,

1
- -

2008..

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

.............................................................................3
.................................................15
..........................................................................37
- .......................................................................45
.........................................................................................................56

........................................................................................................65

1.
1.
1
= y 2 x2 + .
2
.

= 2 x ,
vx =
x

= 2y ,
vy =
y
,
v 2 = vx2 + v y2 = 4 ( x 2 + y 2 ) .

p v2
+ = C = const.
2

x 2 + y 2 = C1 ,

1
p
C1 = C = const.
2

.
2.
= ay ( y 2 3x 2 ) ,
a>0.
W , W ( 0 ) = 0 .
2
W ( z ) ,
, , W .
, , .
W ( z )

W ( z ) = W ( x + iy ) = ( x, y ) + i ( x, y ) = + i .

W ( x + iy ) + W ( x iy ) = 2 ( x, y ) ,
W ( x + iy ) + W ( x iy ) = 2i ( x, y ) ,

W ( z ) = W ( x iy ) = i ,
W ( z ) .
1
i
z , y = z ,
2
2
i
1
W ( z ) = 2 z , z W ( 0 ) ,
2
2
i
1
W ( z ) = 2i z , z + W ( 0 ) .
2
2
W ( 0 ) = + i W ( 0 ) = i ,

x =

2 = W ( 0 ) + W ( 0 ) = 2 ( 0,0 ) ,
2i = W ( 0 ) W ( 0 ) = 2i ( 0,0 ) .
, ( x, y ) ( x, y ) , W ( z )

i
1
(1)
W ( z ) = 2 z , z ( 0,0 ) + i ,
2
2

i
1
(2)
W ( z ) = 2i z , z i ( 0,0 ) + ,
2
2
.
(1)
2
2
i i
1
W ( z ) = 2 a z z 3 z 0 + i ,
2 2
2
,
W ( z ) = iaz 3 + i .

W ( 0 ) = 0 = 0 ,

W ( z ) = iaz 3 .
(1+i )

3. W ( z ) = ln z i
.
)
) A ( 7,7 ) .
3
)
(1+i )

W ( z ) = ln z i ,

1
+1
1 1
W ( z ) = ln z i = ln z i z = ln z + ln z .


ln ( z z0 ) ,
2 i

ln ( z z0 ) ,
2
= 2
z0 = 0 = 2 z0 = 0 .
)
1+i
dW ( z )
1 1 + i i 1
x y
x+ y
.
v = vx iv y =
= 1+i
z
= 2
i 2
2
2
dz
+
+
i
x
y
x
y
zi
x y
x y
vx = 2
,
x + y2
x+ y
vy = 2
.
x + y2
A ( 7,7 )

v = vx2 + v y2 =
v ( 7,7 ) =

2
,
x + y2
2

1
.
7

4. , v ,
. , L
, A 20%
B . B pt ,

D .

( , v , L, pt ) ,

R2
W ( z ) = v z +
.
z

dW
v R2
R2
= v 2 = v v
.
v=
dz
z
( x + iy 2 )

 x
dW
R2
v ( x ) = Re
= v 1 2 .
x
dz y =0

A
R2
vA = v 1 2 .
L

A B
pA vA2 pt
+
= ,

2
v2 R
p
+ 1 = t ,

2 L

0,8 pt

D = 2R = 2L 1

0, 4 pt
.
v2

5. A ( a,0 ) , B ( b,0 )
G
v BA .

, AB AB .
a > 0 , b > 0 , a > b .
5

W ( z ) = vz +

za
ln ( z a )
ln ( z b ) = vz +
ln
.
2
2
2 z b

, .
dW
1
1
v=
=v+

= 0,
dz
2 z a z b
z

z 2 z ( a + b ) + ab +
(a b) = 0 ,
2 v

4 ab +
( a b )
2
v

.
z1,2 =
2

2
2

D = ( a + b ) 4 ab +
( a b ) = ( a b ) a b .
2 v
v

a+b

(a + b)

 a > b a b > 0 ,
2
a b
, .
v
2
2
v>
z1 z2
) D > 0 a b >
v
(a b)
AB ;
) D = 0 a b =

2
2
a+b
v=
z1 = z2 =
;
(a b)
v
2

) D < 0 a b <

v<

2
(a b)

z1,2 =

a+b
i const.
2

BA .

6.

,
ax + by
( x, y ) = 2
, :
x + y2
) ,
W ( a + ib ) = 1 ;
) ;
) A ( a, b ) B ( b, a ) .
6
) r

1
=
,
r r
1

=
,
r
r

cos
sin
= a
b
,
r
r


sin
cos
= a 2 b 2 ,
r
r
r

a
b
( r , ) = sin + cos + C ,
r
r

bx ay
( x, y ) = 2
+C .
x + y2
, ,

a + ib
W ( z ) = ( x, y ) + i ( x, y ) =
,
z

dW
a + ib
v=
= 2 .
dz
z
) , = const , , = const ,

a
b
x2 + y 2 x y = 0 ,

x2 + y 2

x+

y = 0,

,
b
a
y = x , y = x .
a
b

M = a 2 + b 2 .

)
Q = B A =

b2 a 2
.
a2 + b2

7. , x , ,
M
.
W = v0 z +
2 z
, = 60 o
v0 = 5 m/s = 30 o
p0 = 150 kPa .

