process control and environmental applications. Carbonyl sulphide can be used as an odorizer for natural gas transport as well as for liquid petroleum gas (LPG).
56
Gases
Chlorine
CAS: 7782-50-5
Cl2 EC: 231-959-5 UN: 1017

ADR Class 2, 2TOC DOT Class 2.3
Chemical chlorine 2.8

Chlorine 4.0
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.990% O2 <10 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 5.9 bar(a) 70 F: 85.3 psi(g) H2O <5 H2 <10
Characteristics
Yellowish-green liquefied gas with irritating odour. Corrosive. Heavy oxidizing agent.
Toxic
R-phrases: R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin; R50 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms.
H-statements: H270 - May cause or intensify re; oxidiser; H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H319 - Causes serious eye irritation; H335 - May cause respiratory irritation; H315 - Causes skin irritation; H400 - Very toxic to aquatic life. Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated.
Physical data
3
3
29.23 0.186 53.61 101.64
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Applications
57
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ENERGY
MANUF
METAL
PETRO
R&D
SEMI
Source
Chlorine is produced commercially by the electrolysis of salt solutions (either sodium, potassium or magnesium chlorides). The production of chlorine is therefore usually accompanied with production of hydrogen.
Applications
Chlorine is used in relatively large quantities for the production of a wide variety of chemicals such as chloroethene, hydrochloric acid, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene etc. For many of these, which may themselves be only intermediates rather than endproducts, the chlorine may be produced on-site, with excess quantities being available for shipment into the merchant market. High purity chlorine is used in the electronics industry for etching. It may also be used as an additive during other processes to keep the surface clean, for example, during oxidation hence preventing the incorporation of impurities in the oxidation layer. Chlorine is used to manufacture bre optics, phosgene, and synthetic rubber. It is also used as a semiconductor. Chlorine blended with argon is used for degassing molten aluminium. It is also used for the purication of gold and other precious metals. As chlorine has the capability to bleach various materials, it is used in both the paper and textile industries for this purpose. Chlorine is used for water purication in a variety of circumstances - the production of drinking water by local water authorities, the treatment of swimming pools, and waste water treatment by many types of industrial companies. Chlorine is used as component in gas mixtures
58
Gases
Chlorodiuoroethane
R-142b CAS: 75-68-3 EC: 200-891-8 UN: 2517
C2H3ClF2,
Chlorodiuoroethane 1.8
Impurities [ppm] Purity >98% Air <20,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 3 bar(a) 70 F: 28.9 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless, liquefied gas. Dry gas is not corrosive. Decomposes at high temperatures to toxic substances.
Extremely ammable
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable; R59 - Dangerous for the ozone layer.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely ammable gas; EUH059 - Hazardous to the Ozone Layer.
Physical data
Molecular weight: Boiling point: Density: Vapour pressure: at 1.013 bar [C] at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [kg/m3] at 0 C, [bar] at 20 C, [bar]: Flammability range in air, [% volume]: Specic volume: at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [m3/kg] 100.5 10.01 4.378 1.45 2.90 6.2 17.9 0.228 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 3.75 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft3] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi] 14 0.267 21.33 43.59
m N niu mi na u l u B A ss Bra el er bb ste u r n er tyl pp rbo Co Ca Bu
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Applications
59
MANUF
R&D
Source
Commercial production of chlorouoroalkanes employs halogen exchange, with hydrogen uoride in the liquid phase in the presence of a catalyst. Different starting materials are used depending on the desired product. Some commonly used are carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene. The main catalysts used are antimony halides with low volatility. More recently developed exchange processes are carried out continuously in the gas phase at 100400 C, using catalysts based on chromium, aluminium or iron. The composition of the product can be controlled within wide limits by varying temperature, pressure, residence time, catalysts, and the portions of the reactants. Unreacted material is separated from the crude mixture by fractional distillation and recycled. Further treatment of the products includes washing, drying and distillation. In the Montedison chlorouorination process, reaction of C1- and C2-hydrocarbons with chlorine and hydrogen uoride takes place in a single step in a uidized bed reactor. The catalyst used is based on aluminium chloride. Commercial production of chlorouoroalkanes is also possible by electrochemical uorination processes.
Applications
1-Chloro-1,1-diuoroethane serves as a solvent and aerosol propellant, in mixtures with non-ammable halogenated hydrocarbons.
. 1-Chloro-1,1-diuoroethane is used for foam blowing. 1-Chloro-1,1-diuoroethane (R-142b) is also used as a refrigerant.
Note:
Chlorodiuoroethane is controlled under The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. For further information on the protocol see page 10.
60
Gases
R-22 CAS: 75-45-6
Chlorodiuoromethane
EC: 200-871-9 UN: 1018
CHClF2,
Chlorodiuoromethane 3.0
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.9% Air <1,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 8 bar(a) 70 F: 101.4 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless, odourless, liquefied gas. Decomposes at high temperatures to toxic substances. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
R-phrases: R59 - Dangerous for the ozone layer.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; EUH059 - Hazardous to the Ozone Layer.
Physical data
3
3
41.47 0.227 71.69 134.12
m Alu um ini na Bu
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Applications
61
CHEM
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PETRO
R&D
Source
Chlorodiuoromethane (R-22) is prepared by treating chloroform with anhydrous hydrogen uoride in the presence of a small amount of antimony chloride at elevated temperatures and pressures.
Applications
Chlorodiuoromethane (R-22) is a versatile refrigerant used extensively for a wide range of temperatures in many types of refrigeration and stationary air conditioning systems in industrial, commercial and domestic applications. Chlorodiuoromethane is used as an intermediate in the production of Teon. As an aerosol propellant chlorodiuoromethane is only used in special cases, such as for very low temperature spraying. Chlorodiuoromethane may also be used in the production of uorinated polymers and for leak detection.
Note:
Chlorodifluoromethane is controlled under The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. For further information on the protocol see page 10.
62
Gases
Ethyl chloride, R-160 CAS: 75-00-3 EC: 200-830-5 UN: 1037
Chloroethane
Chloroethane 3.0
C2H5Cl,
Impurities [ppmw] Purity >99.9% H2O <100 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 1.1 bar(a) 70 F: 20.3 psi(g) acidity (as HCl) <10
Characteristics
Flammable. Liqueed colourless gas with an ethereal odour. Poor warning properties at low concentrations.
Extremely ammable
Harmful
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable; R40 - Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect; R52/53 - Harmful to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely ammable gas; H351 - Suspected of causing cancer; H412 - Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects.
Physical data
3
3
54.09 0.176 9.03 20.25
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Applications
63
CHEM
MANUF
MEDICAL
PETRO
R&D
Source
Chloroethane is produced by the action of chlorine on ethene in the presence of chlorides of copper, iron, antimony and calcium. Chloroethane can also be prepared by the action of chlorine on ethene in the presence of hydrogen chloride and light. Some chloroethane is generated as a byproduct of polychloroethene production.
Applications
Chloroethane has been used as foaming agent, anaesthetic, refrigerant, propellant and in tetraethyl lead manufacturing. Chloroethane is used as an alkylating agent. Chloroethane is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Chloroethane is used in treating cellulose to make ethylcellulose, a thickening agent and binder in paints, cosmetics, and similar products.
Note:
Chloroethane is controlled under The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. For further information on the protocol see page 10.
64
Gases
Vinyl chloride, R-1140 CAS: 75-01-4 EC: 200-831-0
Chloroethene
Chloroethene 3.5
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.95% C2H5Cl <100 Typical lling pressure C3H6 <100
C2H3Cl, UN: 1086

CH3Cl <100 15 C: 2.3 bar(a) 70 F: 36.6 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable, colourless, liquefied gas with pleasurable sweet odour in high concentrations. Polymerizes in the presence of air or sunlight.
Extremely ammable
Toxic
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable; R45 - May cause cancer.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely ammable gas; H350 - May cause cancer.
Physical data
3
3
7.95 0.165 25.32 51.26
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Applications
65
CHEM
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MANUF
R&D
Source
Chloroethene is made by the catalyzed addition of hydrogen chloride to acetylene, by thermal decomposition of ethylene chloride, or by heating the latter with alcoholic caustic alkali.
Applications
Chloroethene is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Chloroethene is used as a raw material in the polymerization of ethenyl resins (polyvinyl chloride). This polymerization occurs in various ways, depending on the type of product which is desired: mass or block polymerization; the nal product is very pure and serves primarily as a rigid, high quality material. solution polymerization; the nal product appears in a stable solution with a low index of viscosity. Hence it can be employed in the cement, lacquer and paint industry. precipitation polymerization; a pure, homogeneous product is obtained with a low index of viscosity, hence suitable for use in the paint and glue industry. emulsion polymerization; the product obtained may be polluted by water-soluble impurities. This process is satisfactory for plastisols. suspension polymerization; a pure product is obtained, which may be used for perfectly transparent articles. Chloroethene is used as a component in mixtures for workspace and industrial emission control. Chloroethene is used as a refrigerant and has the ASHRAE number R-1140.
Note:
Chloroethene is controlled under The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. For further information on the protocol see page 10.
66
Gases
Methyl chloride, R-40 CAS: 74-87-3 EC: 200-817-4
Chloromethane
Chemical chloromethane 2.5
CH3Cl,
UN: 1063
15 C: 4.3 bar(a)
70 F: 59 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied, odourless gas with slight ether-like odour.
Extremely ammable
Harmful
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable; R40 - Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect; R48/20 - Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely ammable gas; H351 - Suspected of causing cancer; H373 - May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure.
Physical data
3
3
11.58 0.133 37.59 74.28
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Applications
67
CHEM
MANUF
MEDICAL
METAL
PETRO
PHARMA
R&D
SEMI
Source
Chloromethane is manufactured in commercial quantities by two principle processes: chlorination of methane reaction between hydrogen chloride and methanol. Several variants of both processes are used. The methanol hydrogen chloride reaction yields chloromethane as the sole product. Chlorination of methane yields other chlorohydrocarbons in substantial amounts. Because the coproducts, e.g., methylene chloride, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride, are as commercially important as chloromethane, methane chlorination can be regarded as a multiple-product process rather than one with several byproducts. Hydrogen chloride is often the determining factor in choosing a route to produce chloromethane.
Applications
Chloromethane is used as: a catalyst solvent in butyl rubber production a reagent in silicone production in organic synthesis in the manufacturing of tetramethyl lead a solvent a starting material in the manufacturing of such chemicals as methyl mercaptan, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, various bromochloromethanes and chlorouoromethanes in therapeutic treatment of local anaesthesia a solvent or extraction agent for heat sensitive products an aerosol propellant tool hardening and salt bath rectication. Chloromethane is used in the production of quaternary ammonium compounds for use as anti-static agents in fabric softeners. It is also used for the manufacturing of methyl cellulose and in the production of Grignard reagents for the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds. It also used in the preparation of fragrances, perfumes and herbicides. Chloromethane is used for side wall passivation in plasma etching to give anisotropic etching under plasma conditions: similar to reactive ion etching, but without the damage. Chloromethane is used to extract grease, wax, essential oils and resins during the production of textile and carpet materials.
Note:
Chloromethane is controlled under The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. For further information on the protocol see page 10.
68
Gases
Chloropentauoroethane
R-115 CAS: 76-15-3 EC: 200-938-2 UN: 1020
C2ClF5,
Chloropentauoroethane 3.0
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.9% Air <1,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 7 bar(a) 70 F: 104.8 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless, odourless, liquefied gas. Can decompose to toxic substances at high temperatures. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
Physical data
Molecular weight: Boiling point: Density: Vapour pressure: at 1.013 bar [C] at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [kg/m3] at 0 C, [bar] at 20 C, [bar]: Flammability range in air, [% volume]: Specic volume: at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [m3/kg] 154.47 39.11 6.687 4.4 8.0 Non.combustible 0.150 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 2.45 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft3] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi] 38.38 0.408 64.5 119.5
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69
CHEM
MANUF
R&D
SEMI
Source
Commercial production of chlorouoroalkanes employs halogen exchange, with hydrogen uoride in the liquid phase in the presence of a catalyst. Different starting materials are used depending on the desired product. Some commonly used are carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene. The main catalysts used are antimony halides with low volatility. More recently developed exchange processes are carried out continuously in the gas phase at 100400 C, using catalysts based on chromium, aluminium or iron. The composition of the product can be controlled within wide limits by varying temperature, pressure, residence time, catalysts, and the portions of the reactants. Unreacted material is separated from the crude mixture by fractional distillation and recycled. Further treatment of the products includes washing, drying and distillation. In the Montedison chlorouorination process, reaction of C1- and C2-hydrocarbons with chlorine and hydrogen uoride takes place in a single step in a uidized bed reactor. The catalyst used is based on aluminium chloride. Commercial production of chlorouoroalkanes is also possible by the electrochemical uorination process developed by Phillips Petroleum.
Applications
Chloropentauoroethane (R-115) is used as: a refrigerant a propellant in aerosols a chemical intermediate.
Note:
Chloropentauoroethane is controlled under The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. For further information on the protocol see page 10.
70
Gases
Cyanogen chloride CAS: 506-77-4 EC: 208-052-8
Cyanic chloride
Cyanic chloride 2.0
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99% Typical lling pressure
CNCl,
UN: 1589
15 C: 1.1 bar(a)
70 F: 5.7 psi(g)
Characteristics
Liqueed colourless gas with a pungent odour. Forms white fumes in humid air.
Very Toxic
Corrosive
R-phrases: R26 - Very toxic by inhalation ; R35 - Causes severe burns.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage; EUH071 - Corrosive to the respiratory tract.
Physical data
m Alu um ini na Bu
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Applications
71
CHEM
R&D
Source
Cyanic chloride is prepared by oxidation of sodium cyanide with chlorine. Cyanic chloride can also be prepared by chlorinating an aqueous suspension of potassium zinc cyanide.
Applications
Cyanic chloride is a precursor to sulphonyl cyanides and chlorosulphonyl isocyanate, a useful reagent in organic synthesis.
72
Gases
Cyanogen
C2N2, UN: 1026

Ethanedinitrile CAS: 460-19-5 EC: 207-306-5
Ethanedinitrile 2.0
Characteristics
Colourless, liqueed gas with an odour of bitter almonds. Poor warning properties at low concentrations.
Highly ammable
Toxic
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable; R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R50/53 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
H-statements: H220 - Extremely ammable gas; H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H410 - Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects. Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated.
Physical data
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Applications
73
CHEM
FOOD
MANUF
R&D
Source
Cyanogen is typically generated from cyanide compounds. Alternatively, one can combine solutions of copper(II) salts (such as copper(II) sulphate) with cyanides, an unstable copper(II) cyanide is formed which rapidly decomposes into copper(I) cyanide and cyanogen. Industrially, it is made by the oxidation of hydrogen cyanide, usually using chlorine over an activated silicon dioxide catalyst or nitrogen dioxide over a copper salt. It is also formed when nitrogen (N2) and acetylene (C2H2) are made to react by an electrical spark or discharge.
Applications
Cyanogen has a long history and was probably rst generated by Carl Scheele around 1782 in the course of his studies of hydrogen cyanide. The rst conrmed synthesis was reported 1802, when it was used to make what we now know as cyanic chloride (cyanogen chloride). It attained importance with the growth of the fertilizer industry in the late nineteenth century. Cyanogen is used as a stabilizer in the production of nitrocellulose. Cyanogen is used as a fumigant for a number of applications; it has a better efcacy and allows faster replanting when compared to other fumigants. Cyanogen is also used for special welding, due to second highest known ame temperature (4,527 C, 8,180 F) when it burns in oxygen. Cyanogen is an important intermediate in production of many fertilizers.
74
Gases
Cyclopropane
CAS: 75-19-4 EC: 200-847-8
C3H6 UN: 1027

Cyclopropane 2.0
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99% Other CnHm <10,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 2.9 bar(a) 70 F: 27.7 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable, liquefied, colourless gas with a characteristic odour.
Extremely ammable
Physical data
3
3
26.98 0.111 50.06 94.11
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Applications
75
CHEM
MEDICAL
PETRO
R&D
Source
Cyclopropanes can be prepared in the laboratory by organic synthesis in various ways and many methods are simply called cyclopropanation.
Applications
Cyclopropane is an anaesthetic when inhaled. In modern anaesthetic practice, it has been superseded by other agents, due to its extreme reactivity under normal conditions. Cyclopropane is used as a component in calibration gases for the gas, oil as well as chemical industry. Cyclopropane is used as a plasma etching agent.
76
Gases
Deuterium
CAS: 7782-39-0
D2 UN: 1957
EC: 231-952-7
Scientic deuterium 2.8