7

M
M

W = + i = v0 r +
cos + i v0 r
sin ,
2 r
2 r

= v0 r
sin ,
2
r

, = 0 ,
sin = 0 = 0 = (x - ),
M
M
v0 r
=0, r =
= R 2 ( ).
2 r
2 v0

2M
.
D = 2R =
v0
,
,

R2
= v0 r sin ,
r

R2
1
= v0 1 2 cos ,
vr =
r
r

v =

R2

= v0 1 + 2 sin .
r
r

r = R ( ) vr = 0 , v = v = 2v0 sin ,
.
v = 2v0 sin = 2 5 sin 60 o = 5 3 m/s .
-
, p0 v0 ,
p v = 2v0 sin , .
p0

v02 p v 2
= + ,
2 2

1
p = p0 + v02 (1 4sin 2 ) .
2
= 30 o , .
1
1 4sin 2 = 1 4sin 2 30 o = 1 4 = 0 ,
4

p = p0 = 150 kPa .
: 1 4sin 2 = 0 = 150 o , = 210 o = 330 o ,

. ,
x - 60 o .
,
78,5 o .
,
.
8.

1
W ( z ) = (1 + i ) ln ( z 2 1) + ( 2 3 i ) ln ( z 2 + 4 ) +

z4
K x 2 + y 2 = 9 K .

8

W ( z ) = (1 + i ) ln ( z 1) + (1 + i ) ln ( z + 1) + ( 2 3 i ) ln ( z 2 i ) + ( 2 3 i ) ln ( z + 2 i ) +

1
,
z4

:
) z1 = +1 z2 = 1 1,2 = +2
1,2 = 2 ;

) z3 = +2 i z4 = 2 i 3,4 = +4
3,4 = +6 ,

) z5 = 4 M = +2 .
x 2 + y 2 = 32 z1 , z2 , z3 z4 ,
Q , K

Q = i = 8 + 4 = 12 ,
K
= i = 4 + 12 = 8 .

10

9.

( x, y ) = p ( x 2 y 2 ) + 2qxy p > 0 q > 0 ,

) v ( z ) W ( z )
W ( 0 ) = 0 ;
) p / q ,

A 0, 3 B 2, 3 , ;
) p / q )
.
9
)

vx =
= 2 px + 2qy ,
x

= 2 py + 2qx ,
vy =
y

v = vx iv y = 2 ( p iq ) z .

dW
=v

W = vdz + C = ( p iq ) z 2 ,
dz
W ( 0 ) = 0 .
) W ( z )

( x, y ) = q ( y 2 x 2 ) + 2 pxy .

Q = B A = 4 q + 4 p 3 ,
Q = 0
1
p/q =
.
3
) p / q = 0
2

2 y
y
+
1 = 0 ,
3 x
x

1
y=
x y = 3x .
3
, .

11

10. v y = x 2 + ky 2 .
:
) k vx
;
) W ( z ) , ( x, y )
W ( 0 ) = 0 .
10
)

v
vx
= y v y
x
y

vx = 2kxy + f ( y ) .

vx v y

=
y
x

df
= 2 x (1 + k ) ,
dy
k = 1 f ( y ) = C . vx ( 0,0 ) = 0 C = 0 .
vx = 2 xy .

) - vx iv y = iz 2
W ( 0 ) = 0
z3
,
3

x3
( x, y ) = xy 2 .
3
= 0 , .
W ( z ) = i

x=0, y=

x 3
x 3
y=
.
3
3

12

11. , , , h
b ( ) (0).
,

2
2
h x y
= v1 ,
2 h h
v1 > 0 (1) ( x = 0, y = h ). (0) ( x = 0, y = 0 )
p0 . .

( , h, b, v1 , p0 , a )

:
) ( x = 0,0 < y < h );
) F a .
p1
(1).

11
)

x
vx =
= v1 ,
h
x

y
vy =
= v1 ,
h
y

13

y
.
h
(0) , x = y = 0 , v1 = 0
( x = 0,0 y h )
v ( x = 0, y ) = v y = v1

p0

p ( x = 0, y )

v y2

y
v12 .
2 h
) F
.
(0) (1)
p ( x = 0, y ) = p0

p1 = p0

v12 ,

2

2
y
p ( x = 0, y ) p1 = v12 1 .
2 h
( )
2
h
2h y
F a = b p ( x = 0, y ) p1 ydy = b v1 1 ydy ,
2 0 h
0
,
bv12 h 2
F=
.
8a

12. ,

a2
( x, y ) = mx 1 2
m > 0 ,
2
x +y
) W ( a ) = 0 ;
)
m a .

12
)

2y
vx =
= ma 2 x
,
2
2 2
y
+
x
y
(
)

a2 ( y 2 x2 )

,
= m 1
2
2 2

x
x
y
+
(
)

a 2
dW
= im + 1 ,
v=
dz
z

vy =

14

a2
W ( z ) = im z .
z

a2 y
( x, y ) = m y + 2
.
x + y2

)
x=0,
x2 + y 2 = a2 ,
. a
, m v y = m z .

2.

12.
. d1 = 10 cm
pm = 3,5 bar ,
d 2 = 75 mm .
, Q = 20 L/s .
k = 0,8 .

15

 12
1 2,

1 2
4Q
v1 =
= 2,55 m/s ,
d12
v2 =

4Q
= 4,53 m/s .
d 22

1 2
pm1 v12 pm 2 v22
+ =
+ (1 + k ) ,

2
2
pm 2 = 334,8 kPa .
1
Fp1 = pm1

d12
= 2749 N ,
4

d12
= 51,1 N ,
4
2
Fk 1 = v12

Fp 2 = pm 2

d 22
= 1479 N ,
4

d 22
= 90,7 N .
4
x -
Fk 2 = v22

Fp1 + Fk 1 ( Fp 2 + Fk 2 ) cos 60o Rx = 0 ,

x - Rx = 2015 N .
y -

(F

p2

+ Fk 2 ) sin 60o Ry = 0 ,

y - Ry = 1359 N .

16


R = Rx + Ry = 2431 N .


G
G
F = R .

F
F
= arctg y = 34 o .
Fx
13. d 0 = 12 mm ,
v0 = 4 m/s ,
H = 2 m . .

13

17

 .


N = Fk1 = Q1v1 = Q0 v1 .
v1
v02
v2
+ gH = 1 ,
2
2

v1 = v02 + 2 gH .

d 2 2
N = v0 0
v0 + 2 gH = 3,36 N .
4
14. d 0 v0
m H . . H
v0 . ,
. :
.

14
1-1, 2-2 3-3
v1 = v2 = v3 .

mg = Fk 1 + Fk 2 + Fk 3 ,

mg = Q1v1 + Q2 v2 + Q3v3 .

18

(1)

(2)


Q0 Q1
= = Q2 = Q3 ,
2
2
0-0 1-1
v02 v12
= + gH .
2
2
(1), (2), (3) (4)
2
v 2 m 2 g

H = 0
.
2 g d 2 v 2
0

(3)

(4)

15. . :
= 135 o , v0 = 30 m/s , Q = 14 L/s
= 1000 kg/m3 .

15
.
, .
1-1 2-2 ,
. 1-1 2-2

19

v1 = v2 = v0 .

Fx = g (v0 cos 45o v0 ) ,
2

+ 1 = 716,1 N .
Fx = 1000 0,014 30
2

2
= 296,1 N .
2

Fx' = 716,1 N ,
Fy = g (v0 cos 45o 0) = 1000 0,014 30

Fy' = 296,1 N .
16. d ,
D , h .
a . ( d , D, h, a )
H , .
: , a << h .

16
1 2
v12
v2
= gh + 2 .
2
2

20

(1)


d 2
= v2 D a .
v1
4

(2)

(1) (2) 1-1

32 gh
v12 =
.
(3)
16 D 2 a 2 d 4
,

p
gH
= m ,
D
D
r
2
2
2r
pm = gH 1 .
D

D
2

D
2

gH D 3
2r
Fp = pm ( r )2r dr = gH 1 2r dr =
,
D
12

0
0
1-1
d 2
.
4

Fk 1 = Fp ,
Fk 1 = v12 A = v12

d 2
D 2
= gH
,
4
12

v12

H=

96hd 2 a 2
.
16 D 2 a 2 d 4

21

17. , d = 100 mm ,
l = 1 m = 0,02 , = 1000 kg/m3 .
1 2. ,
. : .

17

A 2
v2
2l v 2
3,5 gl = +
,
d 2
2

1
v=
2 3,5 gl = 7 m/s .
2l
1+
d

A 1
pa
p
v2 v2 l
+ g 2,5 l = 1 + + ,
2
2 d

1
v2
l
pv1 = pa p1 = 1 + g 2,5l = 4875 Pa .
2
d

22

 1
d 2
Fp1 = pv1
= 38,3 N .
4
1 2
Fk1 = Fk 2 = Qv = Av 2 = 385 N .

Ftr + Fp + Fk 2 Fk1 G = 0 ,

d 2
l Fp = 38,7 N .
4
1 2 ,

G
G
Faktv = Ftr ,
Faktv = 38,7 N .
1 2
F
z = tr = 123, 2 N/m 2 .
d l
Ftr = G Fp = gVcil Fp = g

18. ,
d = 100 mm . h = 2 m , l = 1 m ,
= 0,02 . A .
: , .

23

 18

3-2
v 2 v 2 3l
g (h + 2l ) = + ,
2
2 d

1
v=
2 g ( H + 2l ) = 7 m/s .
3l
1+
d
3-1
pa
p
v2 v2 l
+ g (h + l ) = 1 + + ,
2
2 d

1
v2
l
pm1 = p1 pa = g (h + l ) 1 + = 0 ,

d
2
1
d 2
=0.
Fp1 = pm1
4
, 1 2
Q1 = Q2 .
,
1 2
v1 = v2 ,
1 2
d 2 2
Fk 1 = Fk 2 = Qv = Av 2 =
v = 385 N .
4

24



Fz = Fk 1 = 385 N ,
Fs = Fk 2 = 385 N .
A
FA = Fz2 + Fs2 = 544,8 N .
19. d = 200 mm,
, v = 5 m/s. 1
pm1 = 1 bar; H = 10 m, a = 2 m = 45.
1 2, , F
. , M ,
.

19

d 2
d 2
= v2
,
4
4
pm1
p
+ gH = m2 ,

v1

25


m
,
s
= 2 bar .

v1 = v2 = 5
pm2

G1 = g

H d 2
= 3,08 kN ,
tg 4

H d 2
= 4 ,37 kN ,
sin 4
d 2
G3 = g 2a
= 1,23 kN .
4
G2 = g

Fx = Rx = 0,
2

d 2
d 2
d 2
2 d
+
+
= 9,85 kN ,
Fy = Ry = v12
+ pm1
cos
v
p

2
m2
4
4
4
4

d 2
d 2
+ pm1
Fz = Rz = v12
sin + G1 + G2 + G3 = 11,5 kN.
4
4

F = Fx2 + Fy2 + Fz2 = 15,1kN.