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.8% (D2/(D2+H2)>99.8%) O2 <5 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 200 bar(a) 70 F: 2,000 psi(g) N2 <10 H2O <10
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless and odourless.
Extremely ammable
H-statements: Compressed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely ammable gas.
Physical data
3
4.032 249.5 0.171 5.0 75.0 5.85 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 100 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft ] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi]
3
417.07 0.010
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Applications
77
CHEM
ENERGY
MANUF
MEDICAL
R&D
SEMI
Source
Deuterium is prepared by electrolysis of heavy water (D2O).
Applications
Deuterium is used in nuclear research as projectile in deuterium accelerators, and as a source of neutrons when it is irradiated with energy rays. Deuterium is used in physics experiments, such as thermal fusion studies. It is also used in chemical research, where it is used to label hydrogen containing molecules and hence to study reactions involving these. Deuterium is used in electronics as a replacement for hydrogen in the annealing or sintering of silicon based semiconductors, at panel displays, and solar panels. Deuterium is used as a trace marker of organic molecules used in CAT scanning (Computed Axial Tomography) studies. Deuterium is used in HF/DF chemical lasers (see page 127).
78
Gases
Diborane
CAS: 19287-45-7
B2H6 UN: 1911

EC: 242-940-6
Diborane 4.0
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.99% N2 <10 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 26.8 bar(a) 70 F: 332.3 psi(g) BnH2n+2 (n>2) <350 CH4 <5 H2 <500 CO2 <5
Characteristics
Colourless gas with a sickly-sweet odour. Flammable, unstable.
Extremely ammable
Very toxic
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable; R26 - Very toxic by inhalation.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely ammable gas; H330 - Fatal if inhaled.
Physical data
Molecular weight: Boiling point: Density: Vapour pressure: at 1.013 bar [C] at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [kg/m3] at 0 C, [bar] at 20 C, [bar]: Flammability range in air, [% volume]: Specic volume: at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [m3/kg] 27.67 92.5 1.181 26.8 43.5 0.9 98.0 0.847 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 13.9 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft3] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi] 134.48 0.072 388 588
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Applications
79
CHEM
MANUF
METAL
PETRO
R&D
SEMI
Source
Diborane is manufactured by addition of boron triuoride to a solution of sodium borohydride in diethylene glycol dimethyl ether.
Applications
Diborane is a catalyst for ethylenic, styrene, acrylic, and vinyl polymerization. Diborane is used as a rubber vulcanizer. Diborane is used as a reducing agent. Diborane is used as a ame speed accelerator. Diborane is an intermediate for preparation of boron hydrides of higher molecular weight. Diborane is used for conversion of olens to trialkyl boranes and primary alcohols. Further areas of application for diborane are the doping of semiconductor silicon and germanium. Diborane is used in the process of creating hardened metal surfaces for better wear resistance. Diborane serves as a strong but selective reducing agent in organic chemistry. The addition of diborane to olens (hydroboration) has great signicance in preparative chemistry. In the presence of an ether, diborane forms an alkyl borane, in an anti-Markownikoff mode.
80
Gases
Dichlorodiuoromethane
R-12 CAS: 75-71-8 EC: 200-893-9 UN: 1028
CCl2F2,
Dichlorodiuoromethane 2.8
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.8% Typical lling pressure 15 C: 4.9 bar(a) 70 F: 69.5 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless, liqueed gas. Ether-like odour at high concentrations. Decomposes at high temperature to toxic substances. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
Physical data
3
3
21.60 0.319 44.67 84.23
Legend:
el
Good
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Applications
81
ENERGY
FOOD
MANUF
R&D
Source
Applications
Dichlorodiuoromethane (R-12) is used in the following applications: low temperature air conditioning storage of food products air conditioning of ofces, workshops, stores domestic, commercial and industrial refrigeration. It is also used as: aerosol propellant swelling agent (rigid foam production) leak detector gas phase dielectric.
Note:
Dichlorodiuoromethane is controlled under The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. For further information on the protocol see page 10.
82
Gases
Dichlorouoromethane
R-21 CAS: 75-43-4 EC: 200-869-8 UN: 1029
CHCl2F,
Dichlorouoromethane 3.0
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.9% Air <1,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 1.5 bar(a) 70 F: 8.3 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless, liqueed gas. Can decompose to toxic substances at high temperatures. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
Physical data
3
3
48.04 0.274 10.26 23.0
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83
CHEM
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R&D
Source
Applications
Dichlorouoromethane (R-21) is used for the air conditioning of very hot atmospheres. It is also used as: aerosol propellant solvent chemical intermediate.
Note:
Dichlorouoromethane is controlled under The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. For further information on the protocol see page 10.
84
Gases
Dichlorosilane
CAS: 4109-96-0 EC: 223-888-3
SiH2Cl2 UN: 2189

ADR Class 2, 2TFC DOT Class 2.3
Dichlorosilane 2.0
Impurities (expressed by weight) Purity >99% Resistivity >150 O/cm SiH3Cl+SiHCl3 <1% N2+Ar <1% C <2ppm As <0.1ppb B <0.1ppb Fe <10ppb Al <0.1ppb P <0.1ppb
Dichlorosilane 2.7
Impurities (expressed by weight) Purity > 99.7% Resistivity >400 O/cm SiH3Cl <0.08% SiHCl3 <0.2% N2+Ar <0.1% C <0.05ppm As <0.03ppb B <0.02ppb 70 F: 8.2 psi(g) Fe <3ppb Al <0.04ppb P <0.05ppb SiCl4 <300ppm
Typical lling pressure 15 C: 1.3 bar(a)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liqueed gas with pungent odour. Highly corrosive in humid conditions.
Extremely ammable
Toxic
Corrosive
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable; R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R34 - Causes burns.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely ammable gas; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage; EUH071 - Corrosive to the respiratory tract.
Physical data
3
101.01 8.3 4.426 0.73 1.52 4.1 96 0.226 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 4.61 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft ] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi]
3
46.96 0.217 10.59 22.90
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Applications
85
CHEM
R&D
SEMI
Source
Dichlorosilane is produced (along with other chlorosilanes, such as trichlorosilane) by the reaction of a mixture of hydrogen and hydrogen chloride with silicon at high temperatures. It is also prepared (5% yield) by disproportionation of trichlorosilane by heating to 300400 C in the presence of catalysts e.g., aluminium chloride, ferric chloride and boron triuoride.
Applications
Used in the manufacturing of organosilicon compounds (silane coupling agents). Dichlorosilane is used as a silicon source for low pressure chemical vapour deposition of polysilicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride and epitaxial silicon.
86
Gases
R-114 CAS: 76-14-2
1,2-Dichlorotetrauoroethane
EC: 200-869-8 UN: 1958
C2Cl2F4,
1,2-Dichlorotetrauoroethane 2.8
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.8% Typical lling pressure 15 C: 1.5 bar(a) 70 F: 12.7 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless, liquefied gas. Decomposes at high temperatures to toxic substances. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
Physical data
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Applications
87
ENERGY
MANUF
R&D
SEMI
Source
1,2-Dichlorotetrauoroethane (R-114) is obtained by treating hexachloroethane with anhydrous hydrogen uoride under high pressure in the presence of small amounts of antimony chloride.
Applications
1,2-Dichlorotetrauoroethane (R-114) is used in small refrigeration systems with rotary compressors, and in large industrial water cooling and air conditioning systems using multi-stage centrifugal compressors. 1,2-Dichlorotetrauoroethane nds widespread use, either alone or in mixtures with dichlorodiuoromethane, as an aerosol propellant, particularly for cosmetics as it is practically odourless and causes no undesirable effect when applied to the skin.
1,2-Dichlorotetrauoroethane is used for foam blowing. 1,2-Dichlorotetrauoroethane is used for heat pumps. 1,2-Dichlorotetrauoroethane is also used for cleaning of electronic parts.
Note:
1,2-Dichlorotetrauoroethane is controlled under The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. For further information on the protocol see page 10.
88
Gases
C2H4F2, Diuoroethane, Ethylidene diuoride, R-152a CAS: 75-37-6 EC: 200-866-1 UN: 1030
1,1-Diuoroethane
1,1-Diuoroethane 3.0
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.9% Typical lling pressure 15 C: 5.2 bar(a)
ADR Class 2, 2F
DOT Class 2.1
70 F: 62.9 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless, liquefied gas. Dry gas is not corrosive. Decomposes at high temperatures to toxic substances.
Extremely ammable
Physical data
um N ini m na u l u B A ss Bra r el be ste rub n er l ty pp rbo Co Ca Bu
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Applications
89
CHEM
MANUF
PETRO
R&D
Source
1,1-Diuoroethane is manufactured by catalytic addition of hydrogen uoride to acetylene.
Applications
1,1-Diuoroethane (R-152a) is used: in the formulation of aerosol dispersants as a low temperature solvent
in refrigeration systems where its ammability is not a major factor and as a component in some hydrochlorouorocarbon, HCFC refrigerant blends. (HCFCs replaces CFCs, chlorouorocarbons) as an organic synthesis intermediate.
Note:
1,1-Diuoroethane is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol, an international Framework Convention with the objective of reducing greenhouse gases. For further information on the protocol see page 10.
90
Gases
1,1-Diuoroethylene, R-1132a CAS: 75-38-7 EC: 200-867-7 UN: 1959
1,1-Diuoroethene
1,1-Diuoroethene 2.0
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99% Typical lling pressure 15 C: 32.3 bar(a)
C2H2F2,
70 F: 521.8 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless, liquefied gas. Dry gas is not corrosive. Can decompose to toxic substances at high temperatures.
Extremely ammable
Physical data
m N niu mi na u l u B A ss Bra el er bb ste u r n er tyl pp rbo Co Ca Bu
Legend:
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Applications
91
CHEM
PETRO
R&D
Source
1,1-Diuoroethene can be obtained by dehydrochlorination of 1-chloro-1,1-diuoroethane (R-142 B) or by passing a mixture of hydrogen and 1,2-dichloro-1,1-diuoroethane over nickle wire at elevated temperature.
Applications
1,1-Diuoroethene is used for the preparation of polymers and copolymers. 1,1-Diuoroethene is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis.
Note:
1,1-Diuoroethene is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol, an international Framework Convention with the objective of reducing greenhouse gases. For further information on the protocol see page 10.
92
Gases
Methylene uoride, R-32 CAS: 75-10-5 EC: 200-839-4
Diuoromethane
Diuoromethane 5.0
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.999% CO2 <0.5 Typical lling pressure CF4 <0.5
CH2F2,
UN: 3252
H2O <0.5 15 C: 12.8 bar(a)
N2 <5 70 F: 185 psi(g)
Other HFC <3
O2 <1
CnHm <0.5
Characteristics
Flammable. Liqueed gas.
Extremely ammable
Physical data
3
3
60.97 0.136 117.5 219.8
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Applications
93
MANUF
R&D
SEMI
Source
Diuoromethane is produced by reacting chloromethane with hydrogen uoride in the presence of a catalyst.
Applications
Diuoromethane is used in plasma etching of silicon layers. Diuoromethane (R-32) has been used as a refrigerant.
Note:
Diuoromethane is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol, an international Framework Convention with the objective of reducing greenhouse gases. For further information on the protocol see page 10.
94
Gases
Dimethylamine
CAS: 124-40-3 EC: 204-697-4
(CH3)2NH
UN: 1032
Chemical dimethylamine 2.3

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.3% H2O <2,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 1.4 bar(a) 70 F: 11 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied colourless gas with strong ammonia/fish-like odour.
Extremely ammable
Harmful
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable; R20 - Harmful by inhalation; R37/38 - Irritating to respiratory system and skin; R41 - Risk of serious damage to eyes.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely ammable gas; H332 - Harmful if inhaled; H335 - May cause respiratory irritation; H315 - Causes skin irritation; H318 - Causes serious eye damage.
Physical data
Legend:
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Applications
95
CHEM
FOOD
MANUF
METAL
PETRO
PHARMA
R&D
Source
Dimethylamine is prepared commercially either by a reaction between methanol and ammonia, or by a reaction between a carbonyl compound and ammonia. Monomethylamine and trimethylamine are also formed in the same reaction and the three products are separated by distillation.
Applications
Dimethylamine has been used as a dehairing agent in tanning. Dimethylamine is used as an acid gas absorbent. Dimethylamine is used for electroplating. Dimethylamine is used as a otation agent. Dimethylamine is used as an anti-oxidizing agent. Dimethylamine is used as a gasoline stabilizer. Dimethylamine is also used for preparation of dyes. Dimethylamine is used as a raw material in pharmaceuticals. Dimethylamine is used in rubber accelerators. Dimethylamine is used in soaps and cleaning compounds. Dimethylamine is used in the treatment of cellulose acetate rayon. Dimethylamine is an important intermediate in the synthesis of a broad range of products e.g., propellants, monomers, solvents, catalysts, insecticides, surfactants, and ion-exchange resins. Dimethylamine is used in organic synthesis. Dimethylamine is used as an agricultural fungicide.
96
Gases
2,2-Dimethylpropane
Neopentane CAS: 463-82-1 EC: 207-343-7 UN: 2044
C5H12,
Scientic 2,2-dimethylpropane 2.0

Characteristics
Flammable. Liqueed colourless gas with petrol like odour.
Extremely ammable
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable; R51/53 - Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely ammable gas; H411 - Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.
Physical data
Legend:
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Applications
97
CHEM
OEM
PETRO
R&D
Source
2,2-Dimethylpropane can be isolated from the C5 mixture, derived from liquid components of natural gas or from light gasoline (naphtha). The separation is carried out either by molecular sieve separation or by superfractionation.
Applications
2,2-Dimethylpropane is used as raw material in the production of iso-butene, which in turn is used to manufacture synthetic butyl rubber. 2,2-Dimethylpropane is used as a solvent and a synthesis intermediate. 2,2-Dimethylpropane is used as calibration standard for NMR Spectroscopy (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance). 2,2-Dimethylpropane is used as a component in calibration gases for the gas, oil as well as chemical industry.
98
Gases
C2H6O, Methoxymethane, Dimethyl oxide CAS: 115-10-6 EC: 204-065-8 UN: 1033
Dimethyl ether
Methoxymethane 2.8
ADR Class 2, 2F
DOT Class 2.1
15 C: 4.4 bar(a)
70 F: 62.3 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liqueed colourless gas with ether like odour.
Extremely ammable
Physical data
3
3
12.69 0.121 38.42 76.35
m Alu um ini na Bu
Legend:
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Fair
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ss Bra
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Applications
99
CHEM
MANUF
PETRO
PHARMA
R&D
Source
Dimethyl ether is prepared from methanol in the presence of acidic catalysts. Aluminium oxide and aluminium silicate, with or without doping, are the most important catalysts for industrial use.
Applications
Dimethyl ether nds commercial use as a refrigerant. Dimethyl ether is used as a solvent, as an extraction agent and as a propellant in aerosols, especially those for personal care products such as hairsprays Dimethyl ether is also used as a as a fuel for welding, cutting, and brazing. Dimethyl ether readily forms complexes with inorganic compounds, e.g., boron triuoride. It is an excellent methylating agent, e.g., for conversion of aniline into dimethylaniline in the dye industry. Dimethyl ether is used in the chemical industry in the manufacture of synthetic rubber. Dimethyl ether is industrially important as the starting material in the production of dimethyl sulphate. (Dimethyl sulphate is employed as a methylating agent.) Dimethyl ether reacted with carbon monoxide could be used in the large-scale production of acetic acid in place of methanol. Future industrial uses of dimethyl ether include the production of olens in the presence of zeolitic catalysts. The production of saturated hydrocarbons can be carried out by an analogous process. Dimethyl ether is also used in the methanol to gasoline process, and is under consideration for use in European biofuel mixtures.
100
Gases
C2H6, Methylmethane, R-170 CAS: 74-84-0 EC: 200-814-8 UN: 1035; 1961 (Refrigerated liquid)
Ethane
ADR Class 2, 2F; 3F (Refrigerated liquid)
DOT Class 2.1
Chemical ethane 2.5

Scientic ethane 4.5

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.995% O2 <4 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 34 bar(a) 70 F: 544 psi(g) N2 <20 CO2 <1 Other CnHm <20 H2O <3
Characteristics
Flammable. Liqueed, odourless, colourless gas.
Extremely ammable
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable .
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; Refrigerated Gas 3 H281 - Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury; H220 - Extremely ammable gas.
Physical data
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The main commercial source of ethane is natural gas. Ethane is isolated either by absorption or by partial condensation, followed by distillation. Relatively small amounts of ethane are also produced as by-products from petroleum processes.
Applications
The main industrial use for ethane is the production of ethene by steam-cracking. It is commonly used as a raw material for the manufacture of halogenated ethane. Ethane is used in the chemical industry for the production of ethanol, epoxyethane, glycol, acetaldehyde, ethenyl acetate, ethyl chloride, dichloroethane, styrene, polyethene, thermopolymers and higher alcohols.
Ethane is used as a refrigerant for extremely low temperature refrigeration systems. It has the ASHRAE number R-170. Ethane is used in metallurgy for heat treatments. Ethane is used as a calibration gas for combustion research. Ethane is used as a component in calibration gases for the automotive, gas, oil as well as chemical industry.
102
Gases
Ethylamine
Ethanamine 2.0
(C2H5)NH2, Ethanamine, Aminoethane CAS: 75-04-7 EC: 200-834-7 UN: 1036
ADR Class 2, 2F
DOT Class 2.1
Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied colourless gas with strong ammonia/rotten fish-like odour.
Extremely ammable
Irritant
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable; R36/37 - Irritating to eyes and respiratory system.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely ammable gas; H319 - Causes serious eye irritation; H335 - May cause respiratory irritation.
Physical data
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Ethylamine is prepared from ethyliodide and liquid ammonia or from ethanol and ammonia.
Applications
Ethylamine is used in organic synthesis as reactive molecule or as solvent. Ethylamine is used in resin chemistry. Ethylamine is used in oil rening. Ethylamine is used as stabilizer for rubber latex. Ethylamine is used as an intermediate in dye stuff. Ethylamine is used as an intermediate in pharma production.
104
Gases
Ethene, R-1150 CAS: 74-85-1 EC: 200-815-3 UN: 1962; 1038 (Refrigerated liquid)
Ethylene
C2H4,
ADR Class 2, 2F; 3F (Refrigerated liquid) DOT Class 2.1
Chemical ethene 2.5

Scientic ethene 3.5

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.95% O2 <10 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 76 bar(a) 70 F: 1,200 psi(g) N2 <40 CO2 <5 Other CnHm <450 H2O <5
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless gas with slight odour.
Extremely ammable
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable; R67 - Vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; Refrigerated Gas 3 H281 - Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury; H220 - Extremely ammable gas; H336 - May cause drowsiness or dizziness.
Physical data
3
28.054 103.68 1.194 40.95 2.7 36.0 0.838 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 13.7 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft ] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi]
3
154.60 0.073 593.9
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Ethylene is produced by passing ethyl alcohol vapours over dehydrating catalysts at 360470 C. It may also be produced by the pyrolysis of ethane. Cracking of petroleum is another source.
Applications
Ethylene is the starting material for several industrial syntheses. It is employed as an intermediate in the chemical industry and for the production of plastics. Ethylene is employed for the production of: 3 acetaldehyde 3 acetic acid 3 chloroethane 3 chloroethene (vinyl chloride) 3 dichloroethane 3 1,1-dichloroethene (vinylidene chloride) 3 epoxyethane (ethylene oxide) 3 ethanediol (ethylene glycol) 3 ethanol 3 ethoxyethane 3 ethylbenzene 3 phenylethene (styrene) 3 polychloroethene (polyvinyl chloride) 3 polyethene 3 propanoic acid 3 tetraethyl lead 3 trichloroethane Ethylene is used as a component in calibration gases for the automotive, gas, oil as well as chemical industry. Ethylene may be employed for welding and cutting, but is not used for this purpose industrially. Ethylene supplied in cylinders is used for controlled ripening of fruit, especially bananas. A concentration of a few ppm in the warehouse atmosphere is used. Because of ammability considerations, it is strongly recommended to use a mixture of ethene in nitrogen in this application. Ethylene has also been used in agriculture to promote crop growth: in this case the gas is injected directly into the soil. Ethylene is still used as an anaesthetic (in the US). It is used as a refrigerant especially in the petrochemical industry. It has the ASHRAE number R-1150.
106
Gases
Ethylene Oxide
Epoxyethane, Oxirane CAS: 75-21-8 EC: 200-849-9
C2H4O,
UN: 1040
Chemical ethylene oxide 3.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.9% H2O <100 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 1.2 bar(a) 70 F: 50 psi(g) aldehydes <50 acidity (as acetic acid) <20
Characteristics
Flammable. Odourless and colourless gas. Heavier than air.
Extremely ammable
Toxic
R-phrases: R6 - Explosive with or without contact with air; R12 - Extremely ammable; R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R45 - May cause cancer; R46 - May cause heritable genetic damage; R36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.
H-statements: H220 - Extremely ammable gas; H350 - May cause cancer; H340 - May cause genetic defects; H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H319 - Causes serious eye irritation; H335 - May cause respiratory irritation; H315 - Causes skin irritation. Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated.
Physical data
3
3
50.81 0.117 9.61 22.1
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Ethylene oxide is usually manufactured by direct oxidation of ethene using oxygen at high temperature in the presence of silver catalysts.
Applications
The principle use of ethylene oxide is in the manufacture of ethene glycol (ethylene glycol) and higher alcohols which nd important applications in automotive antifreeze, explosives, cellophane, synthetic rubbers, lubricants, solvents and hydraulic uids. It is also an important intermediate in the manufacture of certain detergents. As a pharmaceutical intermediate, ethylene oxide is used in the synthesis of choline, thiamine and procaine. Ethylene oxide is used, often in mixtures with either carbon dioxide or halocarbon propellants, as a fumigant, fungicide or sterilizing agent. Examples of the many types of articles sterilized with ethylene oxide are: medicine bottles, food containers, disposable nappies, sanitary towels, surgeons gloves and instruments, rst aid bandages, etc. Items that are sometimes fumigated with mixtures containing ethylene oxide are ship holds and beehives. Ethylene oxide is used in fermentation processes and in the preparation of antibiotics.
108
Gases
Ethyl formate
CAS: 109-94-4 EC: 203-721-0
C3H6O2, UN: 1190

ADR Class 3, F1 DOT Class 3
Chemical ethyl formate 2.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.0% H2O <1000 Typical lling pressure Filled as liquid Formic acid <1000 Ethanol <8000
Characteristics
Flammable, colourless gas with distinct and alcoholical odour. Heavier than air.
Flammable
Harmful
R-phrases: R11 - Highly ammable; R20/22 - Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed; R36/37 - Irritating to eyes and respiratory system.
H-statements: H225 - Highly ammable liquid and vapour; H332 - Harmful if inhaled; H302 - Harmful if swallowed; H319 - Causes serious eye irritation; H335 - May cause respiratory irritation.
74.09
Physical data
Molecular weight: Boiling point: Density: Vapour pressure: at 1.013 bar [C] at 1.013 bar, 20 C, [kg/m3] at 0 C, [bar] at 20 C, [bar]: Flammability range in air, [% volume]: Specic volume: at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [m3/kg] 53.00 916.80 0.0961 0.256 2.6 18.2 0.0011 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 0.0175 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft3] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi] 12.90 57.23 1.39 3.7
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The main method is by the conversion of Ethanol and Formic acid over a catalyst. The formed water is extracted on a continuous base for the formed Ethyl formate.
Applications
Ethyl formate is used as avour for lemonade and essences, it has a typical smell associated with rum. Ethyl formate is considered to be a GRAS (= generally considered as safe) additive by the EPA. In industry, it is used as a solvent for cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, oils, and greases. It can be used as a substitute for acetone. In the pharmaceutical industry is widely used as a fragrance or used in chemical synthesis. Ethyl formate can be used as fumigant for dried fruits, tobacco, cereals, fresh fruit, cut owers and many more.
110
Gases
Fluorine
CAS: 7782-41-4
F2 EC: 231-954-8 UN: 1045

Fluorine 1.8
Impurities [ppm] Purity >98% HF <5,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 28.6 bar(a) 70 F: 398.9 psi(g) N2+O2 <10,000
Characteristics
Pale yellow gas with sharp odour. Ignites most organic materials and metals. Highly corrosive. See comprehensive handling directives.
Oxidizing
Very toxic
Corrosive
R-phrases: R8 - Contact with combustible material may cause re; R26 - Very toxic by inhalation; R35 - Causes severe burns.
H-statements: H270 - May cause or intensify re; oxidiser; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Compressed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated.
Physical data
3
3
306.74 0.098
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Fluorine is prepared by electrolyzing a solution of potassium uoride in anhydrous hydrogen uoride.
Applications
The primary use for uorine is in the rening of uranium. During the process uorine is reacted with uranium to produce uranium hexauoride which may then be puried in the gaseous state before being converted back to uranium. Fluorine is also required in the production of a variety of uorinated compounds such as sulphur hexauoride, boron triuoride, and metal uorides. Fluorine is used in HF/DF chemical lasers (see page 121) and excimer lasers. Fluorine is used for uorination in the production of: uorinated hydrocarbons (Freon, Forane, etc) and plastics (Teon, Kel-F, etc) uorosilicates used to opacify and reduce the viscosity of certain glasses peruoroacids used to obtain wetting agents inorganic uorinated compounds such as tungsten hexauoride used for metal coatings, iodine pentauoride used in the manufacture of special fabrics, antimony pentauoride used to replace tetraethyl lead in automobile fuels. When diluted to a concentration of about 1% in nitrogen, uorine is used during the blow moulding of polyethylene containers to create an impervious barrier on the inner walls of the blown vessels. These containers are then more suitable for storage of solvents and many other chemicals. Flourine is used for chamber cleaning in semiconductor industry.
112
Gases
Methyl uoride, R-41 CAS: 593-53-3 EC: 209-796-6
Fluoromethane
Fluoromethane 2.0
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99% H2O <500 Typical lling pressure
CH3F, UN: 2454

15 C: 29.55 bar(a)
70 F: 485.8 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied, colourless gas with a sweet odour.
Extremely ammable
Physical data
3
34.03 78.4 1.452 19.80 33.56 >0 22.2 0.689 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 11.2 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft ] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi]
3
109.1 0.089 287.2 500.5
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Fluoromethane is prepared by heating uorosulphonic acid methyl esther with potassium uoride.
Applications
Fluoromethane is used in plasma etching of silicon compound lms in semiconductor manufacturing. Fluoromethane has previously been used as a propellant.
Note:
Fluoromethane is controlled under The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. For further information on the protocol see page 10.
114
Gases
Helium
He,
Chemical helium 4.6

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.996% O2 <5 CnHm <1 H2O <5
Scientic helium 6.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.9999% O2 <0.2 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 200 bar(a) 70 F: 2,640 psi(g) N2 <0.4 H2 <0.1 CnHm <0.1 H2O <0.5
Characteristics
Colourless and odourless gas. Non-reactive. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
R-phrases:
Physical data
3
4.003 268.93 0.169 Non.combustible 5.92 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 100 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft ] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi]
3
452.05 0.010
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The primary source of helium is from natural gas wells. It is obtained by a liquefaction and stripping operation. Due to the world shortage in helium, many applications have recovery systems to reclaim the helium.
Applications
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Helium is inert and the least soluble of all gases in liquids and is therefore used as a pressurization gas for: cryogenic rocket propellants in space/missile applications heavy water in nuclear reactors for all liquids at room or low temperatures. Being inert, helium is used as a constituent in neutral atmospheres e.g., in heat treatment applications requiring a protective atmosphere. Helium is used extensively in the welding industry as an inert shielding gas for arc welding. It is also used in conjunction with helium (leak) detectors to test the integrity of fabricated components and systems. Helium is used as a combined cooling and shielding medium for the pulling of optical bres. Helium is used for cooling of uranium rods in nuclear reactors. Helium is used in various types of gas lasers as a buffer or carrier gas. Gas mixtures of helium and hydrocarbons are also used as ll gases for nuclear counters. Helium is used in mixtures with neon and argon for lling electronic tubes such as the familiar neon sign. Various mixtures of helium and oxygen are used as breathing gases for divers who must work at great depths and therefore high pressures. The use of helium to dilute the oxygen instead of nitrogen, as in air, prevents nitrogen being dissolved in the blood, which is the cause of nitrogen narcosis (also known as bends). Helium is used to ll large balloons for upper atmosphere and cosmic ray studies. Small helium balloons are used by weather forecasters to carry meteorological instruments. Due to nonammability and low density it is ideal for lling toy balloons (in mixtures with nitrogen), airplane tyres, advertising blimps, geostationary balloons (certain projects are under way for the realization of balloons designed to serve as television transmission and observation relays). Helium mixtures with hydrocarbons are used in ushing Geiger counters used for the detection of , , and X-rays. Helium is used as a propellant in the helium cannon used in model ring tunnels. It also nds use as a working gas in some hypersonic wind tunnels. Helium is used as a carrier gas or as a purge gas for a variety of semiconductor processes. Helium is used as a calibration gas and a balance gas in calibration mixtures. It is also used as carrier gas in gas chromatography. It is used as a purge gas and a zero (span) gas for analytical instruments. Helium is used for epitaxial crystal growth (inert atmosphere). Helium is also used for vacuum breaking in heat treatment furnaces. Helium is also used as airbag inating gas in high pressure capsules. Helium is used to create inert furnace atmospheres in special glass processing, and processing of valuable metals. Helium is used for degassing in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Liquid helium is used to cool the superconductive magnets in NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) for analytical or medical purposes and in the R&D to study processes around absolute Zero.
116
Gases
Peruoroethane, R-116 CAS: 76-16-4 EC: 200-939-8
Hexauoroethane
Hexauoroethane 4.0
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.99% CnHm <50 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 27 bar(a) O2 <10
C2F6,
UN: 2193
H2O <5
CO + CO2 <1 70 F: 375.6 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless, odourless, liqueed gas. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
R-phrases:
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated.
Physical data
3
3
108.74 0.361 270.3 435.3
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Hexauoroethane may be obtained as a by-product of CFC production, or by direct uorination of ethane.
Applications
Hexauoroethane may be used as a raw material for the production of monomers, as well as in chemical reactions requiring the introduction of uorine atoms in other molecules. Hexauoroethane is used in electrical and electronic equipment as a gaseous dielectric. Hexauoroethane is used for dry etching of silicon dioxide and for stripping photoresist.
Hexauoroethane (R-116) is used as a refrigerant in certain low temperature applications and as a component in some refrigerant blends. Hexauoroethane is used as a propellant. Hexauoroethane is also used as a gaseous insulator.
Note:
Hexauoroethane is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol, an international Framework Convention with the objective of reducing greenhouse gases. For further information on the protocol see page 10.
118
Gases
Hydrogen
H2,
ADR Class 2, 1F (Compressed); 3F (Refrigerated liquid) DOT Class 2.1
Instrument hydrogen 4.5