M x = [ G1 + G2 ]

H
= 37,2 kNm,
2tg

d 2
d 2
sin + pm1
sin a G2 a + G1a = 8,1 kNm,
M y = v12
4
4

M z = pm2

d 2
d 2
d 2
d 2
cos a v12
cos a + v22
a pm1
a = 8,6 kNm.
4
4
4
4

M = M x2 + M y2 + M z2 = 39,1kNm.
20. D1 = 16 mm, D2 = 5 mm h
= 30 mm
. mm = 0,1 kg, pm1 = 464
kPa Q = 0,6 L/s F

.
= 100 kg/m3.
h 2
V =
( D1 + D1 D2 + D22 ) .
12

26

 20

,
Gm Gv,
F = Fpm1 + Fk 1 + Gm + Gv Fk 2 ,

Fpm1 = pm1

D12
,
4

Fk1 = v12 A1 =

Q 2
A1

Q 2
,
D12
4

Gm = mm g ,
Gv =
Fk 2 =

1
gh D12 + D1 D2 + D22 ) ,
12

Q 2
.
D22

4


F = 77,8 N.
21. v0
d ,
G , .

( v0 , d , G , g , )
h .

27

 21


v02 v 2
= + gh .
(1)
2
2
,
v = const.
,
d 2
G = 2 Qv = 2
v0v .
(2)
4
(1) (2) h
2
v02 2G
1
h=
.
2 g d 2v02

22. ( h1 b )
v1 ( pa ).
, ( h2 b ).
v = 0
vmax .

G
(, v1 , b, h1 , h2 , ) R
.

22
1
Fk1 , 2
Fk 2 .
pa , Fp = 0 .
vmax = 2v1

h1
.
h2

(1)

Fk 1 + Fk 2 cos Rx = 0 ,

28

(2)


Fk 2 cos Ry = 0 .

(3)

Fk 1 = bh1v12 ,
h2

Fk 2 = b v 2 dy = b
0

(4)
2
vmax
h22

h2

h2
1
4
2
y 2 dy = bvmax
h2 = bv12 1 .
3
3
h2

(5)

(4) (5) (2)

4h
Rx = bh1v12 1 + 1 cos .
3 h2

(5) (3)

4 h2
Ry = b 1 v12 sin .
3 h2
23. h1 = 7,5 mm b = 5 dm , ,
v1 = 16 m/s pa = 101325 Pa .
,
,
h2 = 6 mm b .
v = 0 v = vmax
.
,
.

29

 23

I
Q = vA = vh1b = 0,06 m3 /s .
II III .

v = 0, y = 0;
v = vmax , y = h2 ,
v y
vmax v2
= ,
h2
y
v2 = vmax

y
.
h2

, Q2 Q3 II III
,
h2

y
bdy = vmax bh2
h
2
0

Q
vmax =
= 20 m/s .
bh2

I , II III . I
Fk 1 = v12 A = 960 N ,
II III
Q = Q2 + Q3 = 2Q2 = 2 vmax

h2

y2
1 2
bdy = vmax
h2b = 400 N .
2
h2
3
0

Fx = 0 Fk1 cos 45 o Fk 3 cos 60 o Rx = 0 ,
2
Fk 2 = Fk 3 = vmax

=0

Fk1 sin 45 o + Fk 3 sin 60 o Fk 2 Ry = 0 .

30



Rx = Fk 1 cos 45 o Fk 3 cos 60 o = 478,8 N ,
Ry = Fk 1 sin 45 o + Fk 3 sin 60 o Fk 2 = 625, 2 N .
24. a Q ,
, = 45 o . Q1 Q2 , Fakt
d . ,
0-0 v . : .

24

0, 1 2
.
pa , ,

v = v1 = v2 .
0, 1 2
Fk = Qv ,
Fk 1 = Q1v1 = Q1v ,
Fk 2 = Q2v2 = Q2v .

31

G G
G
G
F + Fk1 + Fk 2 + R = 0 .
x -
Fk cos + Fk 1 = Fk 2 ,

Qv cos + Q1v = Q2v ,

Q cos + Q1 = Q2 .

(1)

Q + Q1 = Q2

(2)

(1) (2) 1 2
Q
2
,
Q1 = 1
2
2
Q2 =

Q
2
.
1 +
2
2

y -

R = Fk sin ,
R ,
R = Qv sin .
,

G
G
Fakt = R ,
Fakt = Qv

2
.
2

G
G
R , . Fakt
A
s
s
Fk 1 1 + Rd = Fk 2 2 .
2
2
v , s1 s2 Q1 Q2
a
2
,
s1 = 1
2
2
a
2
s2 = 1 +
.
2
2

1 a
2
1 a
2
+ Rd = Fk 2
,
Fk 1
1
1 +
2 2
2
2 2
2
Fakt
d=

a
.
2

32

25. F
, v = 3 m/s .
d = 200 mm, s = 12 mm. .
.

25

A2
A2 = 0,0722 m 2 .

d 2
Q = v1
= A2 v2 ,
4
2
d 2
v2 =
v1 = 13 m/s .
4 A2
1 2
pm1 v12 v22
+ = ,

2
2
1

pm1 = (v22 v12 ) = 80000 Pa .

2


Fk 1 + Fp1 = Fk 2 cos 45 o + F ,


d 2
d 2
F = v12
+ pm1
v22 A2 cos 45 o= 1933, 22 N .
4
4

33

26.
. :
v0 , A
u .