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.995% O2 <5 H2O <5
Scientic hydrogen 6.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.9999% O2 <0.2 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 200 bar(a) 70 F: 2,400 psi(g) N2 <0.3 CO+CO2 <0.1 CnHm <0.1 H2O <0.5
Characteristics
Flammable. Odourless and colourless gas.
Extremely ammable
H-statements: Compressed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; Refrigerated Gas 3 H281 - Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury; H220 - Extremely ammable gas.
Physical data
Molecular weight: Boiling point: Density: Vapour pressure: at 1.013 bar [C] at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [kg/m3] at 0 C, [bar] at 20 C, [bar]: Flammability range in air, [% volume]: Specic volume: at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [m3/kg] 2.016 252.76 0.0852 4.0 74.5 11.74 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 200 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft3] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi] 422.95 0.005
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Hydrogen is most frequently produced for on-site usage by steam reforming of natural gas. Such plants may also be used as sources of hydrogen for the merchant market. Other sources are the chlor-alkali process that electrolyses sodium chloride solution to produce chlorine, and various waste gas recovery plants, such as at oil reneries or steel plants (coke oven gas). Hydrogen is also produced by electrolysis of water.
Applications
High purity hydrogen nds widespread usage in the electronics industry as a reducing agent and as a carrier gas. High purity hydrogen is used as a carrier gas in gas chromatography. Hydrogen nds some usage in the welding and cutting of metals. Hydrogen is used in large quantities, (bulk supply or onsite generation) for the hydrogenation of vegetable and animal oils to produce margarine and other fats, hydrotreatment of petroleum products, and hydrosulphuration of fuels in order to eliminate sulphur. Hydrogen in large quantities is used in petrochemical processes that include hydrodealkylation, hydrodesulphurization, hydrotreatment. Hydrogen is used in leak testing applications. Hydrogen is used in HF/DF chemical lasers (see page 121). Hydrogen is used extensively in the metals industries because of its ability to reduce metal oxides and prevent oxidation of metals during heat treatment. It may be used either pure, as is often the case when heat treating stainless steel, or in a mixture with inert gases, argon or nitrogen. It is used in the production of carbon steels, special metals and semiconductors. Hydrogen is used for combustion; in industry, it is used to supply oxygen-hydrogen torches for glass working (quartz, Pyrex, etc), in the fabrication of articial precious stones (ruby, etc), and for under water oxycutting in the laboratory, it is used in analyzer ames, reducing ame photometry detection instruments, ame ionization detection instruments, and fuel cells. Extremely pure hydrogen is used in the chemical industry for ne reduction processes. Liqueed hydrogen is used as a rocket fuel. In the laboratory liquid hydrogen is employed for solid physics research. In the nuclear industry para-hydrogen is employed to ll bubble chambers. In electrical power plants hydrogen is used as a coolant gas in turbogenerators. Hydrogen is used for synthesis of ammonia. Hydrogen is used as a reagent to produce high purity water. Hydrogen is used as fuel in fuel cell applications. Hydrogen is used as component in gas mixtures.
120
Gases
Hydrogen bromide
CAS: 10035-10-6 EC: 233-113-0
HBr
UN: 1048
Hydrogen bromide 2.8

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.8% HCl <2,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 19 bar(a) 70 F: 320 psi(g)
Characteristics
Highly corrosive. Liquefied gas with pungent odour. Forms white fumes in humid air. Highly corrosive under humid conditions.
Corrosive
R-phrases: R35 - Causes severe burns; R37 - Irritating to respiratory system.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage; H335 - May cause respiratory irritation.
Physical data
3
80.912 66.7 3.45 13 21.8 Non.combustible 0.290 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 4.74 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft ] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi]
3
88.04 0.211 187.9 324.57
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Hydrogen bromide is obtained as a by-product during the bromination of organic compounds such as bromomethane.
Applications
Hydrogen bromide is used both as a reagent and as a catalyst in a variety of organic reactions. It is also used for the preparation of numerous inorganic bromides. Hydrogen bromide is also used for hydrobromination (chemical and pharmaceutical industries) and halogen lamps (so called iodine automobile headlights, electrostatic photocopy machine lamps, etc). Hydrogen bromide is used in the manufacturing of semiconductors as an etchant.
122
Gases
Hydrogen chloride
CAS: 7647-01-0 EC: 231-595-7
HCl
UN: 1050
Chemical hydrogen chloride 2.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99% N2 + Ar <8,000
Scientic hydrogen chloride 4.5

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.995% O2 <1 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 37 bar(a) 70 F: 613 psi(g) N2 <2 CO <1 CO2 <5 CnHm <1 H2O <2
Characteristics
Colourless, liquefied gas with pungent odour. Forms white fumes in humid air. Corrosive in humid conditions.
Toxic
Corrosive
R-phrases: R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R35 - Causes severe burns.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
Physical data
Molecular weight: Boiling point: Density: Vapour pressure: at 1.013 bar [C] at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [kg/m3] at 0 C, [bar] at 20 C, [bar]: Flammability range in air, [% volume]: Specic volume: at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [m /kg]
3
36.461 85.1 1.552 25.6 42.02 Non.combustible 0.644 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 10.5 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft3] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi] 120.98 0.095 371.1 625.37
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Hydrogen chloride is normally prepared in commercial quantities by the direct combination of chlorine and hydrogen. This is achieved by burning chlorine in an atmosphere of hydrogen. Most of the hydrogen chloride produced in this way is normally dissolved directly in water to produce hydrochloric acid, but some companies collect the anhydrous hydrogen chloride.
Applications
Hydrogen chloride is used to remove the remaining bres from cotton seeds after the cotton wool has been separated and before the seed is stored for resowing next season. Hydrogen chloride is used to separate cotton from wood. Hydrogen chloride is used in the manufacture of inorganic chlorides. Hydrogen chloride is used as the chlorine donor in excimer lasers. Hydrogen chloride is used to promote and regenerate catalysts in the petrochemical industry, and to add viscosity to oils. Hydrogen chloride is used for hydrochlorinations (e.g., production of chloromethane) and oxychlorinations (e.g., production of chloroethene). It is also used to produce chlorosulfonic acid and synthetic rubbers. Hydrogen chloride is used as a thermal etchant to remove material from unmasked areas and to prepare wafer surfaces for epitaxial deposition. High purity hydrogen chloride gas is widely used in the electronics industry. It is a chlorine carrier produced by high temperature cracking. It is used in the following applications: scouring furnaces (quartz chambers) dissolved in water as aqueous cleaning agent to prepare metal surfaces for electro plating selective etching of windows in electronic microcircuits carrier for non-volatile elements in the form of gaseous chloride. Hydrogen chloride is used in pharmaceutical synthesis. Hydrogen chloride is also used for production of hard metals.
124
Gases
Hydrocyanic acid CAS: 74-90-8 EC: 200-821-6
Hydrogen cyanide
HCN,
ADR Class 6.1, TF1 DOT Class 6.1
UN: 1051
Chemical hydrogen cyanide 2.0 (stabilized)

Impurity [%] Purity >99.9% H2SO4 or H3PO4 (Stabilizer) <0.95 Typical lling pressure
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless gas with the characteristic odour of bitter almonds. Slightly lighter than air.
Extremely ammable
Very toxic
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable; R26 - Very toxic by inhalation; R50/53 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
H-statements: H224 - Extremely ammable liquid and vapour; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H410 - Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.
Physical data
Molecular weight: Boiling point: Density: Vapour pressure: at 1.013 bar [C] at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [kg/m3] at 0 C, [bar] at 20 C, [bar]: Flammability range in air, [% volume]: Specic volume: at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [m3/kg] 27.03 26.70 687.00 0.37 0.83 5.5 40 0.0015 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 0.023 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft3] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi] 78.30 42.89 5.37 12.04
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The main method of manufacturing hydrogen cyanide is by reacting methane, ammonia and air over a platinum catalyst at 1,000-2,000C. Many fruits with a pit such as almonds, apples, apricots contain small levels of HCN.
Applications
Hydrogen cyanide is an important building block in the manufacture of: acrylonitrile acrylates pharmaceuticals The largest use is in the manufacture of acrylonitrile, but it is also used in the manufacture of methyl methacrylate, adiponitrile (for nylon), sodium cyanide and small amounts of ferrocyanudes. HCN is used as component in calibration gases for environmental control of coal red power plants. HCN is also used as a fumigant in certain geographies.
126
Gases
Hydrogen uoride
CAS: 7664-39-3 EC: 231-634-8
HF
ADR Class 8, CT1 DOT Class 8
UN: 1052
Hydrogen uoride 4.5

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.995% H2SiF6 <15 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 0.9 bar(a) 70 F: 0 psi(g) SO2 <15 H2SO4 <25
Characteristics
Highly corrosive. Liquefied gas with pungent odour. Forms white fumes in humid air. Highly corrosive under humid conditions.
Very toxic
Corrosive
R-phrases: R26/27/28 - Very toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed; R35 - Causes severe burns.
H-statements: H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H310 - Fatal in contact with skin; H300 - Fatal if swallowed; H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
Physical data
3
3
67.16 0.053 6.97 15.48
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Hydrogen uoride is prepared industrially by reacting together sulphuric acid and uorspar (CaF2).
Applications
Hydrogen uoride is used: to produce uorine to process uranium isotopes as a uorinating agent to produce a variety of organic and inorganic chemicals. to manufacture low-ash content analytical lter paper for pickling of electronic components for etching in the production of semiconductor integrated circuits for etching and polishing glass to prepare uoridized compounds for polymerization and hydrolytic reactions for manufacturing of aluminium uoride and synthetic cryolite (Sodium alumina uoride Na3AlF6). Hydrogen uoride is used as a fumigant. Hydrogen uoride is used in hydrogen uoride lasers (HF/DF hydrogen uoride/deuterium uoride lasers) which is an infrared chemical laser that can deliver continuous output power in the megawatt range. It also serves as a catalyst in alkylation, acylation and isomerization reactions, and as a dehydrating agent in cyclization reactions.
128
Gases
Hydroiodic acid CAS: 10034-85-2
Hydrogen iodide
EC: 233-109-9
HI,
UN: 2197
Hydrogen iodide 3.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.9% Typical lling pressure 15 C: 6 bar(a) 70 F: 88.6 psi(g)
Characteristics
Highly corrosive. Liquefied colourless gas with pungent odour. Forms white fumes in humid air. Highly corrosive under humid conditions.
Corrosive
R-phrases: R35 - Causes severe burns.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
Physical data
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The industrial preparation of hydrogen iodide involves the reaction of I2 with hydrazine, which also yields nitrogen gas.
Applications
Hydrogen iodide is used in semiconductor dry etching applications. Hydrogen iodide is used in organic and inorganic synthesis as one of the primary sources of iodine and as a reducing agent.
130
Gases
Hydrogen sulphide
CAS: 7783-06-4 EC: 231-977-3
H2S
UN: 1053
Chemical hydrogen sulphide 1.8

Impurities [ppm] Purity >98% H2O <4,000
Hydrogen sulphide 5.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.999% O2 <2 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 16 bar(a) 70 F: 252 psi(g) N2 <5 CH4 <0.5 H2O <1
Characteristics
Flammable. Extremely offensive odour, liquefied gas.
Extremely ammable
Very toxic
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable; R26 - Very toxic by inhalation; R50 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely ammable gas; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H400 - Very toxic to aquatic life.
Physical data
3
34.082 60.35 1.454 10.64 18.40 4.0 44.0 0.689 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 11.2 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft3] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi] 76.61 0.089 154.40 274.52
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Hydrogen sulphide occurs as a by-product from many chemical processes. It is an off-gas in the production of viscose rayon, synthetic rubber, various petroleum products, and dyes, as well as leather processing. It can also be manufactured by treatment of many metallic sulphides with a mineral acid such as hydrochloric or sulphuric acid.
Applications
Small quantities of hydrogen sulphide are used as a dopant for indium phosphide and gallium arsenide semiconductors, and as a precursor for the growth of zinc sulphide semiconductors. Hydrogen sulphide is used for metal separation, removal of metallic impurities, and for preparation of metallic sulphides. In hot wire galvanizing it is used in conjunction with natural gas to speed up the galvanizing process. Hydrogen sulphide is used to regenerate certain types of catalyst used in the petrochemical industry. Hydrogen sulphide is used in calibration mixtures for the petrochemical industry. Hydrogen sulphide is used in mixtures for emission control applications. Hydrogen sulphide is used as an analytical reagent in chemical analysis. Hydrogen sulphide is used for preparation of phosphors oil additives and for production of additives for high pressure lubricants and cutting oils. Hydrogen sulphide is used in the chemical industry for production of sulphurated compounds, as mercaptans, sulphides, etc. Hydrogen sulphide is also used as a solvent and as an odorant in town gas. Hydrogen sulphide is used in the separation of heavy water, from normal water in some nuclear power stations. Hydrogen sulphide is used for surface treatment of metals.
132
Gases
Krypton
Kr,
Krypton 4.0
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.99% O2 <10 CnHm <5 H2O <5 N2 <30
Halocarbon free krypton 5.3

Impurities [ppb] Purity >99.9993% O2 <0.5 N2 <1 H2 <1 Xe <1 Ar <1 COx <1 SF6 <0.1 70 F: 1,900 psi(g) CF4 <0.1 C2F6 <0.5 CnHm <0.1 H2O <1
Typical lling pressure 15 C: 130 bar(a)
Characteristics
R-phrases:
Physical data
3
3
244.01 0.217
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Krypton is obtained from air separation plants. In view of its very low natural concentration in air, it is only economically viable to recover krypton from larger plants. In these cases a stream containing a mixture of crude krypton and xenon is extracted from the plant and processed in a separate purication and distillation system.
Applications
Krypton is used in various research programmes. Krypton is used for certain ion lasers and in mixtures with halides and helium or neon for excimer laser applications. Krypton is used in incandescent lamps, mixed with nitrogen and argon or nitrogen, argon and xenon. Krypton is also used in mixtures with argon as a lling gas for uorescent tubes. Krypton is used as a lling gas for various halogen lamps, such as those used in cars, on airelds and in low voltage display lamps. In laboratories krypton is used for calibration standards for mass spectrometry and specic area measurements in adsorption applications. In neurology krypton is used to obtain brain X-ray pictures. Krypton is used as a triggering agent in discharge type electronic tubes (e.g., TFT screens; TFT LCD = Thin-Film Transistor Liquid Chrystal Display). Krypton is also used as insulation gas in windows to reduce noise and heat transfer.
134
Gases
Methane
CH4,
ADR Class 2, 1F (Compressed); 3F Refrigerated liquid) DOT Class 2.1
Chemical methane 2.5

Scientic methane 5.5

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.9995% O2 + N2 <5 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 200 bar(a) 70 F: 2,400 psi(g) Other CnHm <1 H2O <1
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless and odourless gas.
Extremely ammable
H-statements: Compressed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; Refrigerated Gas 3 H281 - Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury; H220 - Extremely ammable gas.
Physical data
Molecular weight: Boiling point: Density: Vapour pressure: at 1.013 bar [C] at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [kg/m3] at 0 C, [bar] at 20 C, [bar]: Flammability range in air, [% volume]: Specic volume: at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [m3/kg] 16.043 161.49 0.680 5.0 15.0 1.47 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 23.8 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft3] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi] 258.66 0.042
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Methane is the principal constituent of natural gas (typically natural gas is 87% methane). It is therefore commonly produced by purifying natural gas. Pure methane may also be obtained from the cracking of petroleum fractions.
Applications
Methane is used as a heating fuel for domestic purposes and above all for industrial heating: in the steel industry, with open hearth furnaces, in the presence of fuel oil, and in reheating furnaces for semi-products prior to rolling or forging, oxycutting of metal, for heat treatment of nonferrous metals, and supply to infrared heating elements used for surface treatment in thermal power plants in glass making, annealing kilns for pharmaceutical ampoules, ceramic kilns in the textile industry in the chemical industry, petrochemical furnaces, heating of tanks containing resins for paints, vulcanization of plastics in food and farm industries, coffee roasting ovens, malt drying in breweries, dehydration of plant fodder, powdered milk production in cement plants in paper mills Methane was employed in the gas batteries used by the Apollo space missions. High purity methane is used as a fuel gas in ame photometers. When mixed with argon or xenon, methane is used as a gas lling for proportional counters and other types of radiation detectors. As natural gas it is also used as fuel for vehicles. In the chemical eld, methane serves as a raw material for the production of methanol, synthetic ammonia, acetylene, carbon black, carbon disulphide, hydrocyanic acid, chloromethane, methylene chloride, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform. In the steel industry, natural gas is used for direct reduction of powdered minerals, and to produce hard metal. Methane nds extensive use in various mixtures for quality control laboratories in the petrochemical and fuel gas industries. Methane is used in gas cooled nuclear reactors. The methane is used to dope the carbon dioxide coolant in order to prevent erosion of the carbon control rods in the nuclear core. Methane is used for efciency testing of gas burners and engines. Methane is also used in synthetic town gas mixtures. Methane mixtures are commonly used for calibrations in the automotive industry and in the environmental eld. Methane mixed with argon is used as make-up gas in electro chemical detectors (EC-detectors).
Note:
Methane is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol, an international Framework Convention with the objective of reducing greenhouse gases. For further information on the protocol see page 10.
136
Gases
Methyl mercaptan CAS: 74-93-1 EC: 200-822-1
Methanethiol
CH3SH, UN: 1064

Chemical methanethiol 2.5

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.5% Other S-comp. <5,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 1.4 bar(a) 70 F: 15 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless, liqueed, gas with strong repugnant odour.
Extremely ammable
Toxic
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable; R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R50/53 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely ammable gas; H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H410 - Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.
Physical data
3
3
42.75 0.127 11.29 25.67
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Methanethiol is manufactured by reaction between hydrogen sulphide and methanol. The reaction is usually carried out over solid acidic catalysts at elevated temperatures.
Applications
Methanethiol has been used in organic synthesis and is an intermediate for jet fuel, fungicides, and methionine. Methanethiol as an additive to improve qualities of elastomers. Methanethiol is also used as an odorant in a variety of odourless gases to allow easy leak detection.
138
Gases
Methylamine
(CH3)NH2, UN: 1061

Aminomethane, R-630 CAS: 74-89-5 EC: 200-820-0
Chemical aminomethane 2.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99% H2O <3,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 2.5 bar(a) 70 F: 29 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied colourless gas with ammonia/fish-like odour.
Extremely ammable
Harmful
Physical data
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Methylamine is prepared commercially either by a reaction between methanol and ammonia, or by a reaction between a carbonyl compound and ammonia. Dimethylamine and trimethylamine are also formed in the same reaction and the three products are separated by distillation.
Applications
Methylamine is an intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals (e.g. theophylline), pesticides (carbaryl, sodium methane, carbofuran), surfactants, photographic developers, explosives, and solvents such as n-methyl-2pirrolidone.
140
Gases
Methoxyethene, Vinyl methyl ether CAS: 107-25-5 EC: 203-475-4 UN: 1087
Methyl vinyl ether

Methoxyethene 2.5
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.5% H2O <1,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 1.5 bar(a)
C3H6O,
70 F: 11.6 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liqueed and colourless gas with a sweetish odour. Poor warning properties at low concentrations.
Extremely ammable
Physical data
3
3
41.92 0.155 11.70 26.27
m Alu um ini na Bu
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Methyl vinyl ether is obtained commercially by a vinylation reaction, by treating ethyne (acetylene) with methanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide. It is also prepared by converting acetaldehyde into dimethoxyethane, and subjecting the acetal to pyrolysis.
Applications
Methyl vinyl ether is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Methyl vinyl ether is used to prepare homopolymers and copolymers. Methyl vinyl ether is used as plasticizer for nitrocellulose and other plastics.
142
Gases
Neon
Ne,
Neon 4.5
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.995% O2 <2 N2 <5 He <20 H2O <3 CnHm <0.2
Plasma neon 5.3

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.9993% O2 <1 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 200 bar(a) 70 F: 2,000 psi(g) N2 <2 He <3 H2O <2 CnHm <0.1
Characteristics
R-phrases:
Physical data
3
3
410.89 0.052
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Neon is obtained from air separation plants. In view of its very low natural concentration in air, it is only economically viable to recover neon from larger air separation plants. In these cases small quantities of neon are recovered by splitting a crude neon stream from the plant and processing this in a separate purication and distillation system.
Applications
Neon is used as a lling gas in: spark chamber particle detectors, in mixtures with helium and other particle detectors Geiger tubes and other detectors uorescent lamps sodium discharge lamps digital display tubes (Dixie tubes) stroboscope lights signs, in mixtures with argon (hence the term Neon Lights) low consumption glow lamps (night lights) lament lamps telephone line surge arrestors Neon is also used as either a buffer gas or the active medium in various types of gas lasers such as helium/neon, excimer and copper vapour lasers. Neon is used as a carrier gas in chromatography for special applications. Neon-oxygen breathing mixtures are used in diving, with the advantage of not causing vocal deformation. Liquid neon is employed in the following applications: liquid hydrogen replacement studies at about 30 K to satisfy safety considerations cryo-sorption and cryo-pumping nuclear particle detection in bubble chambers. lung diffusion gas. Neon is used in plasma TV screens.
144
Gases
Nitrogen monoxide CAS: 10102-43-9 EC: 233-271-0
Nitric oxide
NO, UN: 1660

ADR Class 2, 1 TOC DOT Class 2.3
Chemical nitric oxide 2.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99% N2+NxOy comp. <10,000
Scientic nitric oxide 3.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity > 99.9% N2+NxOy comp. <1,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 30 bar(a) 70 F: 500 psi(g) SO2 <100 H2O <50
Characteristics
Colourless gas with slight odour.
Oxidizing
Very toxic
Corrosive
R-phrases: R8 - Contact with combustible material may cause re; R26 - Very toxic by inhalation; R34 - Causes burns.
H-statements: Compressed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H270 - May cause or intensify re; oxidiser; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage; EUH071 - Corrosive to the respiratory tract.
Physical data
Molecular weight: Boiling point: Density: Vapour pressure: at 1.013 bar [C] at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [kg/m3] at 0 C, [bar] at 20 C, [bar]: Flammability range in air, [% volume]: Specic volume: at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [m3/kg] 30.006 151.77 1.27 Non.combustible 0.787 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 12.821 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft3] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi] 241.17 0.078
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Nitric oxide is produced by treating nitric acid with a reducing agent.
Applications
Nitric oxide is used as a polymerization inhibitor. Mixtures of nitric oxide, often in the ppm, or even ppb, range are used to test and calibrate pollution and emission control analyzers. Nitric oxide is used in the preparation of standard mixtures employed in controlling atmospheric pollution. Nitric oxide is used in the bleaching of rayon fabrics. Nitric oxide is used for oxidation of semiconductors in the electronic industry. Nitric oxide is used for chemical synthesis in preparation of metal nitryl carbonyls. Nitric oxide mixtures have been used therapeutically in humans for several medical indications.
146
Gases
Nitrogen
N2,
Chemical nitrogen 4.6

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.996% O2 <5 H2O <5
Scientic nitrogen 6.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.9999% O2 <0.2 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 200 bar(a) 70 F: 2,640 psi(g) CO+CO2 <0.2 CnHm <0.1 H2O <0.5
Characteristics
Colourless and odourless gas. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
R-phrases:
Physical data
3
3
320.42 0.072
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Nitrogen is produced in large quantities at air separation plants which liquefy and subsequently distil air into nitrogen, oxygen and argon. If very high purity nitrogen is required the nitrogen produced may need to go through a secondary purication process. The lower range of nitrogen purities can also be produced with membrane techniques, and medium to high purities with pressure swing adsorption (PSA) techniques.
Applications
Nitrogen is used in large quantities in the chemical industry for blanketing, purging and pressure transfer of ammable chemicals. High purity nitrogen is used in large quantities by the semiconductor industry as a purge or carrier gas as well as for blanketing equipment such as furnaces when not in production. Nitrogen is used as a purge gas. Nitrogen is commonly used as carrier gas in gas chromatography. Nitrogen is used as zero gas for analytical instruments. Nitrogen is commonly used as a balance gas in mixtures. Nitrogen is used in the electronic industry for inerting of epitaxial reactors. Nitrogen is used in mixtures with carbon dioxide for modied atmosphere packaging (MAP) of food stuffs. Nitrogen is used extensively, either pure or, more commonly, in a mixture with a reducing gas such as hydrogen or natural gas, to provide an oxygen free atmosphere during heat treatment of various metals. Nitrogen is used in the Haber-Bosch process for production of ammonia. Liquid nitrogen may also be used for cryogenic grinding of plastics, rubbers and some other chemicals products. Liquid nitrogen is used in the nuclear industry, for scientic research. Liquid nitrogen is used to store biological materials like tissue, cells etc. Liquid nitrogen is also used for cryo surgery. Liquid nitrogen is used in the area of superconductivity. Nitrogen is used in Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Nitrogen is used as a re extinguishing gas in mines. Nitrogen is used to ll tires to reduce wear and limit the risks of blow-outs. Liquid nitrogen is used in cold traps to improve the efciency of vacuum pumps by condensing or solidifying residual gases in the vacuum. Liquid nitrogen may be used for shrink tting of close tolerance components. Liquid nitrogen is used to freeze a wide variety of delicate food, such as hamburgers, strawberries, shrimps etc.
148
Gases
Nitrogen dioxide
CAS: 10102-44-0 EC: 233-272-6
NO2
UN: 1067
Chemical nitrogen dioxide 2.0

Characteristics
Reddish-brown liquefied gas with an asphyxiating odour. Corrosive in humid conditions. Heavy oxidizing agent. Mixtures with organic materials can be explosive.
Oxidizing
Very toxic
R-phrases: R8 - Contact with combustible material may cause re; R26 - Very toxic by inhalation; R34 - Causes burns.
H-statements: H270 - May cause or intensify re; oxidiser; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated.
Physical data
3
3
69.55 0.121 5.09 14.66
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Industrial production of nitrogen dioxide employs the Ostwald process (catalytic combustion of ammonia) and is the initial step in the production of nitric acid. Other commercial processes for producing nitrogen dioxide are the oxidation of nitrosyl chloride yielding nitrogen dioxide and chlorine, and the treatment of sodium nitrite with nitric acid and oxidation of the liberated nitrogen monoxide to nitrogen dioxide. High purity nitrogen dioxide is obtained during the production of sodium nitrate from sodium chloride and nitric acid.
Applications
Nitrogen dioxide is employed in the production of calibration standards used in the inspection of combustion gases in general. Nitrogen dioxide is used in calibration mixtures for the automotive industry. Nitrogen dioxide is used in calibration mixtures for environmental monitoring in many process areas. Nitrogen dioxide is used as rocket fuel. Nitrogen dioxide is employed in the laboratory as an oxidizing agent. Nitrogen dioxide is also used for chemical extraction and chemical synthesis.
150
Gases
Nitrogen triuoride
CAS: 7783-54-2 EC: 232-007-1 UN: 2451
NF3
ADR Class 2, 2O DOT Class 2.2
Nitrogen triuoride 4.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.99% H2O <5 O2 <5 N2 <50 CO2 <15 CF4 <50 SF6 <10 N2O <10
Typical lling pressure 15 C: 19 bar(a) 70 F: 261 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless gas with characteristic mouldy odour. Highly oxidizing at increased temperatures, can then ignite organic material.
Oxidizing
Harmful
R-phrases: R8 - Contact with combustible material may cause re; R20 - Harmful by inhalation.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H270 - May cause or intensify re; oxidiser; H332 - Harmful if inhaled.
Physical data
3
3
200.29 0.184
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Nitrogen triuoride is prepared by the direct uorination of ammonia. It may also be obtained by electrolysis of molten ammonium biuoride or by direct combination of the elements nitrogen and uorine using an electrical discharge at low temperatures.
Applications
Nitrogen triuoride is used as a high speed, selective etchant in silicon processing. It has been used to etch silicon, polysilicon, silicon nitride and silicon oxide as well as refractory metals and silicides. Its application to in-situ tube cleaning has been developed. Nitrogen triuoride has recently become of interest as a nitrogen source gas for nitride deposition. Nitrogen triuoride is sometimes used as the uorine source in HF/DF (see page 121) chemical lasers. Nitrogen triuoride is used as a uorinating agent. Nitrogen triuoride is also used for bre treatment.
152
Gases
Nitrous oxide
N2O,
ADR Class 2, 2O; 3O (Refrigerated liquid) DOT Class 2.2
R-744A CAS: 10024-97-2 EC: 233-032-0 UN: 1070; 2201 (Refrigerated liquid)
Chemical nitrous oxide 2.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99% Air <9,000
Scientic nitrous oxide 4.8

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.998% O2 <10 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 46 bar(a) 70 F: 745 psi(g) N2 <20 CO+CO2 <6 CnHm <1 H2O <5
Characteristics
Colourless and odourless gas.
Oxidizing
R-phrases: R8 - Contact with combustible material may cause re.
H-statements: Compressed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; Refrigerated Gas 3 H281 - Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury; H270 - May cause or intensify re; oxidiser.
44.013
Physical data
3
88.48 1.873 37.5 58.5 Non.combustible 0.534
at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft ] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi] at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb]

3
127.24 0.114 543.9 848.5 8.77
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153
AUTO
CHEM
ENERGY
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Nitrous oxide is obtained most commonly by the thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate. It may also be obtained by controlled reduction of nitrites or nitrates, by the slow decomposition of hyponitrites, or by the thermal decomposition of hydroxylamine.
Applications
Nitrous oxide (often called laughing gas) is commonly used as a general anaesthetic in both medical and dental surgeries. To be effective as an anaesthetic, nitrous oxide must be inhaled in relatively high concentrations mixed with air or oxygen. Nitrous oxide serves in industry as a leak detector for vacuum and pressurized enclosures, buried piping, etc. Nitrous oxide is used as an oxygen source in the chemical vapour deposition of silicon oxynitride layers. Nitrous oxide is used in calibration mixtures for environmental control. The nitrous oxide-acetylene ame is employed in the laboratory for the analysis of refractory elements such as aluminium, vanadium, titanium and calcium oxides, by ame emission spectrometry. The use of this ame also permits determination of a certain number of trace metals by atomic absorption spectrometry. Nitrous oxide is used as an oxidizer in some types of analytical instruments. Nitrous oxide may be used as an aerosol propellant in various elds: for whipped cream (because it improves the foaming characteristics of the cream), syrups, concentrates of coffee, chocolate and various avours, sauces for grilled meats, vinaigrette etc. pharmaceutical eld cosmetics (perfumes, eau de cologne, hair spray, etc.) household products, paints and varnishes, insecticides aerosols for use at low temperature, such as de-icers, engine starting boosters, etc. Nitrous oxide is used as an oxygen enrichment medium for high performance internal combustion engines (Drag racing). Nitrous oxide is used as raw material for the production of rocket fuel. Nitrous oxide is used in the production of optical bre.
Note:
Nitrous oxide is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol, an international Framework Convention with the objective of reducing greenhouse gases. For further information on the protocol see page 10.
154
Gases
Octauoropropane
Peruoropropane, R-218 CAS: 76-19-7 EC: 200-941-9 UN: 2424
C3F8,
Scientic octauoropropane 2.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99% N2 + O2 <1,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 6.7 bar(a) 70 F: 100 psi(g) Other halo-carbons <3,000 H2O <100
Characteristics
Colourless liqueed gas with an ethereal odour. Poor warning properties at low concentrations. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
R-phrases:
Physical data
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155
ENERGY
MANUF
MEDICAL
R&D
SEMI
Source
Peruoroalkanes can be produced by a variety of routes. Indirect uorination of hydrocarbons with cobalt (III) uoride or silver (II) uoride is carried out in a steel or nickel tube with stirring. The hydrocarbon vapours are passed at 150450 C over the uorinating agent, which is regenerated in a uorine stream. This process is suitable for the production of peruoroalkanes containing up to 20 carbon atoms. Peruoroalkanes can also be produced electrochemically by the Phillips Petroleum process or the electrochemical uorination of organic compounds by the Simons process.
Applications
Octauoropropane is useful for high-voltage insulation. Octauoropropane is used in mixture with oxygen in semiconductor applications as an etching material for silicondioxide layers. Oxides are selectively etched versus their metal substrates. Octauoropropane (R-218) is a component in refrigeration mixtures. Octauoropropane is also used for eye surgery.
Note:
Octauoropropane is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol, an international Framework Convention with the objective of reducing greenhouse gases. For further information on the protocol see page 10.
156
Gases
Oxygen
O2,
ADR Class 2, 1O (Compressed); 3O (Refrigerated liquid) DOT Class 2.2
Chemical oxygen 3.5