26

Qr - .

dt Av0dt A ( v0 u ) dt .
A .
dt
Qr dt = A ( v0 u ) dt ,

Qr = A ( v0 u ) .
Q0 Q0 = Av0 , A

v u
Qr = Q0 0
.
v0
, .
27. A = 4,5 cm 2
. v0
u = 3 m/s .

= 0, 2 . m = 10 kg , = 30 o .

34

 27

v1 = v2 = v0 u .

v u
v u
Qr = Q0 0
= Av0 0
= A ( v0 u ) .
v0
v0
Fx Fy ,

Fx = Fk 1 + Fk 2 cos ,
Fy = Fk 2 sin ,
Fk1 Fk 2
Fk 1 = Fk 2 = Qr v1 = Qr v2 .

2
Fx = 0,84 ( v0 3) ,
Fy = 0, 225 ( v0 3) .
2

Fx' Fy'
Fx Fy ,
Fx' = 0,84 ( v0 3) ,
2

Fy' = 0, 225 ( v0 3) .
2

Fi = 0 ,
Fx' mg sin ( mg cos + Fy' ) = 0 ,

0,885 ( v0 3) = 66,02 ,
2

v0 = 11,64 m/s .
28. , .
vrel = 6 m/s .
, d = 4 cm .
l = 1000 mm . ,
M 0 = 30 Nm , :

35

) , ;
) ,
, ;
) .

28
) ( )
F l = M0 .

F = Qv ,
Q v - ,
Q = vrel

d 2
,
4

l
v = vrel u = vrel .
2

d 2
l

vrel vrel l = M 0 .
4
2

2
l

-1
= 4,04 s .

) 2Q ,

d 2 2
Fa = 2 Qv ' = 4 Qvrel = 4
vrel = 180,86 N .
4
)
P = M 0 = 121, 2 W .

= vrel

4M 0
d 2 vrel

29. ,
. , Q = 85 L/s ,
50 mm .
,
m0 = 7500 kg u = 0 .
.

36

 29

Q 4Q
vrel = = 2 = 43,3 m/s .
A d
( vrel u )
F = Q ( vrel u ) = 85 ( 43,3 u ) .

d
( mu ) = F ,
dt
d
( m0 Qt ) u = Q ( vrel u ) ,
dt
du
m
= Qvrel .
dt

du
( m0 Q0t ) = 3680,5 ,
dt

dt
du = 3680,5
.
7500 85t

3680,5
u=
ln ( 7500 85t ) + ln C .
85
C
3680,5
ln C =
ln 7500 ,
t=0
u=0,
85

3680,5
7500
7500
u=
ln
= 43,3ln
.
85
7500 85t
7500 85t
u = 378 m/s .

3.
30.

v = 370 m/s

( R = 287 J/kgK; =1,4 )

pa = 101325 Pa ta = 15 o C .
() :
) ;
) ;
) ) .
30
)

37

1 v 2 1
1 2
pt = pa 1 +
M = pa 1 +
= 2,13 bar .
2
2 RTa

1 v2
v2
pt = pa + a = pa 1 +
= 1,85 bar .
2
2 RTa
)
pt pt
2,13 1,85
100% =
100% = 13,1 % .
pt
2,13
31. pm 0 = 7 bar
t0 = 50 o C , d = 25 mm .
p2' m = 2,1 bar , pa = 101400 Pa .

, , ,
( = 1, 4 ). :
R = 287 J/kgK .

31

p
700000 + 101400
= 8,64 kg/m3 ,
0 = 0 =
RT0 287 (273,15 + 50)

p
2 1
2 =
= 0,528 .
p0
+ 1
kr

38

)
p2'
210000 + 101400
=
= 0,39 < 0,528 ,
p0 700000 + 101400

p2 = 0,528 p0 = 423139, 2 Pa .

p2 m = p2 pa = 423139, 2 101400 = 321739, 2 Pa ,

1

0,4
p
T2 = T0 2 = 323,15 0,528 1,4 = 269, 25 K ,
p
0

. t2 = 4 o C .

1

2 1
2
m = 2v2 A2 = 1
A2
RT0 = 0,88 kg/s ,
+ 1
+1

v2 = c2 = RT2 = 360, 2 m/s .
32.

( = 1, 4, R = 287 J/kgK, pa = 1 bar )

(Tt = 294 K )
,

D1 = 12,7 mm . D2
( M 2 = 2) pt . :
.

32
,
. . 1
2.
1

1 2 1
1 2 1
M 1 = 2 1 +
M 2 = const ,
t = 1 1 +

2
2
1 2
1 2
Tt = T1 1 +
M 1 = T2 1 +
M 2 = const .

2
2

39

 ,
, . M 1 = 1 .
1 2
1

1
1
1 + 1 M 22
1

2
1

2
=
M 22 = 2,76 ,
=
1 +

2 1 + 1 M 2
2
+ 1
1

2
1 2
1 2
1+
M2
T1
2 1 2
2
=
=
M 2 = 1,5 .
1 +

2
T2 1 + 1 M 2 + 1
1
2

m = 1v1 A1 = 2 v2 A2 = const ,
m = 1 M 1c1 A1 = 2 M 2 c2 A2 ,

D12
D2
= 2 M 2 RT2 2 ,
4
4

m = 1 M 1 RT1

D2 = D1

1 1
2 M 2

T1
= 16,5 mm .
T2

1 2 1
1 2 1
pt = p2 1 +
M 2 = pa 1 +
M 2 = 7,82 bar .

2
2
33. ( R = 287 J/kgK, =1,4 )
pm 0 = 0,6 bar t0 = 137 o C ( pa = 1 bar)
D2 = 110 mm ,

= 45 o . ,
,
M = 0,35 .

40

 33
,
Fp1 Fk 1 ,
Fk 2 .
.

0 =

pm 0 + pa
= 1,36 kg/m3 ,
R ( t0 + 273)
1

p
2 = 0 a = 0,972 kg/m3 .
p0

2 RT0 pa
= 321,7 m/s .
v2 =
1
1 p0

m = 2v2

D22
4

= 2,97 kg/s ,

 2 = 955,5 N .
Fk 2 = mv
, ,
,

1 2
pm1 = 1 +
M1
2

1 2
M1
1 = 0 1 +
2

pa = 0, 47 bar ,

= 1, 28 kg/m3 .

c2 =

p2

= 401 m/s ,

v1 = M 1c1 = 140,3 m/s .

41



A1 =

m
= 0,0165 m 2 .
1v1

Fp1 = pm1 A1 = 755,5 N ,
 1 = 416,7 N .
Fk 1 = mv

Rx = Fk 2 sin = 292,1 N ,

Ry = Fp1 + Fk 1 Fk 2 cos = 365 N .

Fuk = Rx2 + Ry2 = 467,5 N .
34.

( R, )

A . (2), (3) : v2 ,
p2 (2), v3
p3 (3), m .

) ( R, , A, v2 , p2 , Tt , v3 , p3 , m ) M 2 (2);
(2) (3) , (3)
Tt + Tt .
) 3 , M 3 , Tt (3) .
.

34
) (2)
p
c2 = 2 .

(2)
m
v2 =
.
2 A
(2)

42

M2 =

v2
=
c2

v2
=
p2

v2

p2

v2 A
m

v2 m
.
p2 A

)
m
3 =
.
v3 A
(3)
v3
.
M3 =
p3

(3)
1 2
Tt + Tt = T3 1 +
M3 ,
2

(3)
p 1 2
Tt = 3 1 +
M 3 Tt .
2
R 3

35. ( R, = 1, 4) .
d .
, Dmax , Dmin
. (1), (2) (3) p1 , p2 p3 ;
(1) T1 . ,
(2) (3) . .
) , (3) , ,
p3 / p1 = 0,7 . !
( Dmax , d , R, , p1 , p2 , p3 , T1 ) :
) M 2 M 3 (2) (3);
) Dmin ;
) m .
: ) ) , .
!

43

 35
) = 1, 4 , p* / p1 = 0,528 , p3 / p1 = 0,7 , p3 > p1 ,
. (3) .
, (
), , .

1 2 1
pt = pi 1 +
M i = const.

2
, 3

1 2 1
p1 = p3 1 +
M 3 = const.

2
. 3
1

2 p1

M3 =
1 = 0,732 ,

1 p3

3.

) (1) (2), (1) (3),

1

2 p1

1 .
M 2,3 =

1 p2,3

)
2
2
2 v2 Dmax
= 3v3 ( Dmin
d2),

p
c2 = ,

2 p2
= ,
3 p3

1 +1

2
Dmin = d 2 + Dmax

+1
2

M 2 p2

M 3 p3

2
= d 2 + Dmax

2 1
1 + 1 M 32

M2
2

M 3 1 +
2

M2

)
v 2
2
2
m = 3v3 ( Dmin
d 2 ) = 3c3 3 ( Dmin
d 2 ) = 3 p3 M 3 ( Dmin
d2).
4
c3 4
4

44

+1

p
p3
3 p3 = 31 3 = p1

RT1 p1
p1

M3

2
m =
( Dmin d 2 )
+1 4
RT1

1
1 + 1 M 3

4. -
36. , ,
b v0 x - .
Q0 , l .
.

36
x ,

vx
=0,
x
, .
z , y . ,
, -
. ( X = 0, Y = 0 )
x
p
=0,
y
- x
dp
d 2v
= 2 .
dx
dy
y , x ,
.
.
k ,

45

dp
= k ,
(1)
dx
d 2v
k
(2)
= .
2

dy
(1)
p = p0 kx .
l
p0 p1 = kl .
(3)
, k .
(2),

k 2
v=
y + C1 y + C2 ,
(4)
2

v ( 0) = 0 ,
v ( ) = v0 ,

v k
C1 = 0 +
,
2
C2 = 0 .
(4),
v
k
v= 0 y+
( y y 2 ) .

k
Q = vdA = 0 y +
y y 2 ) bdy ,
(

A
0

v k 3
Q= 0 +
= Q0 .
2 12

12 Q0 6 v0
k=
2 ,
b 3

l (3)
12Q0
l
p0 p1 =
6v0 2 .
b

37. , L
b ( ),
. s ,
,
L .
FR . ,

( L, b, , s, FR ) , Q .

46

 37
( x , y
), - ( x )
d 2v
k
= ,
2
dy

y = 0, v = 0 y = s, v = 0 ,
k
v=
y (s y) .
2

dQ = v ( y ) dA .

s
s
s
k

k
k s 3b
,
Q = v ( y )dA = y ( s y )bdy = b y ( s y ) dy =
2

2 0
2 6

0
0
, ,
6Q
v = 3 y (s y) .
sb

dv 6Q
=
( s 2 y ),
dy s 3 b
dv
= 6Q ,
dy
s 2b
y =0

dv
L
FR = bL 0 = bL = 6 2 Q ,
dy
s
y =0

F s2
Q= R .
6 L
38. , ,
h
.
,

,
v0
(h, , , g).