Scientic oxygen 6.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.9999% N2 <0.5 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 200 bar(a) 70 F: 2,640 psi(g) Ar <1 CO <0.1 CO2 <0.1 CnHm <0.1 H2O <0.5
Characteristics
Colourless and odourless gas. Many materials burn in oxygen that do not normally burn in air. Reduces the flash-point temperature and increases the combustion speed.
Oxidizing
R-phrases: R8 - Contact with combustible material may cause re.
H-statements: Compressed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; Refrigerated Gas 3 H281 - Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury; H270 - May cause or intensify re; oxidiser.
31.999
Physical data
Molecular weight: Boiling point: Density: Vapour pressure: at 1.013 bar [C] at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [kg/m3] at 0 C, [bar] at 20 C, [bar]: Flammability range in air, [% volume]: Specic volume: at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [m3/kg] 182.98 1.354 Non.combustible 0.739 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 13.9 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft3] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi] 297.34 0.083
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157
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FOOD
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MEDICAL
METAL
OEM
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Oxygen is obtained on a commercial scale by the liquefaction and subsequent distillation of air. For very high purity oxygen it is normally necessary to take the product from an air separation plant through a secondary purication and distillation stage. Alternatively high purity oxygen may be produced by the electrolysis of water. Lower purities of oxygen can also be produced with membrane technique.
Applications
Many oxidation reactions in the chemical industry use pure oxygen rather than air in order to benet from higher reaction rates, easier product separation, higher yields, or smaller equipment size. High purity oxygen is used for the formation of silicon dioxide and metal oxide, as an etchant for photoresist, and in mixtures with halocarbons for etching silicon. Oxygen is also used in conjunction with hydrogen to fuel torches for welding, brazing, glass blowing and tube sealing for a variety of electronic components such as reed relay switches. High purity oxygen is used in conjunction with high purity methane in Advanced Gas Cooled (AGR) nuclear reactors to maintain an appropriate carbon balance in the (CO2) gas coolant in the nuclear core. High purity oxygen is used in the optical bre production process. Injecting oxygen into sewage treatment plants accelerates the decomposition of sewage. Oxygen is used for chemical synthesis. Oxygen is used in metal treating laser applications. Oxygen is used as an oxidizer. Oxygen is used in cutting and welding. Oxygen is used to supplement or replace air in burners used in many different industries in order to obtain increased temperatures. Typical applications are found in the steel, non-ferrous, glass and concrete industries amongst many others. Oxygen is used for ame sealing of glass ampoules for nished products for the pharmaceutical industry and the chemical industry. In the food industry, oxygen is used in the transportation of live sh and seafoods. Oxygen is used for enrichment of air during fermentation. Mixed with other gases, oxygen serves in the production of breathable atmospheres (O2 + CO2: reanimation; O2 + He or O2 + N2: underwater diving). Oxygen is used in some cases for modied atmosphere packaging (MAP) of food stuffs. It is used either pure or in mixtures with carbon dioxide and/or nitrogen. Liquid oxygen is used in liquid oxygen explosives, and as a comburent in space propulsion. Oxygen is used in the medical eld, as pure gas and in mixtures. Oxygen is also used in calibration gas.
158
Gases
COCl2, Carbonyl chloride, Dichloromethanal CAS: 75-44-5 EC: 200-870-3 UN: 1076
Phosgene
Phosgene 2.0
ADR Class 2, 2TC
DOT Class 2.3
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99% HCl + Cl2 <10,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 1.3 bar(a) 70 F: 9.3 psi(g)
Characteristics
Corrosive. Colourless, liqueed gas with a damp hay-like odour. Decomposes in water to hydrogen chloride and carbon dioxide.
Very toxic
R-phrases: R26 - Very toxic by inhalation; R34 - Causes burns.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
Physical data
3
3
45.63 0.263 10.8 24.0
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159
CHEM
MANUF
PETRO
PHARMA
R&D
Source
Phosgene is obtained commercially by passing carbon monoxide and chlorine over activated carbon. The produced phosgene is liqueed in a condenser and the residual product gases are carefully scrubbed for removal of remaining phosgene.
Applications
Phosgene is used in organic synthesis to prepare: acid chlorides intermediate isocyanates in the preparation of polyurethanes polycarbonate resins ethyl, isopropyl, diethylene glycol and n-butyl chloroformiates isopropyl phenylcarbonate, isopropyl chlorophenylcarbonate, employed as insecticides, herbicides and pesticides dyes pharmaceuticals synthetic foams polymers urea and substituted ureas carbodiimides Phosgene also serves in the bleaching of sand for the glass industry. It is a chlorinating agent.
160
Gases
Hydrogen phosphide CAS: 7803-51-2 EC: 232-260-8
Phosphine
Phosphine 5.0
PH3, UN: 2199

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.999% O2 <1 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 37 bar(a) 70 F: 507.4 psi(g) N2 <3 CO <1 CO2 <1 CnHm <2 H2O <1 AsH3 <2
Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied, colourless gas with an odour similar to rotten fish. Ignites spontaneously in air.
Extremely ammable
Very toxic
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable; R17 - Spontaneously ammable in air; R26 - Very toxic by inhalation; R34 - Causes burns; R50 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely ammable gas; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage; H400 - Very toxic to aquatic life.
Physical data
3
33.998 87.74 1.449 22.37 35.16 Ignites.spontaneously 0.690 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 11.2 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft ] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi]
3
125.91 0.089 324.4 522.11
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161
CHEM
FOOD
MANUF
R&D
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Source
Phosphine may be prepared by a number of routes including hydrolysis of metal phosphides or direct combination of the elements under pressure.
Applications
Phosphine has been used as a fumigant to kill insect infestation in grain silos. Phosphine is used as an n-type dopant in the epitaxial deposition and diffusion of silicon. It is also used for the epitaxial growth of InP and GaInAsP for the production of semiconductors. Phosphine is used for charging of silica linings. In the chemical industry, phosphine nds use in the preparation of ame-retarding compounds. Phosphine is used in mixtures in the halogen lamp production.
162
Gases
Allene, 1,2-Propadiene CAS: 463-49-0 EC: 207-335-3
Propadiene
Propadiene 2.5
C3H4, UN: 2200

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.5% Other CnHm <5,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 5.5 bar(a) 70 F: 80.0 psi(g) H2O <100
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless, liqueed gas with slightly sweetish odour. Poor warning properties at low concentrations.
Extremely ammable
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable .
Physical data
3
3
30.08 0.105 51.54 94.72
m Alu um ini na Bu
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Applications
163
CHEM
PETRO
PHARMA
R&D
Source
Propadiene is produced through the pyrolysis of isobutane under elevated temperature and controlled pressure. Propadiene can also be obtained by debromination of 2,3dibromopropene or dechlorination of 2,3-dichloropropene.
Applications
Propadiene is of interest mainly for organic synthesis and is used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical intermediates. Propadiene is used as a component in calibration gases for the gas, oil as well as chemical industry.
164
Gases
Propane
R-290 CAS: 74-98-6
C3H8, UN: 1978

EC: 200-827-9
Chemical propane 2.5

Scientic propane 3.5

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.95% O2 <10 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 7.3 bar(a) 70 F: 109 psi(g) S-comp. <0.5 Other CnHm <300 H2O <30
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless, liqueed gas.
Extremely ammable
Physical data
3
3
43.65 0.116 69.01 125.24
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165
AUTO
CHEM
ENERGY
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OEM
PETRO
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Source
Propane is a constituent of crude petroleum and natural gas from which it is obtained by rening and processing operations.
Applications
Propane is of interest as a specialty gas mainly in mixtures used to calibrate process control analyzers in the petrochemical industry. It is also used in its pure form as the fuel gas in ame photometers. Propane is used: for heating of industrial premises and apartments as fuel supply to hot air generators used in farming for drying harvests for heating animal breeding areas in hotels and restaurants in portable heating units at work sites, markets, etc. in the iron and steel industry: burners for heat treatment furnaces, radiation panels for surface treatment, metal oxycutting in the chemical industry: burners for ceramic kilns, in paintwork nishing installations, incinerators in petrochemical furnaces as a clean fuel for intra-plant vehicles, such as forklift trucks, where petrol fumes or soot would be considered unpleasant extensively as a refrigerant in chemical, petroleum rening and gas processing operations as a refrigerant in high/medium/low temperature; commercial and industrial refrigeration and A/C in heat pumps, and mixed with iso-butane it is used in high/medium temperature refrigeration; commercial and domestic refrigeration in metallurgy to create controlled atmospheres. It is employed in gaseous cementation processes as an aerosol propellant mixed with iso-butane. Propane is one of the main components in liquid petroleum gas (LPG). As a refrigerant it has the ASHRAE number R-290. It is also used in small proportions as a component in some hydrochlorouorocarbons and hydrouorocarbons (HCFC, HFC) refrigerant blends for industrial and commercial refrigeration and air conditioning applications in order to facilitate oil return in the system. In the chemical industry propane is used in the production of: ethylene, propylene, which is an intermediate product in the manufacture of isopropanol, propylene oxide, propyleneglycol, acrolein, acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, isopropylbenzene, allyl chloride, epichlorohydrin, and polypropylene. Propane is used for efciency testing of gas burners and engines, sometimes in combination with CO/CO2. Propane is used in emission calibration mixtures for the automotive industry. Propane is used as a component in calibration gases for the gas, oil as well as chemical industry.
166
Gases
Propene
C3H6, UN: 1077

Propylene, R-1270 CAS: 115-07-1 EC: 204-062-1
Chemical propene 2.5

Propene 2.8
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.8% Other CnHm <1,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 9 bar(a) 70 F: 136 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless, liqueed gas with a sweetish odour. Poor warning properties at low concentrations (stenchant often added).
Extremely ammable
Physical data
3
um N ini m na u l u B A Bra ss el er bb ste u r n er tyl pp rbo Co Ca Bu
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167
AUTO
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PHARMA
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Source
Propene is obtained during the rening of gasoline, and to a lesser extent by the splitting, cracking and reforming of hydrocarbon mixtures.
Applications
Propene is used principally in organic synthesis to produce the following materials: acetone isopropylbenzene isopropyl halides propylene oxide It is also polymerized to form polypropylene plastic It is used as a refrigerant in high/medium/low temperature applications including commercial refrigeration and airconditioning. It has the ASHRAE number R-1270. Propene is used in mixtures for the calibration of process control instruments in the petrochemical/chemical industry. Propene is widely used as a chemical intermediate. Propene is used in emission calibration mixtures for the automotive industry. Propene is used in the efcency testing of gas burners and engines. Propene is used as a component in calibration gases for the chemical industry.
168
Gases
C3H4, Allylene, Methylacetylene CAS: 74-99-7 EC: 200-828-4
Propyne
Propyne 2.0
UN: 1060
ADR Class 2, 2F
DOT Class 2.1
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99% Other CnHm <10,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 4.4 bar(a) 70 F: 59.4 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless, liqueed gas with a garlic like odour. Poor warning properties at low concentrations.
Extremely ammable
Physical data
3
3
9.76 0.106 36,92 74.09
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Applications
169
CHEM
PETRO
PHARMA
R&D
Source
Propyne can be produced by thermal or catalytic pyrolysis of propene. In cracked gas (for example, from steam cracking of hydrocarbons) propyne, together with propadiene, can be recovered by solvent extraction and enriched by low temperature fractional distillation of C3 mixtures, or removed by selective hydrogenation.
Applications
Propyne is used in the chemical industry as a synthesis intermediate. Propyne is used as a component in calibration gases for the gas, oil as well as chemical industry.
170
Gases
Silane
Silane 4.0
SiH4, Silicon hydride CAS: 7803-62-5 EC: 232-263-4
UN: 2203
ADR Class 2, 2F
DOT Class 2.1
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.99% Resistivity >300 O/cm SiH3Cl <2 H2O <2 O2 <1 N2 <20 CO + CO2 <5 CnHm <5 H2 <200
Silane 5.0
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.999% Resistivity >2,000 O/cm SiH3Cl <0.5 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 50100 bar(a) 70 F: 700 psi(g) H2O <1 O2 <1 N2 <3 CO + CO2 <1 CnHm <0.5 H2 <50
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless gas with repulsive odour. Forms white fumes at leakage. Mixtures with more than 3% silane ignites spontaneously in air.
Extremely ammable
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable; R17 - Spontaneously ammable in air.
Physical data
3
32.117 112.15 1.366 Ignites.spontaneously 0.553 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 11.7 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft ] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi]
3
169.85 0.085
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Applications
171
MANUF
R&D
SEMI
Source
Silane is produced by the reduction of silicon tetrachloride by metal hydrides such as lithium or calcium aluminium hydride. Silane is produced by treatment of magnesium silicide with hydrochloric acid.
Applications
Silane is used in the production of special glasses to provide a reective coating. Silane is one of the basic materials of the silicon semiconductor industry. It is used as a source of silicon for growing polycrystalline and epitaxial (monocrystalline) silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride and doping of gallium arsenide. Silane is also used as a dopant in the production of compound semiconductor devices, for chemical vapour deposition of refractory metal silicides, and for deposition of amorphous silicon on photocopier drums. Silane is also used in the production of photovoltaic cells. Silane is used in the production process of optical bres.
172
Gases
Tetrachlorosilane CAS: 10026-04-7 EC: 233-054-0
Silicon tetrachloride
UN: 1818
SiCl4,
ADR Class 8, C1 DOT Class 8
Silicon tetrachloride 3.5

Impurities (by weight) Purity > 99.95% Resistivity >100 O/cm SiHnClm <600ppm Typical lling pressure 15 C: 0.21 bar(a) 70 F: 10.9 psi(g) Al <50ppb B <0.2ppb C <1ppb Fe <25ppb P + As <2ppb
Characteristics
Liquefied and colourless gas with a pungent odour. Hydrolyses in moist air to form hydrogen chloride and silicon dioxide.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L Signal word: WARNING
Irritant
R-phrases: R14 - Reacts violently with water; R36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.
H-statements: EUH014 - Reacts violently with water; H319 - Causes serious eye irritation; H335 - May cause respiratory irritation; H315 - Causes skin irritation.
Physical data
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Applications
173
CHEM
MANUF
METAL
R&D
SEMI
Source
Silicon tetrachloride is commonly obtained by letting silicon react with chlorine or more commonly silicon react with hydrogen chloride.
Applications
Silicon tetrachloride is used in the production of silicon, silicon dioxide, polysilanes and silicones. Silicon tetrachloride is also used for surface treatment of metals and polymers. Silicon tetrachloride can be used to produce smoke screens in warfare.
174
Gases
Tetrauorosilane CAS: 7783-61-1 EC: 232-015-5
Silicon tetrauoride
UN: 1859
SiF4,
Silicon tetrauoride 4.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.99% N2 <3 O2 + Ar <1 CO2 <1 CO <0.5 CH4 <10 acidity (HF) <50 As <0.5 B <0.5 P <0.5
Silicon tetrauoride 5.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.999% CO <0.1 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 63 bar(a) 70 F: 900 psi(g) CO2 <2 N2 <4 O2 <0.5 CnHm <0.1
Characteristics
Liquefied and colourless gas with a pungent odour. Hydrolyses in moist air to form hydrogen fluoride and silicon dioxide.
Toxic
Corrosive
R-phrases: R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R35 - Cause severe burnes (eyes, respiratory system and skin).
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage; EUH071 - Corrosive to the respiratory tract.
Physical data
3
3
139.25 0.271
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175
CHEM
ENERGY
METAL
R&D
SEMI
Source
Commercially silicon tetrauoride is extracted as a by-product from the exhaust gases of the production of phosphate fertilizers. Silicon tetrauoride is a by-product of the manufacture of monocrystalline silicon.
Applications
Silicon tetrauoride is used to produce sodium hexauoroaluminate (synthetic cryolite) and aluminium uoride. Silicon tetrauoride is used as a silicon source in the manufacture of optical bres. Silicon tetrauoride is used for water uoridation. Silicon tetrauoride is used for low temperature silicon deposition and for the plasma etching of aluminium in the semiconductor industry.
176
Gases
Sulphur dioxide
CAS: 7446-09-5 EC: 231-195-2
SO2
UN: 1079
Chemical sulphur dioxide 2.8