.
38
-

47

d 2v 1 p
=
X = k ,
dy 2 x

v( y) =

k 2
y + C1 y + C2 ,
2

v ( y = 0 ) = 0 v ( y = h ) = v0
v( y) =

k
v
y 2 hy ) 0 y .
(
h
2

p x = 0 X = g sin , k = g sin ,

h

v
k
Q = v ( y ) 1 dy = ( y 2 hy ) 0
h
2
0
0

y dy = 0 ,

v0 =

gh 2 sin
.
6

39.
b v0 .
Q0

.
:

.

48

 39

G
v
=0,
z
G
v
=0,
t
x
v = vx , v y = v z = 0 ,

p
= 0,
x
-

0 = g sin +

2v
,
y 2

(1)

0 = g cos +

p
,
y

(2)

0=

v x
.
x

(3)

(3) vx x ,
y , (1)
v 2 g sin
=
.
2 y

v g sin
=
y + C1 ,
y

v( y) =

g sin 2
y + C1 y + C2 .
2

y = 0, v = v0 ,
y = , v = 0 .

49

C1 =

v0 g sin

C2 = v0 .
,
y g sin 2
v ( y ) = v0 1 +
( y y) .

2
.

v
0 = = 0 ,
y
y=

v0 g sin

+
(2 y ) = 0 .
2

y=

2 v0
.
g sin

y g sin 2

Q = v ( y )bdy = v0 1 +
y y ) bdy ,
(

2
0
0

1
2 v0
Q = bv0
.
3
g sin
40. , ,
v1
v2 , s .
( , ) , ( ),
(1) (2). l
. s << l
y - ( p / y = 0 ) .

) ( v1 , v2 , , , s, l , , g ) p1 p2 ,
( s ) = 0 .

50

) , ,
.

40
) - x -
2v 2v
1 p
vx vx
v
vx + x v y = X
+
+ 2x + 2x .
x
t
x
y
y
x

x y -
v = vx = f ( y ) ,
vy = 0 .
-
0= X

1 p
2v
+ 2x ,
x
y

0 = g sin

p
2v
+ 2x .
x
y

d 2v dp
=
+ g sin = k .
dy 2 dx

v( y) =

k 2
y + C1 y + C2 .
2

y = 0 , v = v1 .

51

y = s , v = v2 ,

C1 =

v1 + v2 ks
,
+
s
2

C2 = v1 .

v( y) =

k
v +v
sy y 2 ) + 1 2 y v1 .
(
s
2

1 2
2

dp = ( k + g sin )dx ,

k=

p1 p2
g sin .
l

dv
=0,
dy y = s

( y = s ) =

v +v

p1 p2 = l g sin + 2 1 2 2 .
s

) ,
.

52

41. , b ( ) L ,
v p , 2h ,
.
, ,
dp / dy , Ftr
, ( b, v p , g , h, L, , ) . .

41
- y

d 2v
dp
= g +
= k ,
2
dx
dy

(1)

k 2
v ( x) =
x + C1 x + C2 .
2
x = 0 , v = 0 x = h , v = v p C1 C2 ,

v
k
v ( x) =
x (h x) p x .
h
2

h

Q = v ( x ) bdx = 0 ,
0

k
6 v
k = 2p .
h
(2) (1)
6 v
dp
g + = 2 p ,
h
dy

(2)

53

6 v

dp
= g + 2 p .
h
dy

dv
Ftr = 2 A pl = 2bL .
dy x =h

42. m = 0,8 kg = 12

= 900 kg/m . A .
3

= 0,094 Pa s . v0 = 0,5 m/s .

= 12 o . ,
0 = 0 .

42

X = mg sin ,
Y = mg cos .
- x y
2v
vx vx
v
v
2v
2v
1 p
+
+ 2x + 2x + 2x ,
vx + x v y + x vz = X
x
t
x
y
z
x
y
z

2v y 2v y 2v y
1 p
vx +
vy +
vz = Y
+
+ 2 + 2 + 2 .
t
x
y
z
y
z
y
x

v y

v y

v y

v y

54



v = vx = f ( y ) ,
vy = 0 .
v
= 0 . , t

,
1 p
2 vx
,
+
x
y 2

(1)

1 p
.
y

(2)

0= X

0=Y

(2) y -
p
= mg cos x ,
y

. ,
y -
p = mg cos y + f ( x) .

(3)

y -
y=
mg cos
.
A
(3) (4) y =
p y= =

(4)

mg cos
= mg cos + f ( x) ,
A

mg cos
+ mg cos .
(5)
f ( x) =
A
(5) (3)
y -
p = p ( y ) = mg cos y +

mg cos
+ mg cos .
A

p
= 0.
x
v = vx = f ( y ) ,

2 vx d 2vx
= 2 .
y 2
dy

x -

(1)
d 2 vx
mg sin
.
=
2
dy

55

dv x
mg sin
=
(6)
y + C1 ,

dy
vx =

mg sin 2
y + C1 y + C2 .
2

(7)

v x ( y = 0) = 0 ,
vx ( y = ) = v0 ,
(7),
C2 = 0 ,
C1 =

v0 mg sin
+
.