Scientic sulphur dioxide 3.8

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.8% H2O <50 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 2.8 bar(a) 70 F: 34 psi(g) H2SO4 <50
Characteristics
Colourless, liquefied gas with pungent odour. Dry gas is not corrosive.
Toxic
R-phrases: R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R34 - Causes burns.
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
Physical data
3
64.065 10.02 2.759 1.55 3.36 Non.combustible 0.362 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 5.92 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft3] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi] 13.98 0.169 22.51 50.67
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177
AUTO
CHEM
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FOOD
MANUF
METAL
PETRO
PHARMA
R&D
Source
Sulphur dioxide may be produced by a variety of routes, such as the combustion of sulphur or pyrites, alternatively as a by-product of smelter operations. It can also be prepared by the reaction of an acid on a metallic sulphide, or by the action of sulphuric acid directly on a metal such as copper.
Applications
Sulphur dioxide is used in the manufacture of sulphite, hydrogen sulphites and sulphuric acid. Sulphur dioxide is used in magnesium foundries as protection gas (an alternative to SF6). Sulphur dioxide is used as a bleaching agent particularly for certain types of dried food, and also to bleach glue, elation, sugar, textiles, fats and oils. Sulphur dioxide is used to sterilize wine and beer making equipment in order to inhibit the growth of moulds and bacteria, and to control wine fermentation. Sulphur dioxide may be used in a variety of disinfecting and fumigation applications. Sulphur dioxide is used as a component in environmental calibration gases. Sulphur dioxide is used in gas mixtures for car emission monitoring. Sulphur dioxide is also used in the oat glass manufacturing process. Sulphur dioxide may be used: as a refrigerant in laboratory research on corrosion problems to remove excess chlorine in textile bleaching and water treatment in preparation of chrome leather tanning as a solvent. Sulphur dioxide is used in the pharmaceutical industry as a reaction agent.
178
Gases
Sulphur hexauoride
CAS: 2551-62-4 EC: 219-854-2 UN: 1080
SF6
Chemical sulphur hexauoride 3.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.9%* Air <500ppmw Typical lling pressure 15 C: 19 bar(a) *Meets or exceeds ASTM D2472 & IEC specications. 70 F: 320 psi(g) CF4 <400ppmw acidity (HF) <0.3 H2O <6
Characteristics
Colourless and odourless gas. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
R-phrases:
Physical data
3
3
83.0 0.382 187.2 321.70
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Applications
179
AUTO
ENERGY
MANUF
MEDICAL
METAL
R&D
SEMI
Source
Sulphur hexauoride is manufactured by direct uorination of pure (elemental) sulphur, generally by companies who produce uorine for other purposes such as the production of uorocarbons.
Applications
One of the principal uses of sulphur hexauoride is as an insulating medium in circuit breakers, switch gear, power substations and gas insulated transmission lines. For these applications the gas used must meet or exceed ASTM D2472 and IEC specications. Sulphur hexauoride is used as a plasma etching gas. Sulphur hexauoride is often used as a lling gas in double glazing as it reduces the sound transmissions and the heat transfer. Certain HF/DF chemical lasers (see page 121) use sulphur hexauoride as the uorine source. This type of laser is used mainly in R&D applications. As sulphur hexauoride is both inert and considerably denser than air it is suitable for blanketing open baths of certain molten metals, particularly magnesium. Sulphur hexauoride is used in laboratories as a carrier gas media in supercritical uid chromatography (SFC), and as media in supercritical uid extraction (SFE) for sample preparation. Sulphur hexauoride is being used for medical purposes such as a contrasting agent for ultrasound examinations, and in retinal surgery. Sulphur hexauoride is used in a wide variety of applications as a leak detection gas. Examples of this application are aluminium beer barrels, water supply pipelines, and various aircraft and automobile parts. Sulphur hexauoride is also used: as lling in loudspeakers as tyre lling gas. Sulphur hexauoride is used as tracer gas to test the effectiveness of a ventilation system.
Note:
Sulphur hexauoride is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol, an international Framework Convention with the objective of reducing greenhouse gases. For further information on the protocol see page 10.
180
Gases
1,1,1,2-Tetrauoroethane, R-134a CAS: 811-97-2 EC: 212-377-0 UN: 3159
Tetrauoroethane
Chemical tetrauoroethane 2.8
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.8% Air <2,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 4.9 bar(a)
C2H2F4,
70 F: 110 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless, odourless, liquefied gas. Can decompose to toxic substances at high temperatures. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
R-phrases:
Physical data
Molecular weight: Boiling point: Density: Vapour pressure: at 1.013 bar [C] at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [kg/m3] at 0 C, [bar] at 20 C, [bar]: Flammability range in air, [% volume]: Specic volume: at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [m3/kg] 102.03 26 4.415 2.92 5.71 Non.combustible 0.227 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 3.70 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft3] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi] 14.78 0.270 42.2 85.7
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181
MANUF
PETRO
PHARMA
R&D
Source
Tetrauoroethane can be manufactured by diverse fractional distillation of the initial substances carbon tetrachloride and hydrouoric acid.
Applications
Tetrauoroethane (R-134a) is used as a pure gas and as a blend component for refrigeration. It also a propellant for aerosol and a blowing agent for extruded polystyrene foams. Pharma grade tetrauoroethane is used in Metered Dose aerosol Inhalers (MDI).
Note:
Tetrauoroethane is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol, an international Framework Convention with the objective of reducing greenhouse gases. For further information on the protocol see page 10.
182
Gases
Tetrauoromethane
Carbon tetrauoride, R-14 CAS: 75-73-0 EC: 200-896-5 UN: 1982
CF4,
Chemical tetrauoromethane 4.5

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.995% Other halo-carbons <20 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 110 bar(a) 70 F: 2,000 psi(g) H2O <5
Characteristics
Colourless, odourless, liquefied gas. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
R-phrases:
Physical data
3
3
198.49 0.228
m Alu um ini na Bu
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183
CHEM
MANUF
R&D
SEMI
Source
Tetrauoromethane (R-14) may be obtained by the direct uorination of carbon or by an electro-chemical process using acetic acid dissolved in liquid hydrogen uoride.
Applications
Tetrauoromethane (R-14) is used as a cryogenic uid for very low temperature applications. Tetrauoromethane (R-14) is also used as: a neutral, inert gas a refrigerant heat transfer agent solvent propellant chemical intermediate. Tetrauoromethane is used, either pure or mixed with oxygen, as an etchant for silicon oxide, silicon nitride, refractory metals, and metal silicides. Tetrauoromethane is used in the electronics industry for plasma degreasing of multilayer printed circuit boards. Tetrauoromethane is used in the optical bre production process.
Note:
Tetrauoromethane is controlled under The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. For further information on the protocol see page 10.
184
Gases
Trichlorosilane
CAS: 10025-78-2 EC: 233-042-5
SiHCl3 UN: 1295

ADR Class 4.3, WFC
DANGEROUS WHEN WET

4 3 8
DOT Class 4.3
Trichlorosilane 3.5
Impurities Purity >99.95% Resistivity >600 O/cm SiH3Cl+SiH2Cl2 <500ppm Typical lling pressure 15 C: 0.54 bar(a) 70 F: 4.8 psi(g) C <5ppm B <0.06ppb Fe <5ppb
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless liqueed gas with a sharp acidic odor; which on vaporisation forms heavy vapours. Highly corrosive in humid conditions.
Extremely ammable
Corrosive
R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable; R14 - Reacts violently with water; R17 - Spontaneously ammable in air; R29 - Contact with water liberates toxic gas; R20/22 - Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed; R35 - Causes severe burns.
H-statements: H224 - Extremely ammable liquid and vapour; H250 - Catches re spontaneously if exposed to air; EUH014 - Reacts violently with water; EUH029 - Contact with water liberates toxic gas; H332 - Harmful if inhaled; H302 - Harmful if swallowed; H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
Physical data
3
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Applications
185
CHEM
R&D
SEMI
Source
Industrially, trichlorosilane is produced by blowing hydrogen chloride through a bed of silicon powder at 300C. At this point they combine to make trichlorosilane and hydrogen.
Applications
Trichlorosilane is a chemical compound containing silicon, hydrogen, and chlorine. At high temperatures, it decomposes to produce silicon, and as such, puried trichlorosilane is the principal source of ultra pure silicon in the semiconductor industry. In water, it rapidly decomposes to produce a silicone polymer while giving off hydrochloric acid. Because of its reactivity and wide availability, it is frequently used in the synthesis of silicon-containing organic compounds.
186
Gases
Triuoromethane
Fluoroform, R-23 CAS: 75-46-7 EC: 200-872-4
CHF3,
UN: 1984
Chemical triuoromethane 2.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99% Other halo-carbons <8,000 Typical lling pressure 15 C: 37 bar(a) 70 F: 635 psi(g) Air <1,000 H2O <10
Characteristics
Colourless, liqueed gas with an ethereal odour. Poor warning properties at low concentrations. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
R-phrases:
Physical data
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187
MANUF
R&D
SEMI
Source
The commercial production of triuoromethane is carried out by reaction of chloroform with hydrogen uoride over a chromium catalyst.
Applications
Triuoromethane (R-23) is used as a very low temperature refrigerant. refrigerant either as a single product or blended with R-116 in the azeotropic blend R-508. Triuoromethane is used as a cleaning and etchant agent in the semiconductor industry.
Note:
Triuoromethane is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol, an international Framework Convention with the objective of reducing greenhouse gases. For further information on the protocol see page 10.
188
Gases
Trimethylamine
CAS: 75-50-3 EC: 200-875-0
(CH3)3N
UN: 1083
Chemical trimethylamine 2.0

Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied colourless gas with strong ammonia/fish-like odour.
Extremely ammable
Harmful
Physical data
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189
CHEM
MEDICAL
PETRO
PHARMA
R&D
Source
Trimethylamine is prepared commercially either by a reaction between methanol and ammonia, or by a reaction between a carbonyl compound and ammonia. Monomethylamine and dimethylamine are also formed in the same reaction and the three products are separated by distillation.
Applications
Trimethylamine is used in organic synthesis; in the manufacture of disinfectants, to prepare quaternary ammonium compounds, as a corrosion inhibitor, and in preparation of trimethylamine-borane addition compounds. Trimethylamine is used in the chemical industry as an intermediate in the production of: insecticides wetting agents otation agents disinfectants synthetic resins emulsiers herbicides Aqueous solutions containing 25 % trimethylamine are employed in medical treatment as antihistamines. Trimethylamine is used in manufacturing of: choline salts cationic starches intense sweeteners ion-exchange resins Trimethylamine is used in pharmaceutical industry for the preparation of active ingredients.
190
Gases
Xenon
Xe
ADR Class 2, 2A; 3A (Refrigerated liquid) DOT Class 2.2
CAS: 7440-63-3 EC: 231-172-7 UN: 2036; 2591 (Refrigerated liquid)
Xenon 4.0
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.99% O2 <10 CnHm <5 H2O <5 N2 <30
Halocarbon free xenon 5.3

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.9993% O2 <0.5 N2 <1 H2 <1 Kr <1 Ar <1 COx <1 SF6 <0.1 70 F: 800 psi(g) CF4 <0.1 C2F6 <0.5 CnHm <0.1 H2O <1
Typical lling pressure 15 C: 56 bar(a)
Characteristics
Colourless and odourless gas. Non-reactive. Inert. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
R-phrases:
H-statements: Liqueed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; Refrigerated Gas 3 H281 - Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury.
Physical data
3
131.29 108.12 5.586 41.37 Non.combustible 0.179 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 2.933 at 14.5 psi, [F] at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft ] at 32 F, [psi] at 70 F, [psi]
3
162.60 0.341 600
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191
AUTO
CHEM
MANUF
MEDICAL
OEM
R&D
SEMI
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Xenon is obtained from air separation plants. In view of its very low natural concentration in air, it is only economically viable to recover xenon from larger plants. In these cases a stream containing a mixture of crude xenon and krypton is extracted from the plant and processed in a separate purication and distillation system.
Applications
Xenon is used in some types of ion and excimer lasers. These are used for medical, semiconductor and industrial applications, and for research. The major application for xenon is in the lighting industry. Both sodium and mercury lamps, which are used extensively for outdoor lighting, such as on motorways and other roads, are lled with pure xenon. Xenon is also used for: incandescent lamps iodine lamps (car headlights) arc lights ash bulbs cinema projection lamps Klieg lights for lming (sunlight simulation) illumination of large areas, e.g. sports grounds space simulations lamps When mixed with oxygen, xenon is used in CAT (Computed Axial Tomography) scanners for blood ow mapping. When mixed with methane, xenon is used as a ll gas for proportional counters and other types of radiation detectors (ionization chambers, detection of radioactive iodine planted on the thyroid in the examination of tumours). For neutron counters a mixture with xenon and 10BF3 is used. It is also used for x- and -ray counters. Xenon is used in a broad range of research programmes. Xenon based chemical compounds (uoride, trioxide, perxenate) serve as uorinating and oxidizing agents in certain specic applications. Xenon is also used for masspectrometer calibration. Xenon isotopes are used as trace markers in MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scans. Xenon can be used as a general anaesthetic. Xenon has been used by both European as well as NASA spacecraft as rocket fuel for small ion thrusters to position satellites in orbit. Xenon can be used as purging gas in the etching production steps in the chips production instead of argon. Due to the high cost a xenon recovery system is necessary.
192
Gases
Index
A
Acetylene (Ethyne) ADR symbols Air, synthetic Allene; See Propadiene Allylene; See Propyne Aminoethane; See Ethanamine Aminomethane See Methylamine Ammonia Anhydrous ammonia Anthropogenic climate change AOD Application areas Argon Arsine ASHRAE 14 8 16 CAS numbers: 7 10024-97-2; See Nitrous oxide 10025-78-2; See Trichlorosilane 10026-04-7; See Silicon tetrachloride 10034-85-2; See Hydrogen iodide 10035-10-6; See Hydrogen bromide 10102-43-9; See Nitric oxide 10102-44-0; See Nitrogen dioxide 10294-34-5; See Boron trichloride 106-97-8; See n-Butane 106-98-9; See 1-Butene 106-99-0; See 1,3-Butadiene 107-00-6; See 1-Butyne 107-25-5; See Methyl vinyl ether 109-94-4; See Ethyl formate 115-07-1; See Propene 115-10-6; See Dimethyl ether 115-11-7; See iso-Butene 124-38-9; See Carbon dioxide 124-40-3; See Dimethylamine 132259-10-0; See Air, synthetic 1333-74-0; See Hydrogen 19287-45-7; See Diborane 2551-62-4; See Sulphur hexauoride 353-50-4; See Carbonyl uoride 4109-96-0; See Dichlorosilane 460-19-5; See Cyanogen 463-49-0; See Propadiene 463-58-1; See Carbonyl sulphide 463-82-1; See 2,2-Dimethylpropane 506-77-4; See Cyanic chloride 590-18-1; See cis-2-Butene 593-53-3; See Fluoromethane 593-60-2; See Bromoethene 624-64-6; See trans-2-Butene 630-08-0; See Carbon monoxide 7439-90-9; See Krypton 7440-01-9; See Neon 7440-37-1; See Argon 7440-59-7; See Helium 7440-63-3; See Xenon 7446-09-5; See Sulphur dioxide 74-82-8; See Methane 74-83-9; See Bromomethane 74-84-0; See Ethane 74-85-1; See Ethylene 74-86-2; See Acetylene 74-87-3; See Chloromethane 74-89-5; See Methylamine 74-90-8; See Hydrogen cyanide 74-93-1; See Methanethiol 74-98-6; See Propane 74-99-7; See Propyne 75-00-3; See Chloroethane 75-01-4; See Chloroethene 75-04-7; See Ethylamine 75-10-5; See Diuoromethane 75-19-4; See Cyclopropane 75-21-8; See Ethylene oxide 75-28-5; See iso-Butane 75-37-6; See 1,1-Diuoroethane 75-38-7; See 1,1-Diuoroethene 75-43-4; See Dichlorouoromethane 75-44-5; See Phosgene 75-45-6; See Chlorodiuoromethane 75-46-7; See Triuoromethane 75-50-3; See Trimethylamine 75-68-3; See Chlorodiuoroethane 75-71-8; See Dichlorodiuoromethane 75-73-0; See Tetrauoromethane 76-14-2; See 1,2-Dichlorotetrauoroethane 76-15-3; See Chloropentauoroethane 76-16-4; See Hexauoroethane 76-19-7; See Octauoropropane 7637-07-2; See Boron trichloride 7647-01-0; See Hydrogen chloride 7664-39-3; See Hydrogen uoride 7664-41-7; See Ammonia 7727-37-9; See Nitrogen 7782-39-0; See Deuterium 7782-41-4; See Fluorine 7782-44-7; See Oxygen 7782-50-5; See Chlorine 7783-06-4; See Hydrogen sulphide 7783-54-2; See Nitrogen triuoride
18 19 10 21 11 20 22 7
B
Boron trichloride Boron triuoride Bromomethane Bromoethene See Bromoethylene Bromoethylene 1,3-Butadiene n-Butane iso-Butane 1-Butene cis-2-Butene iso-Butene trans-2-Butene 1-Butyne 24 26 28
30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46
C
Carbon dioxide 48 Carbon monoxide 50 Carbon oxyuoride; See Carbonyl uoride Carbon tetrauoride; See Tetrauoromethane Carbonyl chloride; See Phosgene Carbonyl uoride 52 Carbonyl sulphide 54
Applications
193
7783-61-1; See Silicon tetrauoride 7784-42-1; See Arsine 7803-51-2; See Phosphine 7803-62-5; See Silane 811-97-2; See Tetrauoroethane CAT 77, 191 CFC 10, 21, 117 Chlorine 56 Chlorodiuoroethane 58 Chlorodiuoromethane 60 Chloroethane 62 Chloroethene 64 Chloromethane 66 Chloropentauoroethane 68 Climate change 10 Contents 5 Cover picture 2 Cross reference register 12 Cyanic chloride 70 Cyanogen 72 Cyanogen chloride; See Cyanic chloride Cyclopropane 74
Dissociated ammonia DMF DOT symbols
19 14 8
E
EC numbers: 7 200-812-7; See Methane 200-814-8; See Ethane 200-815-3; See Ethylene 200-816-9; See Acetylene 200-817-4; See Chloromethane 200-820-0; See Methylamine 200-821-6; See Hydrogen cyanide 200-822-1; See Methanethiol 200-827-9; See Propane 200-828-4; See Propyne 200-830-5; See Chloroethane 200-834-7; See Ethylamine 200-839-4; See Diuoromethane 200-847-8; See Cyclopropane 200-849-9; See Ethylene oxide 200-857-2; See iso-Butane 200-866-1; See Diuoroethane 200-867-7; See Diuoroethene 200-869-8; See Dichlorouoromethane 200-869-8; See Dichlorotetrauoroethane 200-870-3; See Phosgene 200-871-9; See Chlorodiuoromethane 200-872-4; See Triuoromethane 200-875-0; See Trimethylamine 200-891-8; See Chlorodiuoroethane 200-893-9; See Dichlorodiuoromethane 200-938-2; See Chloropentauoroethane 200-939-8; See Hexauoroethane 200-941-9; See Octauoropropane 203-448-7; See n-Butane 203-449-2; See 1-Butene 203-450-8; See 1,3-Butadiene 203-451-3; See 1-Butyne
D
Deuterium 76 Diborane 78 Dichlorodiuoromethane 80 Dichlorouoromethane 82 Dichloromethanal; See Phosgene Dichlorosilane 84 1,2-Dichlorotetrauoroethane 86 1,1-Diuoroethane 88 1,1-Diuoroethene 90 1,1-Diuoroethylene; See 1,1-Diuoroethene Diuoromethane 92 Dimethylamine 94 Dimethyl ether 98 Dimethyl oxide; See Dimethyl ether 2,2-Dimethylpropane 96 DIPPR 10 Disclaimer 3
203-475-4; See Methyl vinyl ether 203-721-0; See Ethyl formate 204-062-1; See Propene 204-065-8; See Dimethyl ether 204-066-3; See iso-Butene 204-696-9; See Carbon dioxide 204-697-4; See Dimethylamine 206-534-2; See Carbonyl uoride 207-306-5; See Cyanogen 207-335-3; See Propadiene 207-340-0; See Carbonyl sulphide 207-343-7; See Dimethylpropane 208-052-8; See Cyanic chloride 209-673-7; See cis-2-Butene 209-796-6; See Fluoromethane 210-855-3; See trans-2-Butene 211-128-3; See Carbon monoxide 215-605-7; See Hydrogen 219-854-2; See Sulphur hexauoride 223-888-3; See Dichlorosilane 231-098-5; See Krypton 231-110-9; See Neon 231-147-0; See Argon 231-168-5; See Helium 231-172-7; See Xenon 231-195-2; See Sulphur dioxide 231-569-5; See Boron Triuoride 231-595-7; See Hydrogen chloride 231-634-8; See Hydrogen uoride 231-635-3; See Ammonia 231-783-9; See Nitrogen 231-952-7; See Deuterium 231-954-8; See Fluorine 231-956-9; See Oxygen 231-959-5; See Chlorine 231-977-3; See Hydrogen sulphide 232-007-1; See Nitrogen triuoride 232-015-5; See Silicon tetrauoride 232-066-3; See Arsine 232-260-8; See Phosphine 232-263-4; See Silane 233-032-0; See Nitrous oxide 233-042-5; See Trichlorosilane 233-054-0; See Silicon tetrachloride
194
Gases
Index
233-109-9; See Hydrogen iodide 233-113-0; See Hydrogen bromide 233-271-0; See Nitric oxide 233-272-6; See Nitrogen dioxide 233-658-4; See Boron Trichloride 242-940-6; See Diborane Epoxyethane; See Ethylene oxide Ethanamine; See Ethylamine Ethane 100 Ethanedinitrile; See Cyanogen Ethene; See Ethylene Ethylacetylene; See 1-Butyne Ethylamine 102 Ethyl chloride; See Chloroethane Ethylene 104 Ethylene oxide 106 Ethyl formate 108 Ethylidene diuoride; See 1,1-Diuoroethane Ethyne; See Acetylene HiQ Specialty Gases Programme 11 HPLC 115 Hydrogen 118 Hydrogen bromide 120 Hydrogen chloride 122 Hydrogen cyanide 124 Hydrogen uoride 126 Hydrogen iodide 128 Hydrogen phosphide; See Phosphine Hydrogen sulphide 130 Hydroidic acid; See Hydrogen iodide Methyl chloride; See Chloromethane Methylene uoride; See Diuoromethane Methyl uoride; See Fluoromethane Methyl mercaptan; See Methanethiol Methylmethane; See Ethane Methylpropane; See iso-Butane Methyl vinyl ether 140 MOCVD 23 Montreal Protocol 10
I
ICP Impurities Introduction ISIC-codes IUPAC nomenclature 21 9 6 11 6
N
Neon 142 Neopentane; See 2,2-Dimethylpropane Nitric oxide 144 Nitrogen 146 Nitrogen dioxide 148 Nitrogen monoxide; See Nitric oxide Nitrogen triuoride 150 Nitrous oxide 152 NMR 97, 115
F
FC Fluorine Fluoroform; See Triuoromethane Fluoromethane Foreword 10 110
K
Krypton Kyoto Protocol 132 10
112 4
L
LCD 133
O
Octauoropropane ODP Oxirane; See Ethylene oxide Oxygen Ozone depleting product 154 10 156 10
G
Greenhouse gases GWP 10 10
M
MAP 49, 147, 157 Material compatibility 10 MDI 181 Methane 134 Methanethiol 136 Methoxyethene; See Methyl vinyl ether Methoxymethane; See Dimethyl ether Methylacetylene; See Propyne Methylamine 138 Methyl bromide; See Bromomethane
H
Hazard symbols 8 Hazardous properties 9 HBFC 10 HCFC 10, 89, 165 Helium 114 Hexauoroethane 116 HF/DF 77, 111, 119, 127, 151, 179 HFC 10, 89, 165
P
Peruoroethane; See Hexauoroethane Peruoropropane; See Octauoropropane Phosgene (Dichloromethanal) Phosphine Pressure Product sources
158 160 10 11
Applications
195
Propadiene 162 1,2-Propadiene; See Propadiene Propane 164 Propene 166 Propylene; See Propene Propyne 168 Purity classication 9
R-1132a; See 1,1-Diuoroethene R-1140; See Chloroethene R-1140 B1; See Bromoethene R-1150; See Ethylene R-1270; See Propene
S
SFC SFE Silane Silicon hydride; See Silane Silicon tetrachloride Silicon tetrauoride Sources Sulphur dioxide Sulphur hexauoride Synthetic air; See Air, synthetic 179 179 170 172 174 11 176 178
R
R-codes: 7 R-12; See Dichlorodiuoromethane R-14; See Tetrauoromethane R-21; See Dichlorouoromethane R-22; See Chlorodiuoromethane R-23; See Triuoromethane R-32; See Diuoromethane R-40; See Chloromethane R-40 B1; See Bromomethane R-41; See Fluoromethane R-50; See Methane R-114; See 1,2-Dichlorotetrauoroethane R-115; See Chloropentauoroethane R-116; See Hexauoroethane R-134a; See Tetrauoroethane R-142b; See Chlorodiuoroethane R-152a; See 1,1-Diuoroethane R-160; See Chloroethane R-170; See Ethane R-218; See Octauoropropane R-290; See Propane R-600; See n-Butane R-600a; See iso-Butane R-630; See Methylamine R-702; See Hydrogen R-704; See Helium R-717; See Ammonia R-720; See Neon R-728; See Nitrogen R-732; See Oxygen R-740; See Argon R-744; See Carbon dioxide R-744A; See Nitrous oxide R-784; See Krypton
T
Tetrachlorosilane; See Silicon tetrachloride Tetrauoroethane Tetrauoromethane Tetrauorosilane; See Silicon tetrauoride TFT Trichlorosilane Triuoromethane Trimethylamine 180 182
133 184 186 188
U
UN numbers: 7 1001; See Acetylene 1002; See Air, synthetic 1005; See Ammonia 1006; See Argon 1008; See Boron trichloride 1010; See 1,3-Butadiene 1011; See n-Butane 1012; See trans-2-Butene, isoButene, cis-2-Butene, 1-Butene 1013; See Carbon dioxide 1016; See Carbon monoxide
1017; See Chlorine 1018; See Chlorodiuoromethane 1020; See Chloropentauoroethane 1026; See Cyanogen 1027; See Cyclopropane 1028; See Dichlorodiuoromethane 1029; See Dichlorouoromethane 1030; See 1,1-Diuoroethane 1032; See Dimethylamine 1033; See Dimethyl ether 1035; See Ethane 1037; See Chloroethane 1040; See Ethylene oxide 1045; See Fluorine 1046; See Helium 1048; See Hydrogen bromide 1049; See Hydrogen 1050; See Hydrogen chloride 1051; See Hydrogen cyanide 1052; See Hydrogen uoride 1053; See Hydrogen sulphide 1056; See Krypton 1061; See Methylamine 1062; See Bromomethane 1063; See Chloromethane 1064; See Methanethiol 1065; See Neon 1066; See Nitrogen 1067; See Nitrogen dioxide 1070; See Nitrous oxide 1072; See Oxygen 1076; See Phosgene 1077; See Propene 1079; See Sulphur dioxide 1080; See Sulphur hexauoride 1083; See Trimethylamine 1085; See Bromoethene 1086; See Chloroethene 1087; See Methyl vinyl ether 1090; See Ethyl formate 1295; See Trichlorosilane 1589; See Cyanic chloride 1660; See Nitric oxide 1741; See Boron trichloride 1818; See Silicon tetrachloride 1859; See Silicon tetrauoride
196
Gases
Index
1911; See Diborane 1060; See Propyne 1957; See Deuterium 1958; See 1,2-Dichlorotetrauoroethane 1959; See 1,1-Diuoroethene 1962; See Ethylene 1969; See iso-Butane 1971; See Methane 1978; See Propane 1982; See Tetrauoromethane 1984; See Triuoromethane 2036; See Xenon 2044; See 2,2-Dimethylpropane 2188; See Arsine 2189; See Dichlorosilane 2193; See Hexauoroethane 2197; See Hydrogen iodide 2199; See Phosphine 2200; See Propadiene 2203; See Silane 2204; See Carbonyl sulphide 2417; See Carbonyl uoride 2424; See Octauoropropane 2451; See Nitrogen triuoride 2452; See 1-Butyne 2454; See Fluoromethane 1036; See Ethylamine 2517; See Chlorodiuoroethane 3159; See Tetrauoroethane 3252; See Diuoromethane
V
Vinyl bromide; See Bromoethylene Vinyl chloride; See Chloroethene Vinyl methyl ether; See Methyl vinyl ether
X
Xenon 190
Applications
197
Notes:
198
Gases
Notes:
BUNA is a registered trademark of Bayer AG. FORANE is a registered trademark of Arkema. FREON is a registered trademark of E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc. HiQ is a registered trademark of The Linde Group. KEL-F is a registered trademark of 3M. MONEL is a registered trademark of Inco Alloys International. NEOPRENE is a registered trademark of E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc. NYLON is a registered trademark of E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc. TEFLON is a registered trademark of E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc. VITON is a registered trademark of E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc.
This new book published by the Linde Group should be on the bookshelf of anyone who uses gases or is interested in the safety issues surrounding their use. The book describes each gas in detail providing chemical and physical (using both SI an US units), health risks, transport, material compatibility, source and applications data for each gas all on two pages, so that on opening the book at a particular gas, all the information is in front of you and no need to turn the page. There is also a series of pictograms, showing the areas of industry, commerce etc in which each gas is used. The introduction provides full information on hazard symbols for the transportation of gases, combination labels and the hazardous properties of the gases as used on product data sheets. An excellent addition to the gas literature. Dr Tony Boulton B.Sc, Ph.D Head of Safety, University College London
Getting ahead through innovation.

With its innovative concepts, Linde is playing a pioneering role in the global market. As a technology leader, it is our task to constantly raise the bar. Traditionally driven by entrepreneurship, we are working steadily on new high-quality products and innovative processes. Linde offers more. We create added value, clearly discernible competitive advantages, and greater protability. Each concept is tailored specically to meet our customers requirements offering standardized as well as customized solutions. This applies to all industries and all companies regardless of their size. If you want to keep pace with tomorrows competition, you need a partner by your side for whom top quality, process optimization, and enhanced productivity are part of daily business. We dene partnership not merely as being there for you, but being with you. After all, joint activities form the core of commercial success. Linde ideas become solutions.
Linde AG Linde Gases Division, Seitnerstrasse 70, D-82049 Pullach, Germany Phone +49.89.7446.1661, Fax +49.89.7446-1230, www.linde-gas.com
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Gases & Applications

Gases & Applications

Cover picture courtesy of TRUMPF

The Linde Group Business Area Merchant and Packaged Gases

Introduction to the 2010 edition

How To Use The Book

Methyl bromide, R-40 B1 CAS: 74-83-9 EC: 200-813-2

1) 3 Names, chemicals formula, CAS, EC and UN numbers of the substance.

3 CAS number is a unique numerical identiers for chemical elements

Gas under pressure

Respiratory (and other)

3 When nothing else is stated the pressure is absolute.

Application areas and product sources

Cross reference register

CHEM, chemical industries except petrochemical and pharmaceutical

ENERGY, electricity, gas and water

FOOD, food, beverages and agriculture

MANUF, manufacturing industries except automotive and OEM

MEDICAL, hospitals and health care

METAL, metal industries

OEM, original analytical equipment manufacturers

PETRO, petrochemical industries

PHARMA, pharmaceutical industries

SEMI, semiconductor industries

R&D, research institutes and universities

Ethyne CAS: 74-86-2

C2H2, UN: 1001

80% N2 + 20% O2 UN: 1002

EC: not available

Dry synthetic air 4.0

Emission synthetic air 5.5

NH3, UN: 1005

Detector ammonia 3.6

241.17 0.044 62.21 128.51

el ste s s e on inl Te Sta

Instrument argon 5.0

Scientic argon 6.0

el ste s s e on inl Te Sta

AsH3 EC: 232-066-3 UN: 2188

Boron trichloride 2.8

Boron trichloride 5.0

54.52 0.315 9.09 19.91

el ste s s e on inl Te Sta

Boron triuoride 2.5

l tee ss s e on inl Te Sta

Methyl bromide, R-40 B1 CAS: 74-83-9 EC: 200-813-2

38.43 0.251 12.76 27.76

el ste s s e on inl Te Sta

DOT Class 2.1

R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable; R45 - May cause cancer.

60.46 0.284 8.13 17.74

l tee ss s e on inl Te Sta

C4H6 UN: 1010

Scientic 1,3-butadiene 2.5

24.08 0.144 17.43 36.07

l tee ss s e on inl Te Sta

C4H10, UN: 1011

Chemical n-butane 2.5

Scientic n-butane 3.5

R-phrases: R12 - Extremely ammable.

31.12 0.155 15.02 31.29

Methylpropane, R-600a CAS: 75-28-5 EC: 200-857-2

C4H10, UN: 1969