(6),

dv x
mg sin
v
mg sin
=
.
y+ 0 +

dy
2
y =
dv
v
mg sin
.
x = 0

d
y
2
y=

y =
dv
0 ( y = ) = x
dy

0=

y=

v
mg sin
= 0 ,
= 0
2

v0 mg sin
,

2v0
= 8 103 m =8 mm .
mg sin

5.
43. = 1 t/m3 = 0, 2 Pa s ,
g = 9,81 m/s 2 ,
, d = 1 cm , v = 1 cm/s .
k .
.

56

 43

vd
Re =
= 0,5 < 1 ,

24 24
cD =
=
.
Re vd

G = P + FD ,

k g

d3
6

k = +

= g

d3
6

+ cD

v2 d 2
,
2 4

18 v
= 1036,7 kg/m3 .
2
gd

44. , , A ,
. ,
v = 0 v = vmax . h l
.

57

 44

FD1 A , (1) ,
FD2 A , (2) .
, , b , .

2
2
v( y)
v( y)
dFD1 =
cD dA =
cD bdy ,
2
2

2
v( y)
dM 1 = (h y ) dFD1 = (h y )
c D bd y .
2

v ( y ) vmax
=
,
y
l
v
v ( y ) = y max ,
(1)
l

v2
dM 1 = (h y ) y 2 max
cD bdy .
2
l2
, (1) A
h

M 1 = dM 1 =
0

2
2
vmax
vmax
1
2

c
b
h
y
y
y
c
b
h4 .
d

=
(
)
D
D

2
l
2 l2
24
0

(2)
2

dFD2 =

v( y)

v( y)

c D dA =
c D bd y ,
2
2

2
v( y)
dM 2 = ( y h) dFD2 = ( y h)
CD bdy .
2

58

(2)

 (1) (2),
v2
dM 2 = ( y h) y 2 max
c D bd y .
2
l2
(2) A
l

M 2 = dM 2 =
h

2
2
vmax
vmax
1
2

c
b
y
h
y
y
c
b
h 4 + 3l 4 4hl 3 ) .
d

=
(
)
D
D
2 (

l
2 l2
24
h

M1 = M 2 ,
h 4 = h 4 + 3l 4 4hl 3 ,
h l

3
h= l .
4
45. .
, H = 5 m vmax = 100 km/h .
D = 300 mm H = 5 m .
FD . v = 1, 2 kg/m3 ,
cD = 0,35 .

45


v ( y ) vmax
,
=
y
H

v
v ( y ) = max y .
H

59

 dA = Ddy
v2
Ddy .
2

H
H
2
2
2 vmax
vmax
1 2
FD = y
c Ddy =
c D y 2dy = vmax
cD DH = 81 N .
2 D
2 D
2 H
2 H
6
0
0
dFD = cD

46. d , l t , ,
, < << .
v ,
, .
, t > l / 2 ,
cD ( d , l , , , t , v, , g ) .

60

 46
:

d 2
G = t g
l,
4

d 2
F = g
t,
4

d 2
(l t ) ,
4

F = g

FD = cD d ( l t ) cos

v2
.
2

t
l t
l t
l
G t sin F sin + F
sin FD
cos = 0 ,
2
2
2
2

g dtg
l ( 2 t l ) + ( l t )2 t 2 .
cD =
2
2

2 v ( l t ) cos

G = F + F ,


t= t
l.

61

47. a , l = 4 m
m = 750 kg/m 3 K h = 1000 kg/m3 .
h .
K .

47

, K ,
G = m gal ,

Fp = gax ,
x
h
x=l
.
cos

h
Fp = ga l
.
cos
y ,
1
l
h
h
sin = +
y = l l

sin .

2 cos
2 cos

62


K
MK = 0 ,
x
l
G sin Fp l sin = 0 ,
2
2

x
l
m gal sin gax l sin = 0 ,
2
2

l
h
l 1 l + h sin
sin = 0 ,
m gal sin ga +

sin

2 cos

2
2 2 cos

.

h 1
h
l 2
+

g a l
l
a
sin = 0 .
cos 2 cos m 2

g 0 . :
1) sin = 0 = 0 ; ,
h .
2) ;

h 1
h
l2
l
a
a l

=0,

m
cos 2 cos
2

l 2
= m l2 .
cos

h
1

2
h = l cos 1 m = 2cos .

48. G = 12 N A = 0,7 m 2 h = 2000 m
( R = 287 J/kgK = 1, 4 ).
v = 20 m/s , 8 o .
cD cL ,
T = 30 N , 50 o .
pa = 101325 Pa
t = 15 o C . .

63

 48

dp = gdz ,

p0
p
= 1 ,
1

1 gz 1
p ( z ) = p0 1
.
RT0

z = h = 2000 m

1 gh 1
p1 = p0 1
= 79299, 2 Pa ,
RT0

p
1 = 0 1 = 1,03 kg/m3 .
p0

v2
Q + T sin 42 o = CL 1 A cos8 o ,
2
CL = 0, 22 .

v2
= T cos 42 o ,
2
CD = 0,16 .
CD 1 A cos8 o

64


[1] , .: , , , 1987..
[2] , ., , .: , , 3. , , 1987..
[3] , .: , , , 2008..
[4] , ., , ., , ., , ., , ., ,
.: , , ,1968..
[5] , .: , , 6.
, , 1997..
[6] , . , .: , , 6. , ,
2005..
[7] , ., . ., , ., , ., , ., , .:
, , 4. ,
, 1989..
[8] , ., . ., , ., , ., , ., , .:
, , 8. , , 2005..
[9] , .: ,
Stylos, 2. , , 1997..
[10] , . , .:
